OPSWG WG T. Reddy
Internet-Draft McAfee
Intended status: Standards Track D. Wing
Expires: March 6, 2020 Citrix
September 3, 2019

MUD (D)TLS profiles for IoT devices
draft-reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-01

Abstract

This memo extends Manufacturer Usage Description (MUD) to model DTLS and TLS usage. This allows a network element to notice abnormal DTLS or TLS usage which has been strong indicator of other software running on the endpoint, typically malware.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on March 6, 2020.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Encryption is necessary to protect the privacy of end users using IoT devices. In a network setting, TLS [RFC8446] and DTLS [I-D.ietf-tls-dtls13] are the dominant protocols to provide encryption for IoT device traffic. Unfortunately in conjunction with IoT applications rise of encryption, malware is also using encryption which thwarts network-based analysis such as deep packet inspection (DPI). Other mechanisms are needed to notice malware is running on the IoT device.

Malware frequently uses its own libraries for its activities, and those libraries are re-used much like any other software engineering project. Research [malware] indicates there are observable differences in how malware uses encryption compared with non-malware uses encryption. There are several interesting findings specific to DTLS and TLS which were found common to malware:

If observable (D)TLS profile parameters are used, the following functions are possible which have a the favorable impact on network security:

This document extends MUD [RFC8520] to model observable (D)TLS profile parameters. Using these (D)TLS profile parameters, an active MUD-enforcing firewall can identify MUD non-compliant DTLS and TLS behavior that can indicate malware is running on the IoT device. This detection can prevent malware download, block access to malicious domains, enforce use of strong ciphers, stop data exfiltration, etc. In addition, organizations may have policies around acceptable ciphers and certificates on the websites the IoT devices connect to. Examples include no use of old and less secure versions of TLS, no use of self-signed certificates, deny-list or accept-list of Certificate Authorities, valid certificate expiration time, etc. These policies can be enforced by observing the (D)TLS profile parameters. Enterprise firewall can use the IoT device's (D)TLS profile parameters to identify legitimate flows by observation of (D)TLS sessions, and can make inferences to permit legitimate flows and to block malicious flows. The proposed technique is also suitable in deployments where decryption techniques are not ideal due to privacy concerns, non-cooperating end-points and expense.

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

"(D)TLS" is used for statements that apply to both Transport Layer Security [RFC8446] and Datagram Transport Layer Security [RFC6347]. Specific terms are used for any statement that applies to either protocol alone.

3. Overview of MUD (D)TLS profiles for IoT devices

In Enterprise networks, protection and detection are typically done both on end hosts and in the network. Host agents have deep visibility on the devices where they are installed, whereas the network has broader visibility. Installing host agents may not be a viable option on IoT devices, and network-based security can only be used to protect such IoT devices. (D)TLS profile parameters of IoT device can be used by middle-boxes to detect and block malware communication, while at the same time preserving the privacy of legitimate uses of encryption. Middle-boxes need not proxy (D)TLS but can passively observe the parameters of (D)TLS handshakes from IoT devices and gain good visibility into TLS 1.0 to 1.2 parameters and partial visibility into TLS 1.3 parameters. Malicious agents can try to use the (D)TLS profile parameters as legitimate agents to evade detection but it becomes a challenge to mimic the behavior of various IoT device types and IoT device models from several manufacturers. In other words, malware developers will have to develop malicious agents per IoT device type, manufacturer and model (which will be several thousands), infect the device with specific malware agent and will have keep up with the updates to (D)TLS profile parameters of IoT devices. Further, the malware command and control server certificates needs to be signed by the same certifying authorities trusted by the IoT devices.

The compromised IoT devices are typically used for launching DDoS attacks (Section 3 of [RFC8576]) on victims while the owner/administrator of the network is not aware about such misbehaviors. Some of the DDoS attacks like Slowloris and Transport Layer Security (TLS) re-negotiation can be detected by observing the (D)TLS profile parameters. For example, the victim server certificate need not be signed by the same certifying authorities trusted by the IoT device.

4. (D)TLS 1.3 handshake

In (D)TLS 1.3, full (D)TLS handshake inspection is not possible since all (D)TLS handshake messages excluding the ClientHello message are encrypted. (D)TLS 1.3 has introduced new extensions in the handshake record layers called Encrypted Extensions. Using these extensions handshake messages will be encrypted and network devices (such as a firewall) are incapable deciphering the handshake, thus cannot view the server certificate. However, a few parameters in the ServerHello are still visible such as the chosen cipher.

4.1. Full (D)TLS 1.3 handshake inspection

To obtain more visibility into negotiated TLS 1.3 parameters, a middlebox needs to act as a (D)TLS 1.3 proxy. The middlebox MUST follow the behaviour explained in Section 9.3 of [RFC8446] to act as a compliant (D)TLS 1.3 proxy.

To function as a (D)TLS proxy the middlebox creates a signed certificate using itself as a certificate authority. That certificate authority has to be trusted by the (D)TLS client. The following steps explain the mechanism to automatically bootstrap IoT devices with the middlebox's CA certificate.

Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructures (BRSKI) discussed in [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] provides a solution for secure automated bootstrap of devices. BRSKI specifies means to provision credentials on devices to be used to operationally access networks. In addition, BRSKI provides an automated mechanism for the bootstrap distribution of CA certificates from the Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST) [RFC7030] server. The IoT device can use BRSKI to automatically bootstrap the IoT device using the IoT manufacturer provisioned X.509 certificate, in combination with a registrar provided by the local network and IoT device manufacturer's authorizing service (MASA).

  1. The IoT device authenticates to the local network using the IoT manufacturer provisioned X.509 certificate. The IoT device can request and get a voucher from the MASA service via the registrar. The voucher is signed by the MASA service and includes the local network's CA public key.
  2. The IoT device validates the signed voucher using the manufacturer installed trust anchor associated with the MASA, stores the CA's public key and validates the provisional TLS connection to the registrar.
  3. The IoT device requests the full EST distribution of current CA certificates (Section 5.9.1 in [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra]) from the registrar operating as a BRSKI-EST server. The IoT device stores the CA certificates as Explicit Trust Anchor database entries. The IoT device uses the Explicit Trust Anchor database to validate the server certificate.
  4. The middle-box uses the "supported_versions" TLS extension (defined in TLS 1.3 to negotiate the supported TLS versions between client and server) to determine the TLS version. During the (D)TLS handshake, If (D)TLS version 1.3 is used, the middle-box ((D)TLS proxy) modifies the certificate provided by the server and signs it with the private key from the local CA certificate. The middle-box has visibility into further exchanges between the IoT device and server which enables it to inspect the (D)TLS 1.3 handshake, enforce the MUD (D)TLS profile and can inspect subsequent network traffic.
  5. The IoT device uses the Explicit Trust Anchor database to validate the server certificate.

4.2. Encrypted SNI

To increase privacy, encrypted SNI (ESNI, [I-D.ietf-tls-sni-encryption]) prevents passive observation of the TLS Server Name Indication which improves privacy. To effectively provide that privacy protection, SNI encryption needs to be used in conjunction with DNS encryption (e.g., DNS-over-(D)TLS or DNS-over-HTTPS). An in-line network device (e.g., firewall) passively inspecting an encrypted SNI (D)TLS handshake cannot observe the encrypted SNI nor observe the encrypted DNS traffic. If an IoT device is pre-configured to use public DNS-over-(D)TLS or DNS-over-HTTPS servers, the middle-box needs to act as a DNS-over-TLS or DNS-over-HTTPS proxy and replace the esni_keys in the ESNI record with the middle box’s esni_keys. Instead of an unappealing DNS-over-TLS or DNS-over-HTTPS proxy, the IoT device can be bootstrapped to discover and authenticate DNS-over-(D)TLS and DNS-over-HTTPS servers provided by a local network using [I-D.reddy-dprive-bootstrap-dns-server] and [I-D.sah-resinfo-doh]. The local DNS-over-(D)TLS and DNS-over-HTTPS server replaces the sni_keys in the ESNI record with the middle box’s esni_keys.

Note that if an IoT device is pre-configured to use public DNS-over-(D)TLS or DNS-over-HTTPS servers, the MUD policy enforcement point is moved to that public server, which cannot enforce the MUD policy based on domain names (Section 8 of [RFC8520]). Thus the use of a public DNS-over-(D)TLS or DNS-over-HTTPS server is incompatible with MUD in general. A local DNS server is necessary to allow MUD policy enforcement on the local network.

5. (D)TLS profile YANG module

This document specifies a YANG module for representing (D)TLS profile. The (D)TLS profile YANG module provides a method for firewall to observe the (D)TLS profile parameters in the (D)TLS handshake to permit intended use and to block malicious behavior. This module uses the common YANG types defined in [RFC6991] , rules defined in [RFC8519] and cryptographic types defined in [I-D.ietf-netconf-crypto-types].

The (D)TLS profiles and the parameters in each (D)TLS profile include the following:

The (D)TLS profile parameters MUST NOT include the GREASE values for extension types, supported groups, signature algorithms, (D)TLS versions, pre-shared key exchange modes and cipher suites. Note that the GREASE values are random and peers will ignore these values and interoperate.

If the (D)TLS profile parameters are not observed in a (D)TLS session from the IoT device, the default behaviour is to block the (D)TLS session.

5.1. Tree Structure

This document augments the "ietf-mud" MUD YANG module defined in [RFC8520] for signaling the IoT device (D)TLS profile. This document defines the YANG module "reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile", which has the following tree structure:

module: reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile
  augment /mud:mud/mud:from-device-policy:
    +--rw client-profile
       +--rw tls-profiles* [profile-name]
          +--rw profile-name              string
          +--rw protocol-version?         uint16
          +--rw supported_versions*       uint16
          +--rw grease_extension?         boolean
          +--rw encryption-algorithms*    encryption-algorithm
          +--rw compression-methods*      compression-method
          +--rw extension-types*          extension-type
          +--rw acceptlist-ta-certs*      ct:trust-anchor-cert-cms
          +--rw SPKI-pin-sets*            SPKI-pin-set
          +--rw SPKI-hash-algorithm       ct:hash-algorithm-t
          +--rw psk-key-exchange-modes*   psk-key-exchange-mode
          +--rw supported-groups*         supported-group
          +--rw signature-algorithms*     signature-algorithm
          +--rw client-public-keys
          |  +--rw key-exchange-algorithms*     key-exchange-algorithm
          |  +--rw client-public-key-lengths*   client-public-key-length
          +--rw actions
             +--rw forwarding    identityref

5.2. YANG Module

module reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile {
   yang-version 1.1;
   namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile";
   prefix mud-tls-profile;


   import ietf-crypto-types {
     prefix ct;
     reference "draft-ietf-netconf-crypto-types-01: 
                Common YANG Data Types for Cryptography";
   }

   import ietf-inet-types {
     prefix inet;
     reference "Section 4 of RFC 6991";
   }

   import ietf-mud {
     prefix mud;
     reference "RFC 8520";
   }

   import ietf-access-control-list {
     prefix ietf-acl;
     reference
       "RFC 8519: YANG Data Model for Network Access
                  Control Lists (ACLs)";
   }

   organization
     "IETF Operations and Management Area Working Group Working Group";
   contact
      "Editor:  Konda, Tirumaleswar Reddy
               <mailto:TirumaleswarReddy_Konda@McAfee.com>";

   description
     "This module contains YANG definition for the IoT device 
      (D)TLS profile. 

      Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
      authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

      Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
      without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
      to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
      set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
      Relating to IETF Documents
      (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

      This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see
      the RFC itself for full legal notices.";

   revision 2019-06-12 {
     description
       "Initial revision.";
   }

   typedef compression-method {
     type uint8;
     description "Compression method.";
   }

   typedef extension-type {
     type uint16;
     description "Extension type.";
   }

   typedef encryption-algorithm {
     type uint16;
     description "Encryption algorithms.";
   }

   typedef supported-group {
     type uint16;
     description "supported DHE or ECDHE group.";
   }

   typedef SPKI-pin-set {
     type binary;
     description "Subject Public Key Info pin set.";
   }

   typedef signature-algorithm {
     type uint16;
     description "Signature algorithm";
   }

   typedef key-exchange-algorithm {
     type uint8;
     description "key exchange algorithm";
   }

   typedef psk-key-exchange-mode {
     type uint8;
     description "pre-shared key exchange mode";
   }

   typedef client-public-key-length {
     type uint8;
     description "client public key length";
   }

   augment "/mud:mud/mud:from-device-policy" {
     container client-profile {
       list tls-profiles {
         key "profile-name";
         description
          "(D)TLS version profiles supported by the client";
        leaf profile-name {
          type string {
            length "1..64";
          }
          description
            "The name of (D)TLS profile; space and special
            characters are not allowed.";
         }
         leaf protocol-version {
           type uint16;
           description "Legacy protocol version.";
         }  
         leaf-list supported_versions {
           type uint16;
           description 
             "TLS versions supported by the client indicated
              in the supported_versions extension in (D)TLS 1.3.";
         }  
         leaf Grease_extension {
           type boolean;
           description
            "If set to 'true', Grease extension values are offered by 
             the client.";
         } 
         leaf-list encryption-algorithms {
           type encryption-algorithm;   
           description "Encryption algorithms";
         }
         leaf-list compression-methods {
           type compression-method;
            description "Compression methods";
         } 
         leaf-list extension-types {
           type extension-type;
           description "Extension Types";
         }
         leaf-list acceptlist-ta-certs { 
           type ct:trust-anchor-cert-cms;
           description 
             "A list of trust anchor certificates used by the client.";
         }
         leaf-list SPKI-pin-sets { 
            type SPKI-pin-set;
            description 
             "A list of SPKI pin sets pre-configured on the client 
              to validate self-signed server certificate or 
              raw public key.";
         }
         leaf SPKI-hash-algorithm {
           type ct:hash-algorithm-t;
           description 
             "cryptographic hash algorithm used to generate the 
              SPKI pinset.";
         }
         leaf-list psk-key-exchange-modes {
           type psk-key-exchange-mode;
           description 
             "pre-shared key exchange modes";
         }
         leaf-list supported-groups { 
            type supported-group;
            description 
             "A list of DHE or ECDHE groups supported by the client.";
         }
         leaf-list signature-algorithms { 
            type signature-algorithm;
            description 
             "A list signature algorithms the client can validate 
              in X.509 certificates.";
         }
         container client-public-keys {
           leaf-list key-exchange-algorithms {
             type key-exchange-algorithm; 
             description
             "Key exchange algorithms supported by the client";
           }
           leaf-list client-public-key-lengths {
             type client-public-key-length; 
             description
             "client public key lengths";
           }
         }  
         container actions {
           description
           "Definitions of action for this profile.";
           leaf forwarding {
             type identityref {
               base ietf-acl:forwarding-action;
             }
             mandatory true;
             description
             "Specifies the forwarding action for the (D)TLS profile.";
             reference
             "RFC 8519: YANG Data Model for Network Access
                           Control Lists (ACLs)";
           }  
         }
       }
     }
   }
}

6. MUD File Example

This example below contains (D)TLS profile parameters for a IoT device. JSON encoding of YANG modelled data [RFC7951] is used to illustrate the example.

{
   "ietf-mud:mud": {
     "mud-version": 1,
      "mud-url": "https://example.com/IoTDevice",
      "last-update": "2019-18-06T03:56:40.105+10:00",
      "cache-validity": 100,
      "is-supported": true,
      "systeminfo": "IoT device name",
      "reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile:from-device-policy": {
        "client-profile": {
          "tls-version-profile" : [
           {
                 "protocol-version" : 771,
                 "supported_versions_ext" : "FALSE",
                 "encryption-algorithms" : [31354, 4865, 4866, 4867],  
                 "extension-types" : [10],  
                 "supported-groups" : [29],  
                 "actions": {
                   "forwarding": "accept"
                 }
           }
          ]  
        }
      }
    }
}

7. Security Considerations

Security considerations in [RFC8520] need to be taken into consideration.

8. IANA Considerations

      URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile
      Registrant Contact: The IESG.
      XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

This document requests IANA to register the following URIs in the "ns" subregistry within the "IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:

9. Acknowledgments

Thanks to Shashank Jain and Harsha Joshi for the discussion and comments.

10. References

10.1. Normative References

[I-D.ietf-netconf-crypto-types] Watsen, K. and H. Wang, "Common YANG Data Types for Cryptography", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-netconf-crypto-types-10, July 2019.
[I-D.ietf-tls-dtls13] Rescorla, E., Tschofenig, H. and N. Modadugu, "The Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Protocol Version 1.3", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tls-dtls13-32, July 2019.
[I-D.ietf-tls-grease] Benjamin, D., "Applying GREASE to TLS Extensibility", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tls-grease-04, August 2019.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.
[RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688, DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004.
[RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347, January 2012.
[RFC6991] Schoenwaelder, J., "Common YANG Data Types", RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018.
[RFC8519] Jethanandani, M., Agarwal, S., Huang, L. and D. Blair, "YANG Data Model for Network Access Control Lists (ACLs)", RFC 8519, DOI 10.17487/RFC8519, March 2019.

10.2. Informative References

[I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] Pritikin, M., Richardson, M., Eckert, T., Behringer, M. and K. Watsen, "Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructures (BRSKI)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra-26, August 2019.
[I-D.ietf-tls-sni-encryption] Huitema, C. and E. Rescorla, "Issues and Requirements for SNI Encryption in TLS", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tls-sni-encryption-05, August 2019.
[I-D.reddy-dprive-bootstrap-dns-server] K, R., Wing, D., Richardson, M. and M. Boucadair, "A Bootstrapping Procedure to Discover and Authenticate DNS-over-(D)TLS and DNS-over-HTTPS Servers", Internet-Draft draft-reddy-dprive-bootstrap-dns-server-04, June 2019.
[I-D.sah-resinfo-doh] Sood, P., Arends, R. and P. Hoffman, "DNS Resolver Information: "doh"", Internet-Draft draft-sah-resinfo-doh-00, May 2019.
[malware] Anderson, B., Paul, S. and D. McGrew, "Deciphering Malware’s use of TLS (without Decryption)", July 2016.
[RFC7030] Pritikin, M., Yee, P. and D. Harkins, "Enrollment over Secure Transport", RFC 7030, DOI 10.17487/RFC7030, October 2013.
[RFC7469] Evans, C., Palmer, C. and R. Sleevi, "Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP", RFC 7469, DOI 10.17487/RFC7469, April 2015.
[RFC7951] Lhotka, L., "JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG", RFC 7951, DOI 10.17487/RFC7951, August 2016.
[RFC8520] Lear, E., Droms, R. and D. Romascanu, "Manufacturer Usage Description Specification", RFC 8520, DOI 10.17487/RFC8520, March 2019.
[RFC8576] Garcia-Morchon, O., Kumar, S. and M. Sethi, "Internet of Things (IoT) Security: State of the Art and Challenges", RFC 8576, DOI 10.17487/RFC8576, April 2019.

Authors' Addresses

Tirumaleswar Reddy McAfee, Inc. Embassy Golf Link Business Park Bangalore, Karnataka 560071 India EMail: kondtir@gmail.com
Dan Wing Citrix Systems, Inc. 4988 Great America Pkwy Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA EMail: danwing@gmail.com