Crypto Forum Research Group R. Tse
Internet-Draft Ribose
Intended status: Informational W. Wong
Expires: March 16, 2018 Hang Seng Management College
September 12, 2017

The SM4 Block Cipher Algorithm And Its Modes Of Operations
draft-ribose-cfrg-sm4-01

Abstract

This document describes the SM4 symmetric blockcipher algorithm published as GB/T 32907-2016 by the Organization of State Commercial Administration of China (OSCCA).

This document is a product of the Crypto Forum Research Group (CFRG).

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on March 16, 2018.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

1. Introduction

SM4 [GBT.32907-2016] [ISO.IEC.18033-3.AMD2] is a cryptographic standard issued by the Organization of State Commercial Administration of China [OSCCA] as an authorized cryptographic algorithm for the use within China. The algorithm is published in public.

SM4 is a symmetric encryption algorithm, specifically a blockcipher, designed for data encryption.

1.1. Purpose

This document does not aim to introduce a new algorithm, but to provide a clear and open description of the SM4 algorithm in English, and also to serve as a stable reference for IETF documents that utilize this algorithm.

While this document is similar to [SM4-En] in nature, [SM4-En] is a textual translation of the "SMS4" algorithm [SM4] published in 2006, while this document follows the updated description and structure of [GBT.32907-2016] published in 2016. Sections 1 to 7 of this document directly map to the corresponding sections numbers of the [GBT.32907-2016] standard for convenience of the reader.

This document also provides additional information on the practical usage and implementation of SM4, specifying multiple modes of operations that are known to be used with SM4 and providing the SM4 OIDs.

1.2. History

The "SMS4" algorithm (the former name of SM4) was invented by Shu-Wang Lu [LSW-Bio], first published in 2003 as part of [GB.15629.11-2003], then published independently in 2006 [SM4] by the OSCCA, officially renamed to "SM4" in 2012 in [GMT-0002-2012] published by the OSCCA, and finally standardized in 2016 as a Chinese National Standard (GB Standard) [GBT.32907-2016]. SM4 is also standardized in [ISO.IEC.18033-3.AMD2] by the International Organization for Standardization in 2017.

SMS4 was originally created for use in protecting wireless networks [SM4], and is mandated in the Chinese National Standard for Wireless LAN WAPI (Wired Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure) [GB.15629.11-2003]. A proposal was made to adopt SMS4 into the IEEE 802.11i standard, but the algorithm was eventually not included due to concerns of introducing inoperability with existing ciphers.

The latest SM4 standard [GBT.32907-2016] was proposed by the OSCCA, standardized through TC 260 of the Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China (SAC), and was drafted by the following individuals at the Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center (DAS Center) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the China Commercial Cryptography Testing Center and the Beijing Academy of Information Science & Technology (BAIST):

1.3. Applications

SM4 (and SMS4) has prevalent hardware implementations [SM4-FPGA] [SM4-VLSI], due to its being the only OSCCA-approved symmetric encryption algorithm allowed for use in China.

SM4 can be used with multiple modes (See Section 8).

1.4. Cryptanalysis

A number of attacks have been attempted on SM4, such as [SM4-Analysis] [SM4-Linear], but there are no known feasible attacks against the SM4 algorithm by the time of publishing this document.

There are, however, security concerns with regards to side-channel attacks [SideChannel] when the SM4 algorithm is implemented in a hardware device [SM4-Power].

For instance, [SM4-Power] illustrated an attack by measuring the power consumption of the device. A chosen ciphertext attack, assuming a fixed correlation between the round keys and data mask, is able to recover the round key successfully. When the SM4 algorithm is implemented in hardware, the parameters and keys SHOULD be randomly generated without fixed correlation.

There have been improvements to the hardware embodiment design for SM4, such as [SM4-VLSI], that may resist such attacks.

In order to improve security of the SM4 cryptographic process, secure white-box implementations such as [SM4-WhiteBox] have been proposed. Speed enhancements, such as [SM4-HiSpeed], have also been proposed.

2. Terms and Definitions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

The following terms and definitions apply to this document.

block length

Bit-length of a message block.
key length

Bit-length of a key.
key expansion algorithm

An operation that converts a key into a round key.
rounds

The number of iterations that the round function is run.

round key

A key used in each round on the blockcipher, derived from the input key, also called a subkey.
word

a 32-bit quantity
S-box

The S (substitution) box function produces 8-bit output from 8-bit input, represented as S(.)

3. Symbols And Abbreviations

S xor T

bitwise exclusive-or of two 32-bit vectors S and T. S and T will always have the same length.
a <<< i

32-bit bitwise cyclic shift on a with i bits shifted left.

4. Compute Structure

The SM4 algorithm is a blockcipher, with block size of 128 bits and a key length of 128 bits.

Both encryption and key expansion uses 32 rounds of a nonlinear key schedule per block. Each round processes one of the four 32-bit words that constitute the block.

The structure of encryption and decryption are identical, except that the round key schedule has its order reversed during decryption.

Using a 8-bit S-box, it only uses exclusive-or, cyclic bit shifts and S-box lookups to execute.

5. Key And Key Parameters

Encryption key length is 128-bits, and represented below, where each MK_i, (i = 0, 1, 2, 3) is 32-bits wide.

MK = (MK_0, MK_1, MK_2, MK_3)

The round key schedule is derived from the encryption key, represented as below where each rk_i (i = 0, ..., 31) is a word:

(rk_0, rk_1, ... , rk_31)

System parameters used for key expansion is represented as FK, where each FK_i (i = 0, ..., 3) is a word:

FK = (FK_0, FK_1, FK_2, FK_3)

Constant parameters used for key expansion is represented as CK, where each CK_i (i = 0, ..., 31) is a word:

CK = (CK_0, CK_1, ... , CK_31)

6. Functions

6.1. Round Function F

The round function F is defined as:

F(X_0, X_1, X_2, X_3, rk) = X_0 xor T(X_1 xor X_2 xor X_3 xor rk)

Where:

6.2. Permutation T and T'

T is a reversible permutation that outputs 32 bits from an input of 32 bits.

It consists of a non-linear transform tau and linear transform L.

T(.) = L(tau(.))

The permutation T' is created from T by replacing the linear transform function L with L'.

T'(.) = L'(tau(.))

6.2.1. Non-linear Transformation tau

tau is composed of four parallel S-boxes.

Given a 32-bit input A, where each a_i is a 8-bit string:

A = (a_0, a_1, a_2, a_3)

The output is a 32-bit B, where each b_i is a 8-bit string:

B = (b_0, b_1, b_2, b_3)

B is calculated as follows:

(b_0, b_1, b_2, b_3) = tau(A)

tau(A) = (S(a_0), S(a_1), S(a_2), S(a_3))

6.2.2. Linear Transformation L and L'

The output of non-linear transformation function tau is used as input to linear transformation function L.

Given B, a 32-bit input.

The linear transformation L' is defined as follows.

L(B) = B xor (B <<< 2) xor (B <<< 10) xor (B <<< 18) xor (B <<< 24)

The linear transformation L' is defined as follows.

L'(B) = B xor (B <<< 13) xor (B <<< 23)

6.2.3. S-box S

The S-box S used in tau is given in this lookup table in hexadecimal form:

   |  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  A  B  C  D  E  F
---|-------------------------------------------------
 0 | D6 90 E9 FE CC E1 3D B7 16 B6 14 C2 28 FB 2C 05
 1 | 2B 67 9A 76 2A BE 04 C3 AA 44 13 26 49 86 06 99
 2 | 9C 42 50 F4 91 EF 98 7A 33 54 0B 43 ED CF AC 62
 3 | E4 B3 1C A9 C9 08 E8 95 80 DF 94 FA 75 8F 3F A6
 4 | 47 07 A7 FC F3 73 17 BA 83 59 3C 19 E6 85 4F A8
 5 | 68 6B 81 B2 71 64 DA 8B F8 EB 0F 4B 70 56 9D 35
 6 | 1E 24 0E 5E 63 58 D1 A2 25 22 7C 3B 01 21 78 87
 7 | D4 00 46 57 9F D3 27 52 4C 36 02 E7 A0 C4 C8 9E
 8 | EA BF 8A D2 40 C7 38 B5 A3 F7 F2 CE F9 61 15 A1
 9 | E0 AE 5D A4 9B 34 1A 55 AD 93 32 30 F5 8C B1 E3
 A | 1D F6 E2 2E 82 66 CA 60 C0 29 23 AB 0D 53 4E 6F
 B | D5 DB 37 45 DE FD 8E 2F 03 FF 6A 72 6D 6C 5B 51
 C | 8D 1B AF 92 BB DD BC 7F 11 D9 5C 41 1F 10 5A D8
 D | 0A C1 31 88 A5 CD 7B BD 2D 74 D0 12 B8 E5 B4 B0
 E | 89 69 97 4A 0C 96 77 7E 65 B9 F1 09 C5 6E C6 84
 F | 18 F0 7D EC 3A DC 4D 20 79 EE 5F 3E D7 CB 39 48

For example, input "EF" will produce an output read from the S-box table row E and column F, giving the result S(EF) = 84.

7. Calculations

7.1. Encryption

The encryption algorithm consists of 32 rounds and 1 reverse transform R.

Given a 128-bit plaintext input, where each X_i is a 32-bit word:

(X_0, X_1, X_2, X_3)

The output is a 128-bit ciphertext, where each Y_i is a 32-bit word:

(Y_0, Y_1, Y_2, Y_3)

Each round key is designated as rk_i, where each rk_i is a 32-bit word and i = 0, 1, 2, ..., 31.

a. 32 rounds of calculation

i = 0, 1, ..., 31

X_{i+4} = F(X_i, X_{i+1}, X_{i+2}, X_{i+3}, rk_i)

b. reverse transformation

(Y_0, Y_1, Y_2, Y_3) = R(X_32, X_33, X_34, X_35)

R(X_32, X_33, X_34, X_35) = (X_35, X_34, X_33, X_32)

Please refer to Section 12 for sample calculations.

7.2. Decryption

Decryption takes an identical process as encryption, with the only difference the order of the round key sequence.

During decryption, the round key sequence is:

(rk_31, rk_30, ..., rk_0)

7.3. Key Schedule

Round keys used during encryption are derived from the encryption key.

Specifically, given the encryption key MK, where each MK_i is 32 bits wide:

MK = (MK_0, MK_1, MK_2, MK_3)

Each round key rk_i is created as follows, where i = 0, 1, ..., 31.

(K_0, K_1, K_2, K_3) = (MK_0 xor FK_0, MK_1 xor FK_1, MK_2 xor FK_2, MK_3 xor FK_3)

rk_i = K_{i + 4}

K_{i + 4} = K_i xor T' (K_{i + 1} xor K_{i + 2} xor K_{i + 3} xor CK_i)

Since the decryption key is identical to the encryption key, the round keys used in the decryption process are derived from the decryption key through the identical process to that of during encryption.

7.3.1. System Parameter FK

System parameter FK given in hexadecimal notation, is:

FK_0 = A3B1BAC6 FK_1 = 56AA3350 FK_2 = 677D9197 FK_3 = B27022DC

7.3.2. Constant Parameter CK

The method to retrieve values from the constant parameter CK is as follows.

Let ck_{i, j} be the j-th byte (i = 0, 1, ..., 31; j = 0, 1, 2, 3) of CK_i.

Therefore, each ck_{i, j} is a 8-bit string, and each CK_i a 32-bit word.

CK_i = (ck_{i, 0}, ck_{i, 1}, ck_{i, 2}, ck_{i, 3})

ck_{i, j} = (4i + j) x 7 (mod 256)

The constant parameter CK_i, (i = 0, 1, ..., 31) values, in hexadecimal, are:

CK_0  = 00070E15   CK_16 = C0C7CED5
CK_1  = 1C232A31   CK_17 = DCE3EAF1
CK_2  = 383F464D   CK_18 = F8FF060D
CK_3  = 545B6269   CK_19 = 141B2229
CK_4  = 70777E85   CK_20 = 30373E45
CK_5  = 8C939AA1   CK_21 = 4C535A61
CK_6  = A8AFB6BD   CK_22 = 686F767D
CK_7  = C4CBD2D9   CK_23 = 848B9299
CK_8  = E0E7EEF5   CK_24 = A0A7AEB5
CK_9  = FC030A11   CK_25 = BCC3CAD1
CK_10 = 181F262D   CK_26 = D8DFE6ED
CK_11 = 343B4249   CK_27 = F4FB0209
CK_12 = 50575E65   CK_28 = 10171E25
CK_13 = 6C737A81   CK_29 = 2C333A41
CK_14 = 888F969D   CK_30 = 484F565D
CK_15 = A4ABB2B9   CK_31 = 646B7279

8. Modes of Operation

This document defines multiple modes of operation for the SM4 blockcipher algorithm.

The CBC (Cipher Block Chaining), ECB (Electronic CodeBook), CFB (Cipher FeedBack), OFB (Output FeedBack) and CTR (Counter) modes are defined in [NIST.SP.800-38A] and utilized with the SM4 algorithm in the following sections.

8.1. Variables And Primitives

Hereinafter we define:

SM4Encrypt(P, K)

The SM4 algorithm that encrypts plaintext P with key K, described in Section 7.1
SM4Decrypt(C, K)

The SM4 algorithm that decrypts ciphertext C with key K, described in Section 7.2
b

block size in bits, defined as 128 for SM4
P_j

block j of ciphertext bitstring P
C_j

block j of ciphertext bitstring C
NBlocks(B, b)

Number of blocks of size b-bits in bitstring B
IV

Initialization vector
LSB(b, S)

Least significant b bits of the bitstring S
MSB(b, S)

Most significant b bits of the bitstring S

8.2. Initialization Vectors

The CBC, CFB and OFB modes require an additional input to the encryption process, called the initialization vector (IV). The identical IV is used in the input of encryption as well as the decryption of the corresponding ciphertext.

Generation of IV values MUST take into account of the considerations in Section 10 recommended by [BC-EVAL].

8.3. SM4-ECB

In SM4-ECB, the same key is utilized to create a fixed assignment for a plaintext block with a ciphertext block, meaning that a given plaintext block always gets encrypted to the same ciphertext block. As described in [NIST.SP.800-38A], this mode should be avoided if this property is undesirable.

This mode requires input plaintext to be a multiple of the block size, which in this case of SM4 it is 128-bits. It also allows multiple blocks to be computed in parallel.

8.3.1. SM4-ECB Encryption

Inputs:

Output:

C is defined as follows.

n = NBlocks(P, b)

for i = 1 to n
  C_i = SM4Encrypt(P_i, K)
end for

C = C_1 || ... || C_n

8.3.2. SM4-ECB Decryption

Inputs:

Output:

P is defined as follows.

n = NBlocks(C, b)

for i = 1 to n
  P_i = SM4Decrypt(C_i, K)
end for

P = P_1 || ... || P_n

8.4. SM4-CBC

SM4-CBC is similar to SM4-ECB that the input plaintext MUST be a multiple of the block size, which is 128-bits in SM4. SM4-CBC requires an additional input, the IV, that is unpredictable for a particular execution of the encryption process.

Since CBC encryption relies on a forward cipher operation that depend on results of the previous operation, it cannot be parallelized. However, for decryption, since ciphertext blocks are already available, CBC parallel decryption is possible.

8.4.1. SM4-CBC Encryption

Inputs:

Output:

C is defined as follows.

n = NBlocks(P, b)

C_1 = SM4Encrypt(P_1 xor IV, K)

for i = 2 to n
  C_i = SM4Encrypt(P_i xor C_{i - 1}, K)
end for

C = C_1 || ... || C_n

8.4.2. SM4-CBC Decryption

Inputs:

Output:

P is defined as follows.

n = NBlocks(C, b)

P_1 = SM4Decrypt(C_1, K) xor IV

for i = 2 to n
  P_i = SM4Decrypt(C_i, K) xor C_{i - 1}
end for

P = P_1 || ... || P_n

8.5. SM4-CFB

SM4-CFB relies on feedback provided by successive ciphertext segments to generate output blocks. The plaintext given must be a multiple of the block size.

Similar to SM4-CBC, SM4-CFB requires an IV that is unpredictable for a particular execution of the encryption process.

SM4-CFB further allows setting a positive integer parameter s, that is less than or equal to the block size, to specify the size of each data segment. The same segment size must be used in encryption and decryption.

In SM4-CFB, since the input block to each forward cipher function depends on the output of the previous block (except the first that depends on the IV), encryption is not parallelizable. Decryption, however, can be parallelized.

8.5.1. SM4-CFB Variants

SM4-CFB takes an integer s to determine segment size in its encryption and decryption routines. We define the following variants of SM4-CFB for various s:

8.5.2. SM4-CFB Encryption

Inputs:

Output:

C# is defined as follows.

n = NBlocks(P#, s)

I_1 = IV
for i = 2 to n
  I_i = LSB(b - s, I_{i - 1}) || C#_{j - 1}
end for

for i = 1 to n
  O_j = SM4Encrypt(I_i, K)
end for

for i = 1 to n
  C#_i = P#_1 xor MSB(s, O_j)
end for

C# = C#_1 || ... || C#_n

8.5.3. SM4-CFB Decryption

Inputs:

Output:

P is defined as follows.

n = NBlocks(P#, s)

I_1 = IV
for i = 2 to n
  I_i = LSB(b - s, I_{i - 1}) || C#_{j - 1}
end for

for i = 1 to n
  O_j = SM4Encrypt(I_i, K)
end for

for i = 1 to n
  P#_i = C#_1 xor MSB(s, O_j)
end for

P# = P#_1 || ... || P#_n

8.6. SM4-OFB

SM4-OFB is the application of SM4 through the Output Feedback mode. This mode requires that the IV is a nonce, meaning that the IV MUST be unique for each execution for an input key. OFB does not require the input plaintext to be a multiple of the block size.

In OFB, the routines for encryption and decryption are identical. As each forward cipher function (except the first) depends on previous results, both routines cannot be parallelized. However given a known IV, output blocks could be generated prior to the input of plaintext (encryption) or ciphertext (decryption).

8.6.1. SM4-OFB Encryption

Inputs:

Output:

C is defined as follows.

n = NBlocks(P, b)

I_1 = IV
for i = 1 to (n - 1)
  O_i = SM4Encrypt(I_i)
  I_{i + 1} = O_i
end for

for i = 1 to (n - 1)
  C_i = P_i xor O_i
end for

C_n = P_n xor MSB(u, O_n)

C = C_1 || ... || C_n

8.6.2. SM4-OFB Decryption

Inputs:

Output:

C is defined as follows.

n = NBlocks(C, b)

I_1 = IV
for i = 1 to (n - 1)
  O_i = SM4Encrypt(I_i)
  I_{i + 1} = O_i
end for

for i = 1 to (n - 1)
  P_i = C_i xor O_i
end for

P_n = C_n xor MSB(u, O_n)

P = P_1 || ... || P_n

8.7. SM4-CTR

SM4-CTR is an implementation of a stream cipher through a block cipher primitive. It generates a "keystream" of keys that are used to encrypt successive blocks, with the keystream created from the input key, a nonce (the IV) and an incremental counter. The counter could be any sequence that does not repeat within the block size.

Both SM4-CTR encryption and decryption routines could be parallelized, and random access is also possible.

8.7.1. SM4-CTR Encryption

Inputs:

Output:

C is defined as follows.

n = NBlocks(P, b)

for i = 1 to n
  O_i = SM4Encrypt(T_i)
end for

for i = 1 to (n - 1)
  C_i = P_i xor O_i
end for

C_n = P_n xor MSB(u, O_n)

C = C_1 || ... || C_n

8.7.2. SM4-CTR Encryption

Inputs:

Output:

P is defined as follows.

n = NBlocks(C, b)

for i = 1 to n
  O_i = SM4Encrypt(T_i)
end for

for i = 1 to (n - 1)
  P_i = C_i xor O_i
end for

P_n = C_n xor MSB(u, O_n)

C = C_1 || ... || C_n

9. Object Identifier

The Object Identifier for SM4 is identified through these OIDs.

9.1. GM/T OID

"1.2.156.10197.1.104" for "SM4 Algorithm" [GMT-0006-2012].

9.2. ISO OID

"1.0.18033.3.2.4" for "id-bc128-sm4" [ISO.IEC.18033-3.AMD2], described below.

is18033-3     OID ::= {iso(1) standard(0) is18033(18033) part3(3)}
id-bc128      OID ::= {is18033-3 block-cipher-128-bit(2)}
id-bc128-sm4  OID ::= {id-bc128 sm4(4)}

10. Security Considerations

When using these modes of operation, the IV SHOULD be random to preserve message confidentiality [BC-EVAL]. It is shown in the same document that CBC, CFB, OFB, the variants #CBC, #CFB that utilize the recommendation of [NIST.SP.800-38A] to make CBC and CFB nonce-based, are SemCPA secure as probabilistic encryption schemes.

Various attack scenarios have been described in [BC-EVAL] and these modes SHOULD NOT be used unless for compatibility reasons.

Users with no need of authenticity, non-malleablility and chosen-ciphertext (CCA) security MAY utilize this mode of operation [BC-EVAL].

11. IANA Considerations

This document does not require any action by IANA.

12. Appendix A: Example Calculations

12.1. Example 1.

This example demonstrates encryption of a plaintext.

Plaintext: 01 23 45 67 89 AB CD EF FE DC BA 98 76 54 32 10

Encryption key: 01 23 45 67 89 AB CD EF FE DC BA 98 76 54 32 10

Status of the round key (rk_i) and round output (X_i) per round:

rk_0  = F12186F9   X_4  = 27FAD345
rk_1  = 41662B61   X_5  = A18B4CB2
rk_2  = 5A6AB19A   X_6  = 11C1E22A
rk_3  = 7BA92077   X_7  = CC13E2EE
rk_4  = 367360F4   X_8  = F87C5BD5
rk_5  = 776A0C61   X_9  = 33220757
rk_6  = B6BB89B3   X_10 = 77F4C297
rk_7  = 24763151   X_11 = 7A96F2EB
rk_8  = A520307C   X_12 = 27DAC07F
rk_9  = B7584DBD   X_13 = 42DD0F19
rk_10 = C30753ED   X_14 = B8A5DA02
rk_11 = 7EE55B57   X_15 = 907127FA
rk_12 = 6988608C   X_16 = 8B952B83
rk_13 = 30D895B7   X_17 = D42B7C59
rk_14 = 44BA14AF   X_18 = 2FFC5831
rk_15 = 104495A1   X_19 = F69E6888
rk_16 = D120B428   X_20 = AF2432C4
rk_17 = 73B55FA3   X_21 = ED1EC85E
rk_18 = CC874966   X_22 = 55A3BA22
rk_19 = 92244439   X_23 = 124B18AA
rk_20 = E89E641F   X_24 = 6AE7725F
rk_21 = 98CA015A   X_25 = F4CBA1F9
rk_22 = C7159060   X_26 = 1DCDFA10
rk_23 = 99E1FD2E   X_27 = 2FF60603
rk_24 = B79BD80C   X_28 = EFF24FDC
rk_25 = 1D2115B0   X_29 = 6FE46B75
rk_26 = 0E228AEB   X_30 = 893450AD
rk_27 = F1780C81   X_31 = 7B938F4C
rk_28 = 428D3654   X_32 = 536E4246
rk_29 = 62293496   X_33 = 86B3E94F
rk_30 = 01CF72E5   X_34 = D206965E
rk_31 = 9124A012   X_35 = 681EDF34

Ciphertext: 68 1E DF 34 D2 06 96 5E 86 B3 E9 4F 53 6E 42 46

12.2. Example 2

This example demonstrates encryption of a plaintext 1,000,000 times repeatedly using a fixed encryption key.

Plaintext: 01 23 45 67 89 AB CD EF FE DC BA 98 76 54 32 10

Encryption Key: 01 23 45 67 89 AB CD EF FE DC BA 98 76 54 32 10

Ciphertext: 59 52 98 C7 C6 FD 27 1F 04 02 F8 04 C3 3D 3F 66

13. References

13.1. Normative References

[GBT.32907-2016] Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China, "GB/T 32907-2016: Information security technology -- SM4 block cipher algorithm", August 2016.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.

13.2. Informative References

[BC-EVAL] University of California, Davis, "Evaluation of Some Blockcipher Modes of Operation", February 2011.
[GB.15629.11-2003] Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China, "Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks -- Specific requirements -- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications", May 2003.
[GMT-0002-2012] Organization of State Commercial Administration of China, "GM/T 0002-2012: SM4 block cipher algorithm", March 2012.
[GMT-0006-2012] Organization of State Commercial Administration of China, "GM/T 0006-2012: Cryptographic Application Identifier Criterion Specification", March 2012.
[ISO.IEC.18033-3.AMD2] International Organization for Standardization, "ISO/IEC WD1 18033-3/AMD2 -- Encryption algorithms -- Part 3: Block ciphers -- Amendment 2", June 2017.
[LSW-Bio] Sun, M., "Lv Shu Wang -- A life in cryptography", November 2010.
[NIST.FIPS.197] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "NIST FIPS 197: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)", November 2001.
[NIST.SP.800-38A] Dworkin, M., "NIST Special Publication 800-38A: Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation -- Methods and Techniques", December 2001.
[OSCCA] Organization of State Commercial Administration of China, "Organization of State Commercial Administration of China", May 2017.
[SideChannel] Lei, Q., Wu, L., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Li, X., Pan, L. and Z. Dong, "Software Hardware Co-design for Side-Channel Analysis Platform on Security Chips", December 2015.
[SM4] Organization of State Commercial Administration of China, "SMS4 Cryptographic Algorithm For Wireless LAN Products", January 2006.
[SM4-Analysis] Kim, T., Kim, J., Kim, S. and J. Sung, "Linear and Differential Cryptanalysis of Reduced SMS4 Block Cipher", June 2008.
[SM4-En] Diffie, W. and G. Ledin, "SMS4 Encryption Algorithm for Wireless Networks", May 2008.
[SM4-FPGA] Cheng, H., Zhai, S., Fang, L., Ding, Q. and C. Huang, "Improvements of SM4 Algorithm and Application in Ethernet Encryption System Based on FPGA", July 2014.
[SM4-HiSpeed] Lv, Q., Li, L. and Y. Cao, "High-speed Encryption & Decryption System Based on SM4", July 2016.
[SM4-Linear] Liu, M. and J. Chen, "Improved Linear Attacks on the Chinese Block Cipher Standard", November 2014.
[SM4-Power] Du, Z., Wu, Z., Wang, M. and J. Rao, "Improved chosen-plaintext power analysis attack against SM4 at the round-output", October 2015.
[SM4-VLSI] Yu, S., Li, K., Li, K., Qin, Y. and Z. Tong, "A VLSI implementation of an SM4 algorithm resistant to power analysis", July 2016.
[SM4-WhiteBox] Bai, K. and C. Wu, "A secure white-box SM4 implementation", May 2008.

Appendix A. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the following persons for their valuable advice and input.

Authors' Addresses

Ronald Henry Tse Ribose Suite 1111, 1 Pedder Street Central, Hong Kong Hong Kong EMail: ronald.tse@ribose.com URI: https://www.ribose.com
Dr. Wai Kit Wong Hang Seng Management College Hang Shin Link, Siu Lek Yuen Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong EMail: wongwk@hsmc.edu.hk URI: https://www.hsmc.edu.hk