Network Working Group P. Saint-Andre
Internet-Draft Cisco Systems, Inc.
Intended status: Standards Track A. Houri
Expires: December 16, 2013 IBM
J. Hildebrand
Cisco Systems, Inc.
June 14, 2013

Interworking between the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Addresses and Error Conditions
draft-saintandre-sip-xmpp-core-05

Abstract

As a foundation for the definition of bidirectional protocol mappings between the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), this document specifies the architectural assumptions underlying such mappings as well as the mapping of addresses and error conditions.

Status of This Memo

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

The IETF has worked on two signalling technologies that can be used for multimedia session negotiation, messaging, presence, capabilities discovery, notifications, and other application-level functionality:

Because these technologies are widely deployed, it is important to clearly define mappings between them for the sake of interworking. This document inaugurates a series of SIP-XMPP interworking specifications by defining the architectural assumptions underlying such mappings as well as the mapping of addresses and error conditions.

The discussion venue for this document is the mailing list of the DISPATCH WG; visit https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/dispatch for subscription information and discussion archives.

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3. Architectural Assumptions

Protocol translation between SIP and XMPP could occur in a number of different entities, depending on the architecture of real-time communication deployments. For example, protocol translation could occur within a multi-protocol server (which uses application-specific connection managers to initiate traffic to and accept traffic from clients or other servers natively using SIP/SIMPLE, XMPP, etc.), within a multi-protocol client (which enables a user to establish connections natively with various servers using SIP/SIMPLE, XMPP, etc.), or within a gateway that acts as a dedicated protocol translator (which takes one protocol as input and provides another protocol as output).

This document assumes that the protocol translation will occur within a gateway. (This assumption not meant to discourage protocol translation within multi-protocol clients or servers; instead, this assumption is followed mainly to clarify the discussion and examples so that the protocol translation principles can be more easily understood and can be applied by client and server implementors with appropriate modifications to the examples and terminology.) Specifically, we assume that the protocol translation will occur within an "XMPP-to-SIP gateway" that translates XMPP syntax and semantics on behalf of an XMPP service when communicating with SIP services and/or within a "SIP-to-XMPP gateway" that translates SIP syntax and semantics on behalf of a SIP service when communicating with XMPP services (naturally, these logical functions could occur in one and the same actual translator).

This document assumes that a gateway will translate directly from one protocol to the other. For the sake of the examples, we further assume that protocol translation will occur within a gateway in the source domain, so that information generated by the user of an XMPP service will be translated by a gateway within the trust domain of that XMPP service, and information generated by the user of a SIP service will be translated by a gateway within the trust domain of that SIP service. However, nothing in this document ought to be taken as recommending against protocol translation at the destination domain.

An architectural diagram for a possible gateway deployment is shown below, where the entities have the following significance and the "#" character is used to show the boundary of a trust domain:

   ##@#######################################################
   #                           #                            #
   #    +-------------+----+   #   +----+-------------+     #
   #    | example.net | GW |---#---| GW | example.com |     #
   #    +-------------+----+   #   +----+-------------+     #
   #          |                #              |             #
   #     romeo@example.net     #        juliet@example.com  #
   #                           #                            #
   ##########################################################
        

4. Address Mapping

4.1. Overview

The basic SIP address format is a "sip:" or "sips:" URI as specified in [RFC3261]. When a SIP entity supports extensions for instant messaging it might be identified by an 'im:' URI as specified in the Common Profile for Instant Messaging [RFC3860] (see [RFC3428]) and when a SIP entity spports extensions for presence it might be identified by a 'pres:' URI as specified in the Common Profile for Presence [RFC3859] (see [RFC3856]).

The XMPP address format is specified in [RFC6122]; as discussed in [RFC6121], instant messaging and presence applications of XMPP also need to support 'im:' and 'pres:' URIs as specified in [RFC3860] and [RFC3859] respectively, although such support might simply involve leaving resolution of such addresses up to an XMPP server.

In this document we primarily describe mappings for addresses of the form <user@domain>; however, we also provide guidelines for mapping the addresses of specific user agent instances, which take the form of Globally Routable User Agent URIs (GRUUs) in SIP and "resourceparts" in XMPP. Mapping of protocol-specific identifiers (such as telephone numbers) is out of scope for this specification. In addition, we have ruled the mapping of domain names as out of scope for now since that is a matter for the Domain Name System; specifically, the issue for interworking between SIP and XMPP relates to the translation of fully internationalized domain names (IDNs) into non-internationalized domain names (IDNs are not allowed in the SIP address format, but are allowed in the XMPP address via Internationalized Domain Names in Applications, see [RFC6122] and [I-D.ietf-xmpp-6122bis]). Therefore, in the following sections we focus primarily on the local part of an address (these are called variously "usernames", "instant inboxes", "presentities", and "localparts" in the protocols at issue), secondarily on the instance-specific part of an address, and not at all on the domain-name part of an address.

The sip:/sips:, im:/pres:, and XMPP address schemes allow different sets of characters (although all three allow alphanumeric characters and disallow both spaces and control characters). In some cases, characters allowed in one scheme are disallowed in others; these characters need to be mapped appropriately in order to ensure interworking across systems.

4.2. Local Part Mapping

The local part of a sip:/sips: URI inherits from the "userinfo" rule in [RFC3986] with several changes; here we discuss the SIP "user" rule only:

   user             =  1*( unreserved / escaped / user-unreserved )
   user-unreserved  =  "&" / "=" / "+" / "$" / "," / ";" / "?" / "/"
   unreserved       =  alphanum / mark
   mark             =  "-" / "_" / "." / "!" / "~" / "*" / "'"
                       / "(" / ")"
          

Here we make the simplifying assumption that the local part of an im:/pres: URI inherits from the "dot-atom-text" rule in [RFC5322] rather than the more complicated "local-part" rule:

   dot-atom-text =  1*atext *("." 1*atext)
   atext         =  ALPHA / DIGIT /    ; Any character except 
                    "!" / "#" / "$" /  ; controls, SP, and 
                    "%" / "&" / "'" /  ; specials. Used for 
                    "*" / "+" / "-" /  ; atoms.
                    "/" / "=" / "?" /
                    "^" / "_" / "`" / 
                    "{" / "|" / "}" /
                    "~"
          

The local part of an XMPP address allows any ASCII character except space, controls, and the " & ' / : < > @ characters.

To summarize the foregoing information, the following table lists the allowed and disallowed characters in the local part of identifiers for each protocol (aside from the alphanumeric, space, and control characters), in order by hexadecimal character number (where each "A" row shows the allowed characters and each "D" row shows the disallowed characters).

Table 1: Allowed and disallowed characters

+---+----------------------------------+
| SIP/SIPS CHARACTERS                  |
+---+----------------------------------+
| A | !  $ &'()*+,-./ ; = ?     _    ~ |
| D |  "# %          : < > @[\]^ `{|}  |
+---+----------------------------------+
| IM/PRES CHARACTERS                   |
+---+----------------------------------+
| A | ! #$%&'  *+ - /   = ?    ^_`{|}~ |
| D |  "     ()  , . :;< > @[\]        |
+---+----------------------------------+
| XMPP CHARACTERS                      |
+---+----------------------------------+
| A | ! #$%  ()*+,-.  ; = ? [\]^_`{|}~ |
| D |  "   &'       /: < > @           |
+---+----------------------------------+
          

When transforming the local part of an address from one scheme to another, an application SHOULD proceed as follows:

  1. Unescape any escaped characters in the source address (e.g., from SIP to XMPP unescape "%2F" to "/" and from XMPP to SIP unescape "\27" to "'").
  2. Leave unmodified any characters that are allowed in the destination scheme.
  3. Escape any characters that are allowed in the source scheme but reserved in the destination scheme, as escaping is defined for the destination scheme. In particular:

4.3. Instance-Specific Mapping

The meaning of a resourcepart in XMPP (i.e., the portion of a JID after the slash character, such as "foo" in "user@example.com/foo") matches that of a Globally Routable User Agent URI (GRUU) in SIP [RFC5627]. In both cases, these constructs identify a particular device associated with the bare JID ("localpart@domainpart") of an XMPP entity or with the Address of Record (AOR) of a SIP entity. Therefore, it is reasonable to map the value of a "gr" URI parameter to an XMPP resource part, and vice-versa.

Note that the "gr" URI parameter in SIP can contain only characters from the ASCII range, whereas an XMPP resourcepart can contain nearly any Unicode character [UNICODE]. Therefore Unicode characters outside the ASCII range need to be mapped to characters in the ASCII range, as described below.

4.4. SIP to XMPP

The following is a high-level algorithm for mapping a sip:, sips:, im:, or pres: URI to an XMPP address:

  1. Remove URI scheme.
  2. Split at the first '@' character into local part and hostname (mapping the latter is out of scope).
  3. Translate any percent-encoded strings ("%hexhex") to percent-decoded octets.
  4. Treat result as a UTF-8 string.
  5. Translate "&" to "\26", "'" to "\27", and "/" to "\2f" respectively in order to properly handle the characters disallowed in XMPP addresses but allowed in sip:/sips: URIs and im:/pres: URIs as shown in Table 1 above (this is consistent with [XEP-0106]).
  6. Apply Nodeprep profile of Stringprep [RFC3454] or its replacement (see [RFC6122] and [I-D.ietf-xmpp-6122bis]) for canonicalization (OPTIONAL).
  7. Recombine local part with mapped hostname to form a bare JID ("localpart@domainpart").
  8. If the (SIP) address contained a "gr" URI parameter, append a slash character "/" and the "gr" value to the bare JID to form a full JID ("localpart@domainpart/resourcepart").

4.5. XMPP to SIP

The following is a high-level algorithm for mapping an XMPP address to a sip:, sips:, im:, or pres: URI:

  1. Split XMPP address into localpart (mapping described in remaining steps), domainpart (hostname; mapping is out of scope), and resourcepart (specifier for particular device or connection, for which an OPTIONAL mapping is described below).
  2. Apply Nodeprep profile of [RFC3454] or its replacement (see [RFC6122] and [I-D.ietf-xmpp-6122bis]) for canonicalization of the XMPP localpart (OPTIONAL).
  3. Translate "\26" to "&", "\27" to "'", and "\2f" to "/" respectively (this is consistent with [XEP-0106]).
  4. Determine if the foreign domain supports im: and pres: URIs (discovered via [RFC2782] lookup as specified in [RFC6121]), else assume that the foreign domain supports sip:/sips: URIs.
  5. If converting into im: or pres: URI, for each byte, if the byte is in the set (),.;[\] or is a UTF-8 character outside the ASCII range then percent-encode that byte to "%hexhex" format. If converting into sip: or sips: URI, for each byte, if the byte is in the set #%[\]^`{|} or is a UTF-8 character outside the ASCII range then percent-encode that byte to "%hexhex" format.
  6. Combine resulting local part with mapped hostname to form local@domain address.
  7. Prepend with 'im:' scheme (for XMPP <message/> stanzas) or 'pres:' scheme (for XMPP <presence/> stanzas) if foreign domain supports these, else prepend with 'sip:' or 'sips:' scheme according to local service policy.
  8. If the XMPP address included a resourcepart and the destination URI scheme is 'sip:' or 'sips:', optionally append the slash character '/' and then append the resourcepart (making sure to percent-encode any UTF-8 characters outside the ASCII range) as the "gr" URI parameter.

5. Error Condition Mapping

SIP response codes are specified in [RFC3261] and XMPP error conditions are specified in [RFC6120]. Because there is no equivalent in XMPP for the provisional (1xx) and successful (2xx) response codes in SIP, mappings are provided only for the redirection (3xx), request failure (4xx), server failure (5xx), and glogal failure (6xx) codes.

5.1. XMPP to SIP

Table 8: Mapping of XMPP error conditions to SIP response codes

   +------------------------------+---------------------+
   |  XMPP Error Condition        |  SIP Response Code  |
   +------------------------------+---------------------+
   |  <bad-request/>              | 400                 |
   |  <conflict/>                 | 400                 |
   |  <feature-not-implemented/>  | 501                 |
   |  <forbidden/>                | 403                 |
   |  <gone/>                     | 410                 |
   |  <internal-server-error/>    | 500                 |
   |  <item-not-found/>           | 404                 |
   |  <jid-malformed/>            | 484                 |
   |  <not-acceptable/>           | 406                 |
   |  <not-allowed/>              | 405                 |
   |  <not-authorized/>           | 401                 |
   |  <recipient-unavailable/>    | 480                 |
   |  <redirect/>                 | 300                 |
   |  <registration-required/>    | 407                 |
   |  <remote-server-not-found/>  | 502                 |
   |  <remote-server-timeout/>    | 504                 |
   |  <resource-constraint/>      | 500                 |
   |  <service-unavailable/>      | 503                 |
   |  <subscription-required/>    | 407                 |
   |  <undefined-condition/>      | 400                 |
   |  <unexpected-request/>       | 491                 |
   +------------------------------+---------------------+
          

5.2. SIP to XMPP

The mapping of SIP response codes to XMPP error conditions SHOULD be as follows (note that XMPP does not include 100-series or 200-series response codes, only error conditions):

Table 9: Mapping of SIP response codes to XMPP error conditions

   +---------------------+------------------------------+
   |  SIP Response Code  |  XMPP Error Condition        |
   +---------------------+------------------------------+
   |  300                |  <redirect/>                 |
   |  301                |  <gone/>                     |
   |  302                |  <redirect/>                 |
   |  305                |  <redirect/>                 |
   |  380                |  <not-acceptable/>           |
   |  400                |  <bad-request/>              |
   |  401                |  <not-authorized/>           |
   |  402                |  see note [1]                |
   |  403                |  <forbidden/>                |
   |  404                |  <item-not-found/>           |
   |  405                |  <not-allowed/>              |
   |  406                |  <not-acceptable/>           |
   |  407                |  <registration-required/>    |
   |  408                |  <recipient-unavailable/>    |
   |  410                |  <gone/>                     |
   |  413                |  <bad-request/>              |
   |  414                |  <bad-request/>              |
   |  415                |  <bad-request/>              |
   |  416                |  <bad-request/>              |
   |  420                |  <bad-request/>              |
   |  421                |  <bad-request/>              |
   |  423                |  <bad-request/>              |
   |  480                |  <recipient-unavailable/>    |
   |  481                |  <item-not-found/>           |
   |  482                |  <not-acceptable/>           |
   |  483                |  <not-acceptable/>           |
   |  484                |  <jid-malformed/>            |
   |  485                |  <item-not-found/>           |
   |  486                |  <recipient-unavailable/>    |
   |  487                |  <recipient-unavailable/>    |
   |  488                |  <not-acceptable/>           |
   |  491                |  <unexpected-request/>       |
   |  493                |  <bad-request/>              |
   |  500                |  <internal-server-error/>    |
   |  501                |  <feature-not-implemented/>  |
   |  502                |  <remote-server-not-found/>  |
   |  503                |  <service-unavailable/>      |
   |  504                |  <remote-server-timeout/>    |
   |  505                |  <not-acceptable/>           |
   |  513                |  <bad-request/>              |
   |  600                |  <recipient-unavailable/>    |
   |  603                |  <recipient-unavailable/>    |
   |  604                |  <item-not-found/>           |
   |  606                |  <not-acceptable/>           |
   +---------------------+------------------------------+
          

  1. The XMPP <payment-required/> error condition was removed in [RFC6120].

6. Security Considerations

Detailed security considerations for SIP are given in [RFC3261] and for XMPP in [RFC6120].

7. IANA Considerations

This document requests no actions of IANA.

8. References

8.1. Normative References

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M. and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005.
[RFC4395] Hansen, T., Hardie, T. and L. Masinter, "Guidelines and Registration Procedures for New URI Schemes", RFC 4395, February 2006.
[RFC5627] Rosenberg, J., "Obtaining and Using Globally Routable User Agent URIs (GRUUs) in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 5627, October 2009.
[RFC6120] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 6120, March 2011.
[RFC6122] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Address Format", RFC 6122, March 2011.
[UNICODE] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard, Version 6.2", 2012.

8.2. Informative References

[RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P. and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782, February 2000.
[RFC3428] Campbell, B., Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Huitema, C. and D. Gurle, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for Instant Messaging", RFC 3428, December 2002.
[RFC3454] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of Internationalized Strings ("STRINGPREP")", RFC 3454, December 2002.
[RFC3856] Rosenberg, J., "A Presence Event Package for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3856, August 2004.
[RFC3859] Peterson, J., "Common Profile for Presence (CPP)", RFC 3859, August 2004.
[RFC3860] Peterson, J., "Common Profile for Instant Messaging (CPIM)", RFC 3860, August 2004.
[RFC5322] Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 5322, October 2008.
[RFC6121] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Instant Messaging and Presence", RFC 6121, March 2011.
[I-D.ietf-xmpp-6122bis] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Address Format", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-xmpp-6122bis-07, April 2013.
[XEP-0106] Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hildebrand, "JID Escaping", XSF XEP 0106, May 2005.

Appendix A. Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the following individuals for their feedback: Fabio Forno, Adrian Georgescu, Saul Ibarra, Markus Isomaki, Salvatore Loreto, Daniel-Constantin Mierla, Tory Patnoe, and Robert Sparks.

Authors' Addresses

Peter Saint-Andre Cisco Systems, Inc. 1899 Wynkoop Street, Suite 600 Denver, CO 80202 USA Phone: +1-303-308-3282 EMail: psaintan@cisco.com
Avshalom Houri IBM Building 18/D, Kiryat Weizmann Science Park Rehovot, 76123 Israel EMail: avshalom@il.ibm.com
Joe Hildebrand Cisco Systems, Inc. 1899 Wynkoop Street, Suite 600 Denver, CO 80202 USA EMail: jhildebr@cisco.com