Network Working Group C. Perkins
Internet-Draft Futurewei
Intended status: Standards Track S. Ratliff
Expires: January 4, 2018 Idirect
J. Dowdell
Airbus Defence and Space
L. Steenbrink
HAW Hamburg, Dept. Informatik
V. Mercieca
Airbus Defence and Space
July 3, 2017

Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Version 2 (AODVv2) Routing
draft-perkins-manet-aodvv2-01

Abstract

The Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Version 2 (AODVv2) routing protocol is intended for use by mobile routers in wireless, multihop networks. AODVv2 determines unicast routes among AODVv2 routers within the network in an on-demand fashion.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on January 4, 2018.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

1. Overview

The Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Version 2 (AODVv2) protocol enables dynamic, multihop routing between participating mobile nodes wishing to establish and maintain an ad hoc network. The basic operations of the AODVv2 protocol are route discovery and route maintenance. AODVv2 does not require nodes to maintain routes to destinations that are not in active communication. AODVv2 allows mobile nodes to respond to link breakages and changes in network topology in a timely manner. The operation of AODVv2 is loop-free, and by avoiding the Bellman-Ford "counting to infinity" problem offers quick convergence when the ad hoc network topology changes (typically, when a node moves in the network). When links break, AODVv2 causes the affected set of nodes to be notified so that they are able to invalidate the routes using the lost link.

One distinguishing feature of AODVv2 is its use of a destination sequence number for each route entry. The destination sequence number is created by the destination to be included along with any route information it sends to requesting nodes. Using destination sequence numbers ensures loop freedom and is simple to program. Given the choice between two routes to a destination, a requesting node is required to select the one with the greatest sequence number.

Compared to AODV [RFC3561], AODVv2 has moved some features out of the scope of the document, notably intermediate route replies, expanding ring search, and route lifetimes. However, the document has been designed to allow their specification in a separate document. Hello messages and local repair have been removed. AODVv2 provides a mechanism for the use of multiple metric types. Message formats have been updated and made compliant with [RFC5444]. AODVv2 control messages are defined as sets of data, which are mapped to message elements using the Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format defined in [RFC5444] and sent using the parameters in [RFC5498]. Verification of link bidirectionality has been substantially improved, and additional refinements made for route timeouts and state management. Finally, multihoming is now supported.

The basic protocol mechanisms are as follows. Since AODVv2 is a reactive protocol, route discovery is initiated only when a route to the target is needed (i.e. when a router's client has data to send). For this purpose, AODVv2 uses Route Request (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP) messages as follows: an RREQ is distributed across the network. When forwarding an RREQ, all routers across the network also store a possible reverse route back to the originator of the RREQ. When the target receives the RREQ, it answers with an RREP, which is then relayed back to the originator along the path stored by the intermediate routers. A metric value is included within the messages to indicate the cost of the route. AODVv2 uses sequence numbers to identify stale routing information, and compares route metric values to determine if advertised routes could form loops. Route maintenance includes confirming bidirectionality of links to next-hop AODVv2 routers, managing route timeouts, using Route Error (RERR) messages to inform other routers of broken links, and reacting to received Route Error messages.

The on-demand nature of AODVv2 requires indications to be exchanged between AODVv2 and the forwarding plane for the following conditions:

Security for authentication of AODVv2 routers and encryption of control messages is accomplished using the TIMESTAMP and ICV TLVs defined in [RFC7182].

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. In addition, this document uses terminology from [RFC5444], and defines the following terms:

AddressList

A list of IP addresses as used in AODVv2 messages.
AckReq

Used in a Route Reply Acknowledgement message to indicate that a Route Reply Acknowledgement is expected in return.
AdvRte

A route advertised in an incoming route message.
AODVv2 Router

An IP addressable device in the ad hoc network that performs the AODVv2 protocol operations specified in this document.
CurrentTime

The current time as maintained by the AODVv2 router.

ENAR (External Network Access Router)

An AODVv2 router with an interface to an external, non-AODVv2 network.
Interface Set

The set of all network interfaces supporting AODVv2.
Invalid route

A route that cannot be used for forwarding but still contains useful sequence number information.
LocalRoute

An entry in the Local Route Set as defined in Section 4.5.
MANET

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network as defined in [RFC2501].
MetricType

The metric type for a metric value included in a message.
MetricTypeList

A list of metric types associated with the addresses in the AddressList of a Route Error message.
Neighbor

An AODVv2 router from which an RREQ or RREP message has been received. Neighbors exchange routing information and verify bidirectionality of the link to a neighbor before installing a route via that neighbor into the Local Route Set.
OrigAddr

The source IP address of the IP packet triggering route discovery.
OrigMetric

The metric value associated with the route to OrigPrefix.
OrigPrefix

The prefix configured in the Router Client Set entry which includes OrigAddr.
OrigPrefixLen

The prefix length, in bits, configured in the Router Client Set entry which includes OrigAddr.
OrigSeqNum

The sequence number of the AODVv2 router which originated the Route Request on behalf of OrigAddr.
PktSource

The source address of the IP packet that triggered a Route Error message.
PrefixLengthList

A list of routing prefix lengths associated with the addresses in the AddressList of a message.
Reactive

Performed only in reaction to specific events. In AODVv2, routes are requested only when data packets need to be forwarded. In this document, "reactive" is synonymous with "on-demand".
RERR (Route Error)

The AODVv2 message type used to indicate that an AODVv2 router does not have a valid LocalRoute toward one or more destinations.
RERR_Gen (RERR Generating Router)

The AODVv2 router generating a Route Error message.
RerrMsg (RERR Message)

A Route Error (RERR) message.
Routable Unicast IP Address

A unicast IP address that is scoped sufficiently to be forwarded by a router. Globally-scoped unicast IP addresses and Unique Local Addresses (ULAs) [RFC4193] are examples of routable unicast IP addresses.
Router Client

An address within an address range configured on an AODVv2 router, on behalf of which that router will initiate and respond to route discoveries. These addresses may be used by the AODVv2 router itself or by devices that are reachable without traversing another AODVv2 router.
RREP (Route Reply)

The AODVv2 message type used to reply to a Route Request message.
RREP_Gen (RREP Generating Router)

The AODVv2 router that generates the Route Reply message, i.e., the router configured with TargAddr as a Router Client.
RREQ (Route Request)

The AODVv2 message type used to discover a route to TargAddr and distribute information about a route to OrigPrefix.
RREQ_Gen (RREQ Generating Router)

The AODVv2 router that generates the Route Request message, i.e., the router configured with OrigAddr as a Router Client.
RteMsg (Route Message)

A Route Request (RREQ) or Route Reply (RREP) message.
SeqNum

The sequence number maintained by an AODVv2 router to indicate freshness of route information.
SeqNumList

A list of sequence numbers associated with the addresses in the AddressList of a message.
TargAddr

The target address of a route request, i.e., the destination address of the IP packet triggering route discovery.
TargMetric

The metric value associated with the route to TargPrefix.
TargPrefix

The prefix configured in the Router Client Set entry which includes TargAddr.
TargPrefixLen

The prefix length, in bits, configured in the Router Client Set entry which includes TargAddr.
TargSeqNum

The sequence number of the AODVv2 router which originated the Route Reply on behalf of TargAddr.
Unreachable Address

An address reported in a Route Error message, as described in Section 7.4.1.
Upstream

In the direction from destination to source (from TargAddr to OrigAddr).
Valid route

A route that can be used for forwarding.

This document uses the notational conventions in Table 1 to simplify the text.

Notational Conventions
Notation Meaning
Route[Address] A route toward Address
Route[Address].Field A field in a route toward Address
RteMsg.Field A field in either RREQ or RREP
RerrMsg.Field A field in a RERR

3. Applicability Statement

The AODVv2 routing protocol is a reactive routing protocol designed for use in mobile ad hoc wireless networks, and may also be useful in networks where the nodes are not mobile but economical route maintenance is still required. A reactive protocol only sends messages to discover a route when there is data to send on that route. This requires an interaction with the forwarding plane, to indicate when a packet is to be forwarded, in case reactive route discovery is needed. The set of signals exchanged between AODVv2 and the forwarding plane are discussed in Section 6.4.

AODVv2 is designed for stub or disconnected mobile ad hoc networks, i.e., non-transit networks or those not connected to the internet. AODVv2 routers can, however, be configured to perform gateway functions when attached to external networks, as discussed in Section 9.

AODVv2 handles a wide variety of mobility and traffic patterns by determining routes on-demand. In networks with a large number of routers, AODVv2 is best suited for relatively sparse traffic scenarios where each router forwards IP packets to a small percentage of destination addresses in the network. In such cases fewer routes are needed, and far less control traffic is produced. In large networks with dense traffic patterns, AODVv2 control messages may cause a broadcast storm, overwhelming the network with control messages. The transmission priorities described in Section 6.5 prioritize route maintenance traffic over route discovery traffic.

Data packets may be buffered until a route to their destination is available, as described in Section 6.6.

AODVv2 is well suited to reactive scenarios such as emergency and disaster relief, where the ability to communicate might be more important than being assured of secure operations. For many other ad hoc networking applications, in which insecure operation could negate the value of establishing communication paths, it is important for neighboring AODVv2 routers to establish security associations with one another.

AODVv2 provides for message integrity and security against replay attacks by using integrity check values, timestamps and sequence numbers, as described in Section 14. When security associations have been established, encryption can be used for AODVv2 messages to ensure that only trusted routers participate in routing operations.

The AODVv2 route discovery process aims for a route to be established in both directions along the same path. Uni-directional links are not suitable; AODVv2 will detect and exclude those links from route discovery. The route discovered is optimized for the requesting router, and the return path may not be the optimal route.

AODVv2 is applicable to memory constrained devices, since only a little routing state is maintained in each AODVv2 router. AODVv2 routes that are not needed for forwarding data do not need to be maintained.

AODVv2 supports routers with multiple interfaces and multiple IP addresses per interface. A router may also use the same IP address on multiple interfaces. AODVv2 requires only that each interface configured for AODVv2 has at least one unicast IP address. Address assignment procedures are out of scope for AODVv2.

AODVv2 supports Router Clients with multiple interfaces, as long as each interface is configured with its own unicast IP address.

The routing algorithm in AODVv2 has been operated at layers other than the network layer, using layer-appropriate addresses.

AODVv2 is based on AODV [RFC3561]. The following important protocol mechanisms have changed:

4. Data Structures

4.1. Interface Set

The Interface Set is a conceptual data structure which contains information about all interfaces configured for use by AODVv2. Any interface with an IP address can be used. Multiple interfaces on a single router can be used. Multiple interfaces on the same router may be configured with the same IP address.

Each member in the Interface Set MUST contain the following:

Interface.Id

An identifier that is unique in node-local scope, allowing the AODVv2 implementation to identify exactly one local network interface.

If multiple interfaces of the AODVv2 router are configured for use by AODVv2, they MUST be configured in the Interface Set. Implementations using only one interface do not need the Interface Set, since their single interface is already uniquely identifiable.

4.2. Router Client Set

An AODVv2 router discovers routes for its own local applications and also for its Router Clients that are reachable without traversing another AODVv2 router. The addresses used by these devices, and the AODVv2 router itself, are configured in the Router Client Set. An AODVv2 router will only originate Route Request and Route Reply messages on behalf of its configured Router Client addresses.

Router Client Set entries contain:

RouterClient.IPAddress

An IP address or the start of an address range that requires route discovery services from the AODVv2 router.
RouterClient.PrefixLength

The length, in bits, of the routing prefix associated with the RouterClient.IPAddress. If the prefix length is not equal to the address length of RouterClient.IPAddress, the AODVv2 router MUST participate in route discovery on behalf of all addresses within that prefix.
RouterClient.Cost

The cost associated with reaching this address or address range.

4.3. Neighbor Set

A Neighbor Set MUST be maintained with information about neighboring AODVv2 routers. Neighbor Set entries are stored when AODVv2 messages are received. If the Neighbor is chosen as a next hop on an installed route, the link to the Neighbor MUST be verified to be bidirectional and the result stored in this set. A route is not valid until the link is confirmed to be bidirectional.

Neighbor Set entries MUST contain:

Neighbor.IPAddress

An IP address of the neighboring router.
Neighbor.State

Indicates whether the link to the neighbor is bidirectional. There are three possible states: Confirmed, Heard, and Blacklisted. Heard is the initial state. Confirmed indicates that the link to the neighbor has been confirmed as bidirectional. Blacklisted indicates that the link to the neighbor is being treated as uni-directional. Section 6.2 discusses how to monitor link bidirectionality.
Neighbor.Timeout

Indicates the time at which the Neighbor.State should be updated:

Neighbor.Interface

The interface on which the link to the neighbor was established.

Neighbor.AckSeqNum

The next sequence number to use for the TIMESTAMP value in an RREP_Ack request, in order to detect replay of an RREP_Ack response. AckSeqNum is initialized to a random value.
Neighbor.HeardRERRSeqNum

The last heard sequence number used as the TIMESTAMP value in a RERR received from this neighbor, saved in order to detect replay of a RERR message. HeardRERRSeqNum is initialized to zero.

See Section 11.3 and Section 11.4 for more information on how Neighbor.AckSeqNum and Neighbor.HeardRERRSeqNum are used.

4.4. Sequence Numbers

Sequence Numbers enable AODVv2 routers to determine the temporal order of route discovery messages that originate from a AODVv2 router, and thus to identify stale routing information so that it can be discarded. The sequence number fulfills the same roles as the "Destination Sequence Number" of DSDV [Perkins94], and the AODV Sequence Number in [RFC3561]. The sequence numbers from two different routers are not comparable; route discovery messages with sequence numbers belonging to two different routers cannot be compared to determine temporal ordering.

Each AODVv2 router in the network MUST maintain its own sequence number. All RREQ and RREP messages created by an AODVv2 router include the router's sequence number, reported as a 16-bit unsigned integer. Each AODVv2 router MUST ensure that its sequence number is strictly increasing, and that it is incremented by one (1) whenever an RREQ or RREP is created, except when the sequence number is 65,535 (the maximum value of a 16-bit unsigned integer), in which case it MUST be reset to one (1) to achieve wrap around. The value zero (0) is reserved to indicate that the router's sequence number is unknown.

An AODVv2 router MUST use its sequence number only on behalf of its configured Router Clients; route messages forwarded by other routers retain the originator's sequence number.

To determine if newly received information is stale and therefore redundant compared to other information originated by the same router, the sequence number attached to the information is compared to the sequence number of existing information about the same route. The comparison is carried out by subtracting the existing sequence number from the newly received sequence number, using unsigned arithmetic. The result of the subtraction is to be interpreted as a signed 16-bit integer.

Along with the algorithm in Section 6.7.1, maintaining temporal ordering ensures loop freedom.

An AODVv2 router SHOULD maintain its sequence number in persistent storage. On routers unable to store persistent AODVv2 state, recovery can impose a performance penalty (e.g., in case of AODVv2 router reboot), since if a router loses its sequence number, there is a delay (by default, on the order of minutes) before the router can resume full operations. If the sequence number is lost, the router MUST follow the procedure in Section 6.1 to safely resume routing operations with a new sequence number.

4.5. Local Route Set

All AODVv2 routers MUST maintain a Local Route Set, containing information obtained from AODVv2 route messages. The Local Route Set is considered to be stored separately from the forwarding plane's routing table (referred to as Routing Information Base (RIB)), which may be updated by other routing protocols operating on the AODVv2 router as well. The Routing Information Base is updated using information from the Local Route Set. Alternatively, if the information specified below can be added to RIB entries, implementations MAY choose to modify the Routing Information Base directly instead of maintaining a dedicated Local Route Set.

Routes obtained from AODVv2 route messages are referred to in this document as LocalRoutes, and MUST contain the following information:

LocalRoute.Address

An address, which, when combined with LocalRoute.PrefixLength, describes the set of destination addresses for which this route enables forwarding.
LocalRoute.PrefixLength

The prefix length, in bits, associated with LocalRoute.Address.
LocalRoute.SeqNum

The sequence number associated with LocalRoute.Address, obtained from the last route message that successfully updated this entry.
LocalRoute.NextHop

The source IP address of the IP packet containing the AODVv2 message advertising the route to LocalRoute.Address, i.e., an IP address of the AODVv2 router used for the next hop on the path toward LocalRoute.Address.
LocalRoute.NextHopInterface

The interface used to send IP packets toward LocalRoute.Address.
LocalRoute.LastUsed

If this route is installed in the Routing Information Base, the time it was last used to forward an IP packet. If not, the time at which the LocalRoute was created.
LocalRoute.LastSeqNumUpdate

The time LocalRoute.SeqNum was last updated.
LocalRoute.MetricType

The type of metric associated with this route. See Section 5 for information about AODVv2's handling of multiple metric types.
LocalRoute.Metric

The cost of the route toward LocalRoute.Address expressed in units consistent with LocalRoute.MetricType.
LocalRoute.Precursors (optional feature)

A list of upstream neighbors using the route (see Section 10).
LocalRoute.SeqNoRtr

If nonzero, the IP address of the router that originated the Sequence Number for this route.
LocalRoute.State

The last known state (Unconfirmed, Idle, Active, or Invalid) of the route.

There are four possible states for a LocalRoute:

Unconfirmed

A route obtained from a Route Request message, which has not yet been confirmed as bidirectional. It MUST NOT be stored in the RIB to forward general data-plane traffic, but it can be used to transmit RREP packets along with a request for bidirectional link verification. An Unconfirmed route is not otherwise considered a valid route. This state is only used for routes obtained through RREQ messages.
Idle

A route that has been confirmed to be bidirectional, but has not been used in the last ACTIVE_INTERVAL. It can be used for forwarding IP packets, and therefore it is considered a valid route.
Active

A valid route that has been used for forwarding IP packets during the last ACTIVE_INTERVAL.
Invalid

A route that has expired or has broken. It MUST NOT be used for forwarding IP packets. Invalid routes contain the destination's sequence number, which may be useful when assessing freshness of incoming routing information.

If the Local Route Set is stored separately from the RIB, routes are added to the RIB when LocalRoute.State becomes Active, and removed from the RIB when LocalRoute.State becomes Invalid. Changes to LocalRoute state are detailed in Section 6.10.1.

4.6. Multicast Route Message Set

Multicast Route Request (RREQ) messages can be tested for redundancy to avoid unnecessary processing and forwarding.

The Multicast Route Message Set is a conceptual set which contains information about previously received multicast route messages, so that incoming route messages can be compared with previously received messages to determine if the incoming information is redundant or stale, so that the router can avoid sending redundant control traffic.

Multicast Route Message Set entries contain the following information:

RteMsg.OrigPrefix

The prefix associated with OrigAddr, the source address of the IP packet triggering the route request.
RteMsg.OrigPrefixLen

The prefix length associated with RteMsg.OrigPrefix, originally from the Router Client Set entry on RREQ_Gen which includes OrigAddr.
RteMsg.TargPrefix

The prefix associated with TargAddr, the destination address of the IP packet triggering the route request. In an RREQ this MUST be set to TargAddr.
RteMsg.OrigSeqNum

The sequence number associated with the route to OrigPrefix, if RteMsg is an RREQ.
RteMsg.TargSeqNum

The sequence number associated with the route to TargPrefix.
RteMsg.MetricType

The metric type of the route requested.
RteMsg.Metric

The metric value received in the RteMsg.
RteMsg.Timestamp

The last time this Multicast Route Message Set entry was updated.
RteMsg.RemovalTime

The time at which this entry MUST be removed from the Multicast Route Message Set.

RteMsg.Interface

The interface on which the message was received.
RteMsg.SeqNoRtr

If nonzero, the IP address of the router that originated the Sequence Number for this route.

The Multicast Route Message Set is maintained so that no two entries have the same OrigPrefix, OrigPrefixLen, TargPrefix, and MetricType. See Section 6.8 for details about updating this set.

4.7. Route Error (RERR) Set

Each RERR message sent because no route exists for packet forwarding SHOULD be recorded in a conceptual set called the Route Error (RERR) Set. Each entry contains the following information:

RerrMsg.Timeout

The time after which the entry SHOULD be deleted.
RerrMsg.UnreachableAddress

The UnreachableAddress reported in the AddressList of the RERR.
RerrMsg.PktSource:

The PktSource of the RERR.

See Section 6.9 for instructions on how to update the set.

5. Metrics

Metrics measure a cost or quality associated with a route or a link, e.g., latency, delay, financial cost, energy, etc. Metric values are reported in Route Request and Route Reply messages.

In Route Request messages, the metric describes the cost of the route from OrigPrefix to the router transmitting the Route Request. For RREQ_Gen, this is the cost associated with the Router Client Set entry which includes OrigAddr. For routers which forward the RREQ, this is the cost from OrigPrefix to the forwarding router, combining the metric value from the received RREQ message with knowledge of the link cost from the sender to the receiver, i.e., the incoming link cost. This updated route cost is included when forwarding the Route Request message, and used to install a route to OrigPrefix.

Similarly, in Route Reply messages, the metric reflects the cost of the route from TargPrefix to the router transmitting the Route Reply. For RREP_Gen, this is the cost associated with the Router Client Set entry which includes TargAddr. For routers which forward the RREP, this is the cost from TargPrefix to the forwarding router, combining the metric value from the received RREP message with knowledge of the link cost from the sender to the receiver, i.e., the incoming link cost. This updated route cost is included when forwarding the Route Reply message, and used to install a route to TargPrefix.

When link metrics are symmetric, the cost of the routes installed in the Local Route Set at each router will be correct. This assumption is often inexact, but calculating incoming/outgoing metric data is outside of scope of this document. The route discovered is good for the requesting router, but the return path may not be the optimal route.

AODVv2 enables the use of multiple metric types. Each route discovery attempt indicates the metric type which is requested for the route. Multiple valid routes may exist in the Local Route Set for the same address and prefix length but for different metric types. More than one route to a particular address and prefix length MUST NOT exist in the Routing Information Base unless each packet can be inspected to determine which route in the RIB has the proper metric type as required for that packet. Otherwise, only one route at a time to a particular address and prefix length may exist in the RIB. The algorithm used to inspect the packet and make the determination about which the routes should be installed in the Routing Information Base is outside the scope of AODVv2.

For each MetricType, AODVv2 requires:

AODVv2 currently supports cost metrics where Cost(R) is strictly increasing, by defining:

Implementers MAY consider metric types that are not strictly increasing, but the definitions of Cost and LoopFree functions for such types are undefined, and interoperability issues need to be considered.

6. AODVv2 Protocol Operations

AODVv2 protocol operations include:

These processes are discussed in detail in the following sections.

6.1. Initialization

When an AODVv2 router does not have information about its previous sequence number, or if its sequence number is lost at any point, the router reinitializes its sequence number to one (1). However, other AODVv2 routers may still hold sequence number information that this router previously issued. Since sequence number information is removed if there has been no update to the sequence number in MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME, the initializing router MUST wait for MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME before it creates any messages containing its new sequence number.

During this wait period, the router is permitted to do the following:

6.2. Next Hop Monitoring

To ensure AODVv2 routers do not establish routes over uni-directional links, AODVv2 routers MUST verify that the link to the next hop router is bidirectional before marking a route as valid in the Local Route Set.

AODVv2 provides a mechanism for testing bidirectional connectivity during route discovery, and blacklisting routers where bidirectional connectivity is not available. If a route discovery is retried by RREQ_Gen, the blacklisted routers are excluded from the process, and a different route can be discovered. Further, a route is not to be used for forwarding until the bidirectionality of the link to the next hop is confirmed. AODVv2 routers do not need to monitor bidirectionality for links to neighboring routers which are not used as next hops on routes in the Local Route Set.

To assist with next hop monitoring, a Neighbor Set (Section 4.3) is maintained. When an RREQ or RREP is received, an AODVv2 router searches for an entry in the Neighbor Set where all of the following conditions are met:

If no such entry exists, a new entry is created as described in Section 6.3. While the value of Neighbor.State is Heard, acknowledgement of RREP messages sent to that neighbor MUST be requested. If an acknowledgement is not received within the timeout period, the neighbor MUST have Neighbor.State set to Blacklisted. If an acknowledgement is received within the timeout period, Neighbor.State is set to Confirmed. When the value of Neighbor.State is Confirmed, the request for an acknowledgement of any other RREP message is unnecessary.

Additional indications of connectivity may be available from other operations, for example:

If such an external process signals that the link to a neighbor is bidirectional, the AODVv2 router MAY update the matching Neighbor Set entry by changing the value of Neighbor.State to Confirmed. If an external process signals that a link is not bidirectional, the the value of Neighbor.State MAY be changed to Blacklisted.

6.3. Neighbor Set Update

On receipt of an RREQ or RREP message, the Neighbor Set MUST be checked for an entry with Neighbor.IPAddress which matches the source IP address of a packet containing the AODVv2 message. If no matching entry is found, a new entry is created.

A new Neighbor Set entry is created as follows:

When an RREP_Ack request is sent to a neighbor, the Neighbor Set entry is updated as follows:

When a received message is one of the following:

then the link to the neighbor is bidirectional and the Neighbor Set entry is updated as follows:

When the Neighbor.Timeout is reached and Neighbor.State is Heard, then an RREP_Ack response has not been received from the neighbor within RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT of sending the RREP_Ack request. The link is considered to be uni-directional and the Neighbor Set entry is updated as follows:

When the Neighbor.Timeout is reached and Neighbor.State is Blacklisted, the Neighbor Set entry is updated as follows:

If an external mechanism reports a link as broken, the Neighbor Set entry SHOULD be removed.

Route requests (RREQs) from neighbors with Neighbor.State set to Blacklisted MUST be ignored, to avoid persistent IP packet loss or protocol failures. Neighbor.Timeout allows the neighbor to again be allowed to participate in route discoveries after MAX_BLACKLIST_TIME, in case the link between the routers has become bidirectional.

6.4. Interaction with the Forwarding Plane

The signals described in the following are conceptual in nature, and can be implemented in various ways. Conformant implementations of AODVv2 are not mandated to implement the forwarding plane separately from the control plane or data plane; these signals and interactions are identified simply as assistance for implementers who may find them useful.

AODVv2 requires signals from the forwarding plane:

AODVv2 needs to send signals to the forwarding plane when:

6.5. Message Transmission

AODVv2 sends [RFC5444] formatted messages using the parameters for port number and IP protocol specified in [RFC5498]. Mapping of AODVv2 data to [RFC5444] messages is detailed in Section 8. AODVv2 multicast messages are sent to the link-local multicast address LL-MANET-Routers [RFC5498]. All AODVv2 routers MUST subscribe to LL-MANET-Routers on all AODVv2 interfaces [RFC5498] to receive AODVv2 messages. Note that multicast messages MAY be sent via unicast. For example, this may occur for certain link-types (non-broadcast media), for manually configured router adjacencies, or in order to improve robustness.

When multiple interfaces are available, an AODVv2 router transmitting a multicast message to LL-MANET-Routers MUST send the message on all interfaces that have been configured for AODVv2 operation, as given in the Interface Set (Section 4.1).

To avoid congestion, each AODVv2 router's rate of message generation SHOULD be administratively configurable and rate-limited (CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT). Messages SHOULD NOT be sent more frequently than one message per (1 / CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT)th of a second. If this threshold is reached, messages MUST be sent based on their priority:

To implement the congestion control, a queue length is set. If the queue is full, in order to queue a new message, a message of lower priority must be removed from the queue. If this is not possible, the new message MUST be discarded. The queue should be sorted in order of message priority

6.6. Route Discovery, Retries and Buffering

AODVv2's RREQ and RREP messages are used for route discovery. RREQ messages are multicast to solicit an RREP, whereas RREP are unicast. The constants used in this section are defined in Section 12.

When an AODVv2 router needs to forward an IP packet (with source address OrigAddr and destination address TargAddr) from one of its Router Clients, it needs a route to TargAddr in its Routing Information Base. If no route exists, the AODVv2 router generates (RREQ_Gen) and multicasts a Route Request message (RREQ), on all configured interfaces, containing information about the source and destination. The procedure for this is described in Section 7.1.1. Each generated RREQ results in an increment to the router's sequence number. The AODVv2 router generating an RREQ is referred to as RREQ_Gen.

Buffering might be configured for IP packets awaiting a route for forwarding by RREQ_Gen, if sufficient memory is available. Buffering of IP packets might have both positive and negative effects. TCP connection establishment will benefit if packets are queued while route discovery is performed [Koodli01], but real-time traffic, voice, and scheduled delivery may suffer if packets are buffered and subjected to delays. Recommendations for appropriate buffer methods are out of scope for this specification. Determining which packets to discard first when the buffer is full is a matter of policy at each AODVv2 router. Using different (or no) buffer methods might affect performance but does not affect interoperability.

RREQ_Gen awaits reception of a Route Reply message (RREP) containing a route toward TargAddr. This can be achieved by monitoring the entry in the Multicast Route Message Table that corresponds to the generated RREQ. When CurrentTime exceeds RteMsg.Timestamp + RREQ_WAIT_TIME and no RREP has been received, RREQ_Gen will retry the route discovery.

To reduce congestion in a network, repeated attempts at route discovery for a particular target address utilize a binary exponential backoff: for each additional attempt, the time to wait for receipt of the RREP is multiplied by 2. If the requested route is not discovered within the wait period, another RREQ is sent, up to a total of DISCOVERY_ATTEMPTS_MAX. This is the same technique used in AODV [RFC3561].

Through the use of bidirectional link monitoring and blacklists (see Section 6.2), uni-directional links on an initially selected route will be ignored on subsequent route discovery attempts.

After DISCOVERY_ATTEMPTS_MAX and the corresponding wait time for an RREP response to the final RREQ, route discovery is considered to have failed. If an attempted route discovery has failed, RREQ_Gen SHOULD wait at least RREQ_HOLDDOWN_TIME before attempting another route discovery to the same destination, in order to avoid repeatedly generating control traffic that is unlikely to discover a route. Any IP packets buffered for TargAddr are also dropped and a Destination Unreachable ICMP message (Type 3) with a code of 1 (Host Unreachable Error) is delivered to the source of the packet, so that the application knows about the failure.

If RREQ_Gen does receive a route message containing a route to TargAddr within the timeout, it processes the message according to Section 7. When a valid LocalRoute entry is created in the Local Route Set, the route is also installed in the Routing Information Base, and the router will begin sending the buffered IP packets. Any retry timers for the corresponding RREQ are then cancelled.

During route discovery, all routers on the path obtain a route to both OrigPrefix and TargPrefix, so that routes are constructed in both directions. The route is optimized for the forward route.

6.7. Processing Received Route Information

A Route Request (RREQ) contains a route to OrigPrefix, and a Route Reply (RREP) contains a route to TargPrefix. All AODVv2 routers that receive a route message are able to store the route contained within it in their Local Route Set. Incoming information is first checked to verify that it is both safe to use and offers an improvement to existing information, as explained in Section 6.7.1. If these checks pass, the Local Route Set MUST be updated according to Section 6.7.2.

In the processes below, RteMsg is used to denote the received route message, AdvRte is used to denote the route contained within it, and LocalRoute denotes an existing entry in the Local Route Set which matches AdvRte on address, prefix length, metric type, and SeqNoRtr.

AdvRte has the following properties:

6.7.1. Evaluating Route Information

An incoming advertised route (AdvRte) is compared to existing LocalRoutes to determine whether the advertised route is to be used to update the AODVv2 Local Route Set. The incoming route information MUST be processed as follows:

  1. Search for LocalRoutes in the Local Route Set matching AdvRte's address, prefix length, metric type, and SeqNoRtr (the AODVv2 router address corresponding to the sequence number).

  2. Compare sequence numbers using the technique described in Section 4.4

  3. Check that AdvRte is safe against routing loops compared to all matching LocalRoutes (see Section 5)

  4. Compare route costs

If the advertised route is to be used to update the Local Route Set, the procedure in Section 6.7.2 MUST be followed. If not, non-optimal routes will remain in the Local Route Set.

For information on how to apply these changes to the Routing Information Base, see Section 4.5.

6.7.2. Applying Route Updates

After determining that AdvRte is to be used to update the Local Route Set (as described in Section 6.7.1), the following procedure applies.

If AdvRte is obtained from an RREQ message, the link to the next hop neighbor may not be confirmed as bidirectional (see Section 4.3). If there is no existing matching route in the Local Route Set, AdvRte MUST be installed to allow a corresponding RREP to be sent. If a matching entry already exists, and the link to the neighbor can be confirmed as bidirectional, AdvRte offers potential improvement.

The route update is applied as follows:

  1. If no existing entry in the Local Route Set matches AdvRte's address, prefix length, metric type and SeqNoRtr, continue to Step 4 and create a new entry in the Local Route Set.
  2. If two matching LocalRoutes exist in the Local Route Set, one is a valid route, and one is an Unconfirmed route, AdvRte may offer further improvement to the Unconfirmed route, or may offer an update to the valid route.

  3. If only one matching LocalRoute exists in the Local Route Set:

  4. Create an entry in the Local Route Set and initialize as follows:

  5. Update the LocalRoute as follows:

  6. If a new LocalRoute was created, or if the existing LocalRoute.State is Invalid or Unconfirmed, update LocalRoute as follows:

  7. If an existing LocalRoute.State changed from Invalid or Unconfirmed to become Idle, any matching Unconfirmed LocalRoute with worse metric value SHOULD be expunged.
  8. If an existing LocalRoute was updated with a better metric value, any matching Unconfirmed LocalRoute with worse metric value SHOULD be expunged.
  9. If this update results in LocalRoute.State of Active or Idle, which matches a route request which is still in progress, the associated route request retry timers MUST be cancelled.

If this update to the Local Route Set results in two LocalRoutes to the same address, the best LocalRoute will be Unconfirmed. In order to improve the route used for forwarding, the router SHOULD try to determine if the link to the next hop of that LocalRoute is bidirectional, by using that LocalRoute to forward future RREPs and request acknowledgements (see Section 7.2.1 and Section 7.3.

6.8. Suppressing Redundant Messages (Multicast Route Message Set)

When route messages are flooded in a MANET, an AODVv2 router may receive several instances of the same message. Forwarding every one of these would provide little additional benefit, while generating unnecessary signaling traffic and consequently additional interference.

Each AODVv2 router stores information about recently received route messages in the AODVv2 Multicast Route Message Set (Section 4.6).

In this section, an entry in the Multicast Route Message Set will be called a "multicast entry" for short. Each multicast entry SHOULD be maintained for at least RteMsg_ENTRY_TIME after the last Timestamp update in order to account for long-lived RREQs traversing the network. An entry MUST be deleted when the sequence number is no longer valid, i.e., after MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME. Memory-constrained devices MAY remove the entry before this time.

Received RteMsgs are tested against multicast entries containing information about previously received route messages. A multicast entry is considered to be compatible with a received RteMsg, or another multicast entry, if they both contain the same OrigPrefix, OrigPrefixLen, TargPrefix, and MetricType. A multicast entry is considered to be comparable with a received RteMsg, or another multicast entry, if they are compatible and if, in addition, they both have the same SeqNoRtr. These terms will be used in the following algorithm determining how to process a received RteMsg, and whether or not the RteMsg is redundant.

If the received message is determined to be redundant, no forwarding or response to the message is needed. A message is considered to be redundant if either (a) a comparable newer (as determined by the OrigSeqNum) entry has already been received with information about the source and destination addresses of the route discovery operation or (b) it cannot be determined whether the message is newer compared to existing entries, but the received message metric value is not any better than metric values in compatible multicast entries.

To use the received RteMsg to update the Multicast Route Message Set, and to determine whether or not the received RteMsg requires additional processing as specified in Section 7, perform the following steps:

  1. First, search for a comparable multicast entry. If there is no such entry, then create a new entry as follows:

  2. Otherwise, if there is a comparable multicast entry, first update the timing information:



    Then compare sequence numbers using the technique described in Section 4.4:



    Otherwise the RteMsg is newer than the multicast entry or has a better metric. Continue as follows:

  3. Compare the metric values for any other compatible entries with the updated multicast entry containing the information from the received RteMsg. If any other compatible entry has a metric as good or better than that from the received RteMsg, then drop the RteMsg and discontinue processing.

If processing for the RteMsg has not been discontinued according to the above instructions, then continue processing the message as specified in Section 7.1.3.

6.9. Suppressing Redundant Route Error Messages (Route Error Set)

In order to avoid flooding the network with RERR messages when a stream of IP packets to an unreachable address arrives, an AODVv2 router SHOULD avoid creating duplicate messages by determining whether an equivalent RERR has recently been sent. This is achieved with the help of the Route Error Set (see Section 4.7).

To determine if a RERR should be created:

  1. Search for an entry in the Route Error Set where:



    If a matching entry is found, no further processing is required and the RERR SHOULD NOT be sent.
  2. If no matching entry is found, a new entry with the following properties is created, and the RERR is created and sent as described in Section 7.4.1:

6.10. Local Route Set Maintenance

Route maintenance involves the following operations:

6.10.1. LocalRoute State Changes

During normal operation, AODVv2 does not require explicit timeouts to manage the lifetime of a valid route. At any time, any LocalRoute MAY be examined and updated according to the rules below. In case a Routing Information Base is used for forwarding, the corresponding RIB entry MUST be updated as soon as the state of a LocalRoute.State changes. Otherwise, if timers are not used to prompt updates of LocalRoute.State, the LocalRoute.State MUST be checked before IP packet forwarding and before any operation based on LocalRoute.State.

Route timeout behaviour is as follows:

LocalRoutes can become Invalid before a timeout occurs, as follows:

A LocalRoute can be Confirmed by inferring connectivity to OrigAddr.

LocalRoutes are updated when Neighbor.State is updated:

Memory constrained devices MAY choose to expunge routes from the AODVv2 Local Route Set at other times, but MUST adhere to the following rules:

6.10.2. Reporting Invalid Routes

When LocalRoute.State changes from Active to Invalid as a result of a broken link or a received Route Error (RERR) message, other AODVv2 routers MUST be informed by sending an RERR message containing details of the invalidated route.

An RERR message MUST also be sent when an AODVv2 router receives an RREP message to forward, but the LocalRoute to the OrigAddr in the RREP has been lost or is marked as Invalid.

A packet or message triggering the RERR MUST be discarded.

Generation of an RERR message is described in Section 7.4.1.

7. AODVv2 Protocol Messages

AODVv2 defines four message types: Route Request (RREQ), Route Reply (RREP), Route Reply Acknowledgement (RREP_Ack), and Route Error (RERR).

Each AODVv2 message is defined as a set of data. Rules for the generation, reception and forwarding of each message type are described in the following sections. Section 8 discusses how the data is mapped to [RFC5444] Message TLVs, Address Blocks, and Address TLVs.

7.1. Route Request (RREQ) Message

Route Request messages are used in route discovery operations to request a route to a specified target address. RREQ messages have the following contents:

+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                          msg_hop_limit                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                           AddressList                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                   PrefixLengthList (optional)                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                OrigSeqNum, (optional) TargSeqNum                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                           MetricType                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                           OrigMetric                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

Figure 1: RREQ message contents

msg_hop_limit

The remaining number of hops allowed for dissemination of the RREQ message.
AddressList

Contains:

PrefixLengthList

Contains OrigPrefixLen, i.e., the length, in bits, of the prefix associated with the Router Client Set entry which includes OrigAddr. If omitted, the prefix length is equal to OrigAddr's address length in bits.
OrigSeqNum

The sequence number associated with OrigPrefix.
TargSeqNum

A sequence number associated with an existing Invalid route to TargAddr. This MAY be included if available.
MetricType

The metric type associated with OrigMetric.
OrigMetric

The metric value associated with the route to OrigPrefix, as determined by the sender of the message.

7.1.1. RREQ Generation

An RREQ is generated to discover a route when an IP packet needs to be forwarded for a Router Client, and no valid route currently exists for the packet's destination in the Routing Information Base.

If the limit for the rate of AODVv2 control message generation has been reached, no message SHOULD be generated Section 6.5. Before creating an RREQ, the router SHOULD check the Multicast Route Message Set to see if a compatible RREQ has recently been sent for the requested destination. If so, and the wait time for a reply has not yet been reached, the router SHOULD continue to await a response without generating a new RREQ. If the timeout has been reached, a new RREQ MAY be generated. If buffering is configured, incoming IP packets awaiting this route SHOULD be buffered until the route discovery is completed.

To generate the RREQ, the router (referred to as RREQ_Gen) follows this procedure:

  1. Set msg_hop_limit := MAX_HOPCOUNT
  2. Set AddressList := {OrigPrefix, TargPrefix}
  3. For the PrefixLengthList:

  4. For OrigSeqNum:

  5. For TargSeqNum:

  6. Include MetricType and set the type accordingly
  7. Find the Router Client Set entry where RouterClient.IPAddress == OrigPrefix:

This AODVv2 message is used to create a corresponding [RFC5444] message (see Section 8) which is handed to the RFC5444 multiplexer for further processing. By default, the multiplexer is instructed to multicast RREQ messages to LL-MANET-Routers on all interfaces configured for AODVv2 operation.

7.1.2. RREQ Reception

Upon receiving a Route Request, an AODVv2 router performs the following steps:

  1. Check and update the Neighbor Set according to Section 6.3

  2. Verify that the message contains the required data: msg_hop_limit, OrigPrefix, TargPrefix, OrigSeqNum, and OrigMetric, and that OrigPrefix and TargPrefix are valid address prefixes

  3. Check that the MetricType is supported and configured for use

  4. Determine whether the cost of the advertised route will exceed the maximum allowed metric value for the metric type (Metric <= MAX_METRIC[MetricType] - Cost(L))

  5. Process the route to OrigPrefix as specified in Section 6.7
  6. Determine whether or not the information in the message is redundant, by following the procedure in Section 6.8; if redundant, ignore this RREQ for further processing.
  7. Check if the TargPrefix matches an entry in the Router Client Set

7.1.3. RREQ Forwarding

Forwarding or responding to a RteMsg provides up-to-date information and improved metrics to other routers. If a RteMsg is not forwarded, routes needed by applications may not be discovered.

By forwarding an RREQ, a router advertises that it will forward IP packets to the OrigPrefix contained in the RREQ according to the information enclosed. The router MAY choose not to forward the RREQ, for example if the router is heavily loaded or low on energy and therefore unwilling to advertise routing capability for more traffic. This could, however, decrease connectivity in the network or result in non-optimal paths.

The RREQ MUST NOT be forwarded if the received msg_hop_limit = 1, or if the limit for the rate of AODVv2 control message generation has been reached. Otherwise, the RREQ is updated and forwarded as follows:

  1. Set msg_hop_limit := received msg_hop_limit - 1
  2. Set OrigMetric := LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].Metric

This modified RREQ is handed to the [RFC5444] multiplexer for further processing. By default, the multiplexer is instructed to multicast the message to LL-MANET-Routers on all interfaces configured for AODVv2 operation.

7.2. Route Reply (RREP) Message

When a Route Request message is received, requesting a route to a target address (TargAddr) which is configured as part of a Router Client Set entry, a Route Reply message is sent in response. The RREP offers a route to TargPrefix.

RREP messages have the following contents:

+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                          msg_hop_limit                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                           AddressList                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                   PrefixLengthList (optional)                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                           TargSeqNum                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                           MetricType                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                           TargMetric                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

Figure 2: RREP message contents

msg_hop_limit

The remaining number of hops allowed for dissemination of the RREP message.
AddressList

Contains:

PrefixLengthList

Contains TargPrefixLen, i.e., the length, in bits, of the prefix associated with the Router Client Set entry which includes TargAddr. If omitted, the prefix length is equal to TargAddr's address length, in bits.
TargSeqNum

The sequence number associated with TargPrefix.
MetricType

The metric type associated with TargMetric.
TargMetric

The metric value associated with the route to TargPrefix, as seen from the sender of the message.

7.2.1. RREP Generation

A Route Reply message is generated when a Route Request for a Router Client of the AODVv2 router arrives. This is the case when RteMsg.TargPrefix matches an entry in the Router Client Set of the AODVv2 router.

Before creating an RREP, the router SHOULD check whether CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT has been reached. If so, the RREP SHOULD NOT be created.

The RREP will traverse the path of the route to OrigPrefix. If the best route to OrigPrefix in the Local Route Set is Unconfirmed, the link to the next hop neighbor is not yet confirmed as bidirectional (see Section 6.2). In this case an RREP_Ack MUST also be sent as described in Section 7.3, in order to request an acknowledgement message from the next hop router to prove that the link is bidirectional. If the best route to OrigPrefix in the Local Route Set is valid, the link to the next hop neighbor is already confirmed as bidirectional, and no acknowledgement is required.

Implementations MAY allow a number of retries of the RREP if a requested acknowledgement is not received within RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT, doubling the timeout with each retry, up to a maximum of RREP_RETRIES, using the same exponential backoff described in Section 6.6 for RREQ retries. The acknowledgement MUST be considered to have failed after the wait time for an RREP_Ack response to the final RREP.

To generate the RREP, the router (also referred to as RREP_Gen) follows this procedure:

  1. Set msg_hop_limit := MAX_HOPCOUNT - msg_hop_limit from the received RREQ message
  2. Set Address List := {OrigPrefix, TargPrefix}

  3. For the PrefixLengthList:

  4. For the TargSeqNum:

  5. Include MetricType and set the type to match the MetricType in the received RREQ message.
  6. Set TargMetric := RouterClient.Cost for the Router Client Set entry which includes TargAddr.

This AODVv2 message is used to create a corresponding [RFC5444] message (see Section 8) which is handed to the RFC5444 multiplexer for further processing. The multiplexer is instructed to unicast the RREP to LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHop. The RREP MUST be sent over LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHopInterface.

7.2.2. RREP Reception

Upon receiving a Route Reply, an AODVv2 router performs the following steps:

  1. Verify that the message contains the required data: msg_hop_limit, OrigPrefix, TargPrefix, TargSeqNum, and TargMetric, and that OrigPrefix and TargPrefix are valid addresses

  2. Check that the MetricType is supported and configured for use

  3. If this RREP does not correspond to an RREQ generated or forwarded in the last RREQ_WAIT_TIME, ignore for further processing.
  4. If the Multicast Route Message Set does not contain an entry where:

then, ignore this RREP for further processing, since it does not correspond to a previously sent RREQ. Otherwise continue as follows:

  1. Update the Neighbor Set according to Section 6.3
  2. Determine whether the cost of the advertised route exceeds the maximum allowed metric value for the metric type (Metric <= MAX_METRIC[MetricType] - Cost(L))

  3. Process the route to TargPrefix as specified in Section 6.7
  4. Determine whether the message is redundant by comparing to entries in the Multicast Route Message Set (Section 6.8)

  5. Determine whether the OrigPrefix matches an entry in the Router Client Set

  6. Determine whether a valid (Active or Idle) or Unconfirmed LocalRoute exists to OrigPrefix

7.2.3. RREP Forwarding

A received Route Reply message is forwarded toward OrigPrefix. By forwarding the RREP, a router advertises that it has a route to TargPrefix.

The RREP MUST NOT be forwarded if the received msg_hop_limit = 1, or if CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT has been reached. Otherwise, the router MUST forward the RREP.

The procedure for RREP forwarding is as follows:

  1. Set msg_hop_limit := received msg_hop_limit - 1
  2. If the link to the next hop router toward OrigAddr is not known to be bidirectional, also verify bidirectionality (see Section 6.2).
  3. Set TargMetric := LocalRoute[TargPrefix].Metric

This modified message is handed to the [RFC5444] multiplexer for further processing. The multiplexer is instructed to unicast the RREP to LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHop. The RREP MUST be sent over LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHopInterface.

7.3. Route Reply Acknowledgement (RREP_Ack) Message

The Route Reply Acknowledgement is used as both a request and a response message to test bidirectionality of a link over which a Route Reply has also been sent. The router which forwards the RREP MUST send a Route Reply Acknowledgement message to the intended next hop, if the link to the next hop neighbor is not yet confirmed as bidirectional.

The receiving router MUST then reply with a Route Reply Acknowledgement response message.

When the Route Reply Acknowledgement response message is received by the sender of the RREP, it confirms that the link between the two routers is bidirectional (see Section 6.2).

If the Route Reply Acknowledgement is not received within RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT, the link is determined to be unidirectional.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                        AckReq (optional)                        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

Figure 3: RREP_Ack message contents

7.3.1. RREP_Ack Request Generation

An RREP_Ack MUST be generated if a Route Reply is sent over a link which is not known to be bidirectional. It includes an AckReq element to indicate that it is a request for acknowledgement.

The RREP_Ack SHOULD NOT be generated if the limit for the rate of AODVv2 control message generation has been reached.

The [RFC5444] representation of the RREP_Ack is discussed in Section 8.

RREP_Ack requests MUST be unicast to LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHop via LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHopInterface. The multiplexer SHOULD be instructed to send the RREP_Ack in the same [RFC5444] packet as the RREP.

The Neighbor Set entry for LocalRoute[OrigPrefix].NextHop MUST also be updated to indicate that an RREP_Ack is required (see Section 6.3).

7.3.2. RREP_Ack Reception

Upon receiving an RREP_Ack, an AODVv2 router performs the following steps:

  1. Determine whether an AckReq element is included:

  2. Determine whether the Neighbor Set contains an entry where:



    If no such entry is found, the RREP_Ack was not expected; no actions are required and processing ends. Otherwise, the router sets Neighbor.Timeout to INFINITY_TIME, and processing continues to the next step.
  3. Update the Neighbor Set according to Section 6.3, including updating routes using this Neighbor as LocalRoute.NextHop.

7.3.3. RREP_Ack Response Generation

An RREP_Ack response MUST be generated if a received RREP_Ack includes an AckReq, unless the limit for the rate of AODVv2 control message generation has been reached in which case the RREP_Ack response SHOULD NOT be generated.

There is no further data in an RREP_Ack response. The [RFC5444] representation is discussed in Section 8. In this case, the multiplexer is instructed to unicast the RREP_Ack to the source IP address of the RREP_Ack message that requested it, over the same interface on which the RREP_Ack was received.

7.4. Route Error (RERR) Message

A Route Error message is generated by an AODVv2 router to notify other AODVv2 routers about routes that are no longer available. An RERR message has the following contents:

+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                       PktSource (optional)                      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                           AddressList                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                   PrefixLengthList (optional)                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                       SeqNumList (optional)                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|                          MetricTypeList                         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+

Figure 4: RERR message contents

PktSource

The source address of the IP packet triggering the RERR. If the RERR is triggered by a broken link, PktSource is not required.
AddressList

The addresses of the routes not available through RERR_Gen.
PrefixLengthList

The prefix lengths, in bits, associated with the routes not available through RERR_Gen. These values indicate whether routes represent a single device or an address range.
SeqNumList

The sequence numbers (where known) of the routes not available through RERR_Gen.
MetricTypeList

The metric types associated with the routes not available through RERR_Gen.

7.4.1. RERR Generation

A Route Error message is generated when an AODVv2 router (also referred to as RERR_Gen) needs to report that a destination is not reachable. There are three events that cause this response:

The RERR SHOULD NOT be generated if CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT has been reached. The RERR also SHOULD NOT be generated if it is a duplicate, as determined by Section 6.9.

Incidentally, if an AODVv2 router receives an ICMP error packet to or from the address of one of its Router Clients, it forwards the ICMP packet in the same way as any other IP packet, and will not generate any RERR message based on the contents of the ICMP packet.

To generate the RERR, the router follows this procedure:

  1. If necessary, include PktSource and set the value as given above
  2. For each LocalRoute that needs to be reported:

The AODVv2 message is used to create a corresponding [RFC5444] message (see Section 8).

If the RERR is sent in response to an undeliverable IP packet or RREP message (i.e., if PktSource is included), the RERR SHOULD be sent unicast to the next hop on the route to PktSource. It MUST be sent over the same interface on which the undeliverable IP packet was received. If there is no route to PktSource, the RERR SHOULD be multicast to LL-MANET-Routers. If the RERR is sent in response to a broken link, i.e., PktSource is not included, the RERR is, by default, multicast to LL-MANET-Routers.

Section 10 describes processing steps when the optional precursor lists feature is implemented.

7.4.2. RERR Reception

Upon receiving a Route Error, an AODVv2 router performs the following steps:

  1. Determine whether the message contains at least one unreachable address; if not, ignore this RERR for further processing. Otherwise continue as follows:
  2. For each address in the AddressList, check that:



    If any of the above are false the address does not match a LocalRoute and MUST NOT be processed or regenerated in a RERR.

    If all of the above are true, the LocalRoute which matches the unreachable address MUST be marked as Invalid. Otherwise, regeneration of the RERR proceeds as follows. If the LocalRoute was previously Active, it MUST be reported in a regenerated RERR. If the LocalRoute was previously Idle, it MAY be reported in a regenerated RERR, if ENABLE_IDLE_IN_RERR is configured. The Local Route Set MUST be updated according to these rules:

  3. If there are previously Active LocalRoutes that MUST be reported, regenerate the RERR as detailed in Section 7.4.3.

7.4.3. RERR Regeneration

The Route Error message SHOULD NOT be regenerated if CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT has been reached.

The procedure for RERR regeneration is as follows:

  1. If PktSource was included in the received RERR, and PktSource is not a Router Client, copy it into the regenerated RERR
  2. For each LocalRoute that needs to be reported as identified in Section 7.4.1:

The AODVv2 message is used to create a corresponding [RFC5444] message (see Section 8). If the RERR contains PktSource, the regenerated RERR SHOULD be sent unicast to the next hop on the LocalRoute to PktSource. It MUST be sent over the same interface on which the undeliverable IP packet was received. If there is no route to PktSource, or PktSource is a Router Client, it SHOULD be multicast to LL-MANET-Routers. If the RERR is sent in response to a broken link, the RERR is, by default, multicast to LL-MANET-Routers.

8. RFC 5444 Representation

AODVv2 specifies that all control messages between routers MUST use the Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network Packet/Message Format [RFC5444], and therefore AODVv2's route messages comprise data which is mapped to message elements in [RFC5444].

[RFC5444] provides a multiplexed transport for multiple protocols. An [RFC5444] implementation MAY choose to optimize the content of certain elements during message creation to reduce control message overhead.

A brief summary of the [RFC5444] format:

  1. A packet contains zero or more messages
  2. A message contains a Message Header, one Message TLV Block, zero or more Address Blocks, and one Address Block TLV Block per Address Block
  3. The Message TLV Block contains zero or more Message TLVs
  4. An Address Block TLV Block includes zero or more Address Block TLVs
  5. Each TLV value in an Address Block TLV Block can be associated with all of the addresses, or with a contiguous set of addresses, or with a single address in the Address Block

AODVv2 does not require access to the [RFC5444] packet header.

In the message header, AODVv2 uses <msg-type>, <msg-hop-limit> and <msg-addr-length>. The <msg-addr-length> field indicates the length of any addresses in the message, using <msg-addr-length> := (address length in octets - 1), i.e. 3 for IPv4 and 15 for IPv6.

The addresses in an Address Block MAY appear in any order, and values in a TLV in the Address Block TLV Block must be associated with the correct address in the Address Block by the [RFC5444] implementation. To indicate which value is associated with each address, the AODVv2 message representation uses lists where the order of the addresses in the AODVv2 AddressList matches the order of values in other data lists, e.g., the order of SeqNums in the SeqNumList in an RERR. [RFC5444] maps this information to Address Block TLVs associated with the relevant addresses in the Address Block.

Each address included in the Address Block is identified as OrigPrefix, TargPrefix, PktSource, SeqNoRtr, or Unreachable Address by including an ADDRESS_TYPE TLV in the Address Block TLV Block.

The following sections show how AODVv2 data is represented in [RFC5444] messages. In Section 13.3, AODVv2 defines several new TLVs.

Where the extension type of a TLV is set to zero, this is the default [RFC5444] value and the extension type will not be included in the message.

8.1. Route Request Message Representation

8.1.1. Message Header

Data Header Field Value
None <msg-type> RREQ
msg_hop_limit <msg-hop-limit> MAX_HOPCOUNT, reduced by number of hops traversed so far by the message.

8.1.2. Message TLV Block

AODVv2 does not define any Message TLVs for an RREQ message.

8.1.3. Address Block

An RREQ contains OrigPrefix and TargPrefix, and each of these addresses has an associated prefix length. If the prefix length has not been included in the AODVv2 message, it is equal to the address length in bits.

Data Address Block
OrigPrefix/OrigPrefixLen <address> + <prefix-length>
TargPrefix/TargPrefixLen <address> + <prefix-length>
SeqNoRtr/PrefixLen <address> + <prefix-length>

8.1.4. Address Block TLV Block

Address Block TLVs are always associated with one or more addresses in the Address Block. The following sections show the TLVs that apply to each address.

8.1.4.1. Address Block TLVs for OrigPrefix

Data TLV Type Extension Type Value
None ADDRESS_TYPE 0 ORIGPREFIX
OrigSeqNum SEQ_NUM 0 Sequence number of RREQ_Gen, the router which initiated route discovery.
OrigMetric /MetricType PATH_METRIC MetricType Metric value for the route to OrigPrefix, using MetricType.

8.1.4.2. Address Block TLVs for TargPrefix

Data TLV Type Extension Type Value
None ADDRESS_TYPE 0 TARGPREFIX
TargSeqNum SEQ_NUM 0 The last known TargSeqNum for TargPrefix.

8.2. Route Reply Message Representation

8.2.1. Message Header

Data Header Field Value
None <msg-type> RREP
msg_hop_limit <msg-hop-limit> MAX_HOPCOUNT - msg_hop_limit from the corresponding RREQ, reduced by number of hops traversed so far by the message.

8.2.2. Message TLV Block

AODVv2 does not define any Message TLVs for an RREP message.

8.2.3. Address Block

An RREP contains OrigPrefix and TargPrefix, and each of these addresses has an associated prefix length. If the prefix length has not been included in the AODVv2 message, it is equal to the address length in bits.

Data Address Block
OrigPrefix/OrigPrefixLen <address> + <prefix-length>
TargPrefix/TargPrefixLen <address> + <prefix-length>
SeqNoRtr/PrefixLen <address> + <prefix-length>

8.2.4. Address Block TLV Block

Address Block TLVs are always associated with one or more addresses in the Address Block. The following sections show the TLVs that apply to each address.

8.2.4.1. Address Block TLVs for OrigPrefix

Data TLV Type Extension Type Value
None ADDRESS_TYPE 0 ORIGPREFIX

8.2.4.2. Address Block TLVs for TargPrefix

Data TLV Type Extension Type Value
None ADDRESS_TYPE 0 TARGPREFIX
TargSeqNum SEQ_NUM 0 Sequence number of RREP_Gen, the router which created the RREP.
TargMetric /MetricType PATH_METRIC MetricType Metric value for the route to TargPrefix, using MetricType.

8.3. Route Reply Acknowledgement Message Representation

8.3.1. Message Header

Data Header Field Value
None <msg-type> RREP_Ack

8.3.2. Message TLV Block

AODVv2 defines an AckReq Message TLV, included when an acknowledgement of this message is required, in order to monitor adjacency, as described in Section 6.2.

Data TLV Type Extension Type Value
AckReq ACK_REQ 0 None

8.3.3. Address Block

AODVv2 does not define an Address Block for an RREP_Ack message.

8.3.4. Address Block TLV Block

AODVv2 does not define any Address Block TLVs for an RREP_Ack message.

8.4. Route Error Message Representation

Route Error Messages MAY be split into multiple [RFC5444] messages when the desired contents would exceed the MTU. However, all of the resulting messages MUST have the same message header as described below. If PktSource is included in the AODVv2 message, it MUST be included in all of the resulting [RFC5444] messages.

8.4.1. Message Header

Data Header Field Value
None <msg-type> RERR

8.4.2. Message TLV Block

AODVv2 does not define any Message TLVs for an RERR message.

8.4.3. Address Block

The Address Block in an RERR MAY contain PktSource, the source address of the IP packet triggering RERR generation, as detailed in Section 7.4. The prefix length associated with PktSource is equal to the address length in bits.

Address Block always contains one address per route that is no longer valid, and each address has an associated prefix length. If a prefix length has not been included for this address, it is equal to the address length in bits.

Data Address Block
PktSource <address> + <prefix-length> for PktSource
AddressList/PrefixLengthList <address> + <prefix-length> for each unreachable address in AddressList

8.4.4. Address Block TLV Block

Address Block TLVs are always associated with one or more addresses in the Address Block. The following sections show the TLVs that apply to each type of address in the RERR.

8.4.4.1. Address Block TLVs for PktSource

Data TLV Type Extension Type Value
PktSource ADDRESS_TYPE 0 PKTSOURCE

8.4.4.2. Address Block TLVs for Unreachable Addresses

Data TLV Type Extension Type Value
None ADDRESS_TYPE 0 UNREACHABLE
SeqNumList SEQ_NUM 0 Sequence number associated with invalid route to the unreachable address.
MetricTypeList PATH_METRIC MetricType None. Extension Type set to MetricType of the route to the unreachable address.

9. Simple External Network Attachment

Figure 5 shows a stub (i.e., non-transit) network of AODVv2 routers which is attached to an external network (i.e., a network not using AODVv2) via a single External Network Access Router (ENAR).

As in any externally-attached network, AODVv2 routers and Router Clients that wish to be reachable from the external network MUST have IP addresses within the ENAR's routable and topologically correct prefix (e.g., 191.0.2.0/24 in Figure 5). This AODVv2 network and networks attached to routers within it will be advertised to the external network using other routing protocols or procedures which are out of scope for this specification.

  /-------------------------\
 / +----------------+        \
/  |  AODVv2 Router |         \
|  |  191.0.2.2/32  |         |
|  +----------------+         |            Routable
|                       +-----+--------+   Prefix
|                       |     ENAR     |  /191.0.2.0/24
|                       | AODVv2 Router| /
|                       |  191.0.2.1   |/      /---------------\
|                       | serving net  +------+    External     \
|                       | 191.0.2.0/24 |      \     Network     /
|                       +-----+--------+       \---------------/
|         +----------------+  |
|         |  AODVv2 Router |  |
|         |  191.0.2.3/32  |  |
\         +----------------+  /
 \                           /
  \-------------------------/

Figure 5: Simple External Network Attachment Example

When an AODVv2 router within the AODVv2 MANET wants to discover a route toward an address on the external network, it uses the normal AODVv2 route discovery for that IP Destination Address.

The ENAR MUST respond to RREQ on behalf of all external network destinations, that is, destinations which are not on the configured 191.0.2.0 /24 network. The ENAR MUST NOT respond with a TargPrefix and TargPrefixLen which includes any of the networks configured as part of the AODVv2 network. Sending a Route Request for a gateway is not currently supported.

If more than one gateway is configured to serve the same external network, each such gateway MUST configure that external network as a Router Client with its IP address as the value of SeqNoRtr for the RouterClient. AODVv2 messages SHOULD NOT be transmitted to routers in the External Network.

RREQs for addresses inside the AODVv2 network, e.g. destinations on the configured 191.0.2.0/24 network, are handled using the standard processes described in Section 7. Note that AODVv2 does not currently support route discovery for prefixes that do not equal address length, but RREPs do advertise the prefix on which TargAddr resides.

When an IP packet from an address on the external network destined for an address in the AODVv2 MANET reaches the ENAR, if the ENAR does not have a route toward that destination in its Routing Information Base, it will perform normal AODVv2 route discovery for that destination.

Configuring the ENAR as a default router is outside the scope of this specification.

10. Precursor Lists

This section specifies an interoperable, optional enhancement to AODVv2 enabling more economical Route Error notifications.

There can be several sources of traffic for a certain destination. Each source of traffic and each upstream router between the forwarding AODVv2 router and the traffic source is known as a "precursor" for the destination. For each destination, an AODVv2 router MAY choose to keep track of precursors that have provided traffic for that destination. Route Error messages about that destination can then be sent unicast to these precursors instead of multicast to all AODVv2 routers.

Since an RERR will be regenerated if it comes from a next hop on a valid LocalRoute, the RERR SHOULD ideally be sent backwards along the route that the source of the traffic uses, to ensure it is regenerated at each hop and reaches the traffic source. If the reverse path is unknown, the RERR SHOULD be sent toward the source along any available route. Therefore, the options for saving precursor information are as follows:

During normal operation, each AODVv2 router maintaining precursor lists for a LocalRoute must update the precursor list whenever it uses this route to forward traffic to the destination. Precursors are classified as Active if traffic has recently been forwarded by the precursor. The precursor is marked with a timestamp to indicate the time it last forwarded traffic on this route.

When an AODVv2 router detects that one or more LocalRoutes are broken, it MAY notify each Active precursor using a unicast Route Error message instead of creating multicast traffic. Unicast is applicable when there are few Active precursors compared to the number of neighboring AODVv2 routers. However, the default multicast behavior is still preferable when there are many precursors, since fewer message transmissions are required.

When an AODVv2 router supporting precursor lists receives an RERR message, it SHOULD identify the list of its own affected Active precursors for the routes in the RERR, and choose to send a unicast RERR to those, rather than send a multicast RERR.

When a LocalRoute is expunged, any precursor list associated with it MUST also be expunged.

11. Application of RFC 7182 to AODVv2

Implementations of AODVv2 MUST support ICV TLVs using type-extensions 1 and 2, hash-function HASH_FUNCTION, and cryptographic function CRYPTOGRAPHIC_FUNCTION. An ICV MUST be included with every message. The ICV value MAY be truncated as specified in [RFC7182].

Since the msg-hop-limit and PATH_METRIC values are mutable when included in AODVv2 messages, these values are set to zero before calculating an ICV. This means that these values are not protected end-to-end and are therefore susceptible to manipulation. This form of attack is described in Section 14.3.2.

Implementations of AODVv2 MUST support a TIMESTAMP TLV using type-extension 0. The timestamp used is a sequence number, and therefore the length of the <TIMESTAMP-value> field matches the AODVv2 sequence number defined in Section 4.4. The TIMESTAMP TLV MUST be included in RREP_Ack and RERR messages.

When more than one message is included in an RFC5444 packet, using a single ICV Packet TLV or single TIMESTAMP Packet TLV is more efficient than including ICV and TIMESTAMP Message TLVs in each message created. If the RFC5444 multiplexer is capable of adding the Packet TLVs, it SHOULD be instructed to include the Packet TLVs in packets containing AODVv2 messages. However, if the multiplexer is not capable of adding the Packet TLVs, the TLVs MUST be included as Message TLVs in each AODVv2 message in the packet.

After message generation, but before transmission, the ICV and TIMESTAMP TLVs MUST be added according to each message type as detailed in the following sections. The following steps list the procedure to be performed:

  1. If the TIMESTAMP is to be included, depending on AODVv2 message type as specified below, add the TIMESTAMP TLV.

  2. The considerations in Section 8 and section 9 of [RFC7182] are followed, removing existing ICV TLVs and adjusting the size and flags fields as appropriate:

  3. Mutable fields in the message must have their mutable values set to zero before calculating the ICV.

  4. Depending on the message type, the ICV is calculated over the appropriate fields (as specified in sections Section 11.1, Section 11.2, Section 11.3 and Section 11.4) to include the fields <hash-function>, <cryptographic-function>, <key-id-length>, and, if present, <key-id> (in that order), followed by the entire packet or message. This value MAY be truncated (as specified in [RFC7182]).
  5. Add the ICV TLV, updating size fields as necessary.
  6. The changes made in Step 2 and Step 3 are reversed to re-add any existing ICV TLVs, re-adjust the relevant size and flags fields, and set the msg-hop-limit and PATH_METRIC TLV values.

On message reception, and before message processing, verification of the received message MUST take place:

  1. The considerations in Section 8 and Section 9 of [RFC7182] are followed, removing existing ICV TLVs and adjusting the size and flags fields as appropriate.

  2. Mutable fields in the message MUST have their mutable values set to zero before calculating the ICV.

  3. The ICV is calculated following the considerations in Section 12.2 of [RFC7182], to include the fields <hash-function>, <cryptographic-function>, <key-id-length>, and, if present, <key-id> (in that order), followed by the entire packet or message.

  4. Verification of a received TIMESTAMP value MUST be performed. The procedure depends on message type as specified in the following sub sections.

11.1. RREQ Generation and Reception

Since OrigPrefix is included in the RREQ, the ICV can be calculated and verified using the [RFC5444] contents.The ICV TLV has type extension := 1. Inclusion of an ICV TLV message integrity and endpoint authentication, because trusted routers MUST hold the shared key in order to calculate the ICV value, both to include when creating a message, and to validate the message by checking that the ICV is correct.

Since RREQ_Gen's sequence number is incremented for each new RREQ, replay protection is already afforded and no extra TIMESTAMP TLV is required.

After message generation and before message transmission:

  1. Add the ICV TLV as described above.

On message reception and before message processing:

  1. Verify the received ICV value as described above.
  2. Verification of the sequence number is handled according to Section 7.

11.2. RREP Generation and Reception

Since TargPrefix is included in the RREP, the ICV can be calculated and verified using the [RFC5444] contents. The ICV TLV has type extension 1. Inclusion of an ICV provides message integrity and endpoint authentication, because trusted routers MUST hold a valid key in order to calculate the ICV value, both to include when creating a message, and to validate the message by checking that the ICV is correct.

Since RREP_Gen's sequence number is incremented for each new RREP, replay protection is already afforded and no extra TIMESTAMP TLV is required.

After message generation and before message transmission:

  1. Add the ICV TLV as described above.

On message reception and before message processing:

  1. Verify the received ICV value as described above.
  2. Verification of the sequence number is handled according to Section 7.

11.3. RREP_Ack Generation and Reception

Since no sequence number is included in the RREP_Ack, a TIMESTAMP TLV MUST be included to protect against replay attacks. The value in the TIMESTAMP TLV is set as follows:

Since no addresses are included in the RREP_Ack, and the receiver of the RREP_Ack uses the source IP address of a received RREP_Ack to identify the sender, the ICV MUST be calculated using the message contents and the IP source address. The ICV TLV has type extension := 2 in order to accomplish this. This provides message integrity and endpoint authentication, because trusted routers MUST hold the correct key in order to calculate the ICV value.

After message generation and before message transmission:

  1. Add the TIMESTAMP TLV and ICV TLV as described above.

On message reception and before message processing:

  1. Verify the received ICV value as described above.
  2. Verify the received TIMESTAMP value by comparing the sequence number in the value field of the TIMESTAMP TLV as follows:

11.4. RERR Generation and Reception

Since the sender's sequence number is not contained in the RERR, a TIMESTAMP TLV MUST be included to protect against replay attacks. The value in the TIMESTAMP TLV is set by incrementing and using RERR_Gen's sequence number.

Since the receiver of the RERR MUST use the source IP address of the RERR to identify the sender, the ICV MUST be calculated using the message contents and the IP source address. The ICV TLV has type extension := 2 in order to accomplish this. This provides message integrity and endpoint authentication, because trusted routers MUST hold the shared key in order to calculate the ICV value.

After message generation and before message transmission:

  1. Add the TIMESTAMP TLV and ICV TLV as described above.

On message reception and before message processing:

  1. Verify the received ICV value as described above.
  2. Verify the received TIMESTAMP value by comparing the sequence number in the value field of the TIMESTAMP TLV with the Neighbor.HeardRERRSeqNum. If the sequence number in the message is lower than the stored value, the AODVv2 message MUST be discarded. Otherwise, the Neighbor.HeardRERRSeqNum MUST be set to the received value and processing continues according to Section 7.

12. Configuration

AODVv2 uses various parameters which can be grouped into the following categories:

This section show the parameters along with their definitions and default values (if any).

Note that several fields have limited size (bits or bytes). These sizes and their encoding may place specific limitations on the values that can be set.

12.1. Timers

AODVv2 requires certain timing information to be associated with Local Route Set entries and message replies. The default values are as follows:

Timing Parameter Values
Name Default Value
ACTIVE_INTERVAL 5 second
MAX_IDLETIME 200 seconds
MAX_BLACKLIST_TIME 200 seconds
MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME 300 seconds
RERR_TIMEOUT 3 seconds
RteMsg_ENTRY_TIME 12 seconds
RREQ_WAIT_TIME 2 seconds
RREP_Ack_SENT_TIMEOUT 1 second
RREQ_HOLDDOWN_TIME 10 seconds

The above timing parameter values have worked well for small and medium well-connected networks with moderate topology changes. The timing parameters SHOULD be administratively configurable. Ideally, for networks with frequent topology changes the AODVv2 parameters SHOULD be adjusted using experimentally determined values or dynamic adaptation. For example, in networks with infrequent topology changes MAX_IDLETIME MAY be set to a much larger value. If the values were configured differently, the following consequences may be observed:

MAX_SEQNUM_LIFETIME MUST be configured to have the same values for all AODVv2 routers in the network.

12.2. Protocol Constants

AODVv2 protocol constants typically do not require changes. The following table lists these constants, along with their values and a reference to the section describing their use.

AODVv2 Constants
Name Default Description
DISCOVERY_ATTEMPTS_MAX 3 Section 6.6
RREP_RETRIES 2 Section 7.2.1
MAX_METRIC[MetricType] [see below] Section 5
MAX_METRIC[HopCount] 255 Section 5 and Section 7
MAX_HOPCOUNT 20 Limit to number of hops an
RREQ or RREP message can traverse
INFINITY_TIME [see below] Maximum expressible clock
time (Section 6.7.2)

MAX_HOPCOUNT cannot be larger than 255.

MAX_METRIC[MetricType] MUST always be the maximum expressible metric value of type MetricType. Field lengths associated with metric values are found in Section 13.4.

These protocol constants MUST have the same values for all AODVv2 routers in the ad hoc network. If the values were configured differently, the following consequences may be observed:

12.3. Local Settings

The following table lists AODVv2 parameters which SHOULD be administratively configured for each router:

Configuration for Local Settings
Name Default Value Description
Interface Set Section 4.1
Router Client Set Section 4.2
BUFFER_SIZE_PACKETS 2 Section 6.6
BUFFER_SIZE_BYTES MAX_PACKET_SIZE [TBD] Section 6.6
CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT [Adjust for 10% capacity] Section 7

12.4. Network-Wide Settings

The following administrative controls MAY be used to change the operation of the network. The same settings SHOULD be used across the network. Inconsistent settings at different routers in the network will not result in protocol errors.

Configuration for Network-Wide Settings
Name Default Description
ENABLE_IDLE_IN_RERR Disabled Section 7.4.1

13. IANA Considerations

This section specifies several [RFC5444] message types and address tlv-types required for AODVv2.

13.1. RFC 5444 Message Type Allocation

This specification defines four Message Types, to be allocated from the 0-223 range of the "Message Types" namespace defined in [RFC5444].

Name of Message Type
Route Request (RREQ) 10 (TBD)
Route Reply (RREP) 11 (TBD)
Route Error (RERR) 12 (TBD)
Route Reply Acknowledgement (RREP_Ack) 13 (TBD)

13.2. RFC 5444 Message TLV Types

This specification defines one Message TLV Type, to be allocated from the Message-Type-specific "Message TLV Types" namespace defined in [RFC5444], as specified in Table 6.

AODVv2 Message TLV Types
Name of TLV Type Length (octets) Reference
ACK_REQ 128 (TBD) 0 Section 6.2

13.3. RFC 5444 Address Block TLV Type Allocation

This specification defines three Address Block TLV Types, to be allocated from the Message-Type-specific "Address Block TLV Types" namespace defined in [RFC5444], as specified in Table 7.

AODVv2 Address Block TLV Types
Name of TLV Type Length (octets) Reference
PATH_METRIC 129 (TBD) depends on MetricType Section 7
SEQ_NUM 130 (TBD) 2 Section 7
ADDRESS_TYPE 131 (TBD) 1 Section 8

13.4. MetricType Allocation

The metric types used by AODVv2 are identified according to Table 8. All implementations MUST use these values.

AODVv2 Metric Types
Name of MetricType Type Metric Value Size
Unassigned 0 Undefined
Hop Count 1 1 octet
Unallocated 2 - 254 TBD
Reserved 255 Undefined

13.5. ADDRESS_TYPE TLV Values

These values are used in the [RFC5444] Address Type TLV discussed in Section 8. All implementations MUST use these values.

AODVv2 Address Types
Address Type Value
ORIGPREFIX 0
TARGPREFIX 1
UNREACHABLE 2
PKTSOURCE 3
UNSPECIFIED 255

14. Security Considerations

This section describes various security considerations and potential avenues to secure AODVv2 routing. The main objective of the AODVv2 protocol is for each router to communicate reachability information about addresses for which it is responsible, and for routes it has discovered from other AODVv2 routers.

Networks using AODVv2 to maintain connectivity and establish routes on demand may be vulnerable to certain well-known types of threats, which will be detailed in this section. Some of the threats described can be mitigated or eliminated. Tools to do so will be described.

With the exception of metric values, AODVv2 assures the integrity of all RteMsg data end-to-end though the use of ICVs (see Section 14.4.2. AODVv2 implementations support ICV and TIMESTAMP TLVs, unless the implementation is intended for an environment in which security is unnecessary; otherwise, AODVv2 deployments are configured to use these TLVs to secure messages.

The on-demand nature of AODVv2 route discovery automatically reduces the vulnerability to route disruption. Since control traffic for updating route tables is diminished, there is less opportunity for attack and failure.

14.1. Availability

Threats to AODVv2 which reduce availability are considered below.

14.1.1. Denial of Service

Flooding attacks using RREQ amount to a (BLIND) denial of service for route discovery: By issuing RREQ messages for targets that don't exist, an attacker can flood the network, blocking resources and drowning out legitimate traffic. By triggering the generation of CONTROL_TRAFFIC_LIMIT amount of messages (for example by sending RREQs for many non-existent destinations), an attacker can prevent legitimate messages from being generated. The effect of this attack is dampened by the fact that duplicate RREQ messages are dropped (preventing the network from DDoSing itself). Processing requirements for AODVv2 messages are typically quite small, however AODVv2 routers receiving RREQs do allocate resources in the form of Neighbor Set, Local Route Set and Multicast Route Message Set entries. The attacker can maximize their impact on set growth by changing OrigPrefix or OrigPrefixLen for each RREQ. If a specific node is to be targeted, this attack may be carried out in a DISTRIBUTED fashion, either by compromising its direct neighbors or by specifying the target's address with TargPrefix and TargPrefixLen. Note that it might be more economical for the attacker to simply jam the medium; an attack which AODVv2 cannot defend itself against.

Mitigation:

14.1.2. Malicious RERR messages

RERR messages are designed to cause removal of installed routes. A malicious node could send an RERR message with false information to attempt to get other routers to remove a route to one or more specific destinations, therefore disrupting traffic to the advertised destinations.

Routes will be deleted if an RERR is received, withdrawing a route for which the sender is the receiver's next hop, if both of the following conditions are met:

Routes will also be deleted if a received RERR contains a PktSource address corresponding to a Router Client.

The information necessary to construct a malicious RERR could be discovered by eavesdropping, either by listening to AODVv2 messages or by watching data packet flows.

When the RERR is multicast, it can be received by many routers in the ad hoc network, and will be regenerated when processing results in an active route being removed. This threat could have serious impact on applications communicating by way of the sender of the RERR message.

Mitigation:

14.1.3. False Confirmation of Link Bidirectionality

Links could be erroneously treated as bidirectional if malicious unsolicited or spoofed RREP messages were to be accepted. This would result in a route being installed which could not in fact be used to forward data to the destination, and may divert data packets away from the intended destination.

There is a window of RREQ_WAIT_TIME after an RREQ is sent, in which any malicious router could send an RREP in response, in order for the link to the malicious router to be deemed as bidirectional.

Mitigation:

14.1.4. Message Deletion

A malicious router could decide not to forward an RREQ or RREP or RERR message. Not forwarding a RERR or RREP message would disrupt route discovery. Not regenerating a RERR message would result in the source of data packets continuing to maintain and use the route, and further RERR messages being generated by the sender of the non-regenerated RERR. A malicious router could intentionally disrupt traffic flows by not allowing the source of data traffic to re-discover a new route when one breaks.

Failing to send an RREP_Ack would also disrupt route establishment, by not allowing the reverse route to be validated. Return traffic which needs that route will prompt a new route discovery, wasting resources and incurring a slight delay but not disrupting the ability for applications to communicate.

Mitigation:

14.2. Confidentiality

Passive inspection (eavesdropping) of AODVv2 control messages could enable unauthorized devices to gain information about the network topology, since exchanging such information is the main purpose of AODVv2.

Eavesdropping of data traffic could allow a malicious device to obtain information about how data traffic is being routed. With knowledge of source and destination addresses, malicious messages could be constructed to disrupt normal operation.

14.3. Integrity of Routes

Integrity of route information can be compromised in the following types of attack:

14.3.1. Message Insertion

Valid route set entries can be replaced or modified by maliciously constructed AODVv2 messages, destroying existing routes and the network's integrity. Any router may pose as another router by sending RREQ, RREP, RREP_Ack and RERR messages in its name.

Mitigation:

14.3.2. Message Modification - Man in the Middle

Any AODVv2 router can forward messages with modified data.

Mitigation:

14.3.3. Replay Attacks

Replaying of RREQ or RREP messages would be of less use to an attacker, since they would be dropped immediately due to their stale sequence number. RERR messages may or may not include sequence numbers and are therefore susceptible to replay attacks. RREP_Ack messages do not include sequence numbers and are therefore susceptible to replay attacks.

Mitigation:

14.4. Protection Mechanisms

14.4.1. Confidentiality and Authentication

Encryption MAY be used for AODVv2 messages. If the routers share a packet-level security association, the message data can be encrypted prior to message transmission. The establishment of such security associations is outside the scope of this specification. Encryption will not only protect against unauthorized devices obtaining information about network topology (eavesdropping) but will ensure that only trusted routers participate in routing operations.

14.4.2. Message Integrity using ICVs

Cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) can be used to ensure integrity of received messages, protecting against man in the middle attacks. Further, by using ICVs, only those routers with knowledge of a shared secret key are allowed to participate in routing information exchanges. [RFC7182] defines ICV TLVs for use with [RFC5444].

The data contained in AODVv2 routing protocol messages MUST be verified using Integrity Check Values, to avoid accepting tampered messages.

14.4.3. Replay Protection using Timestamps

[RFC7182] defines a TIMESTAMP TLV for use with [RFC5444] which can be used to prevent replay attacks when sequence numbers are not already included.

The data contained in AODVv2 routing protocol messages can be protected with a TIMESTAMP value to ensure the protection against replaying of the message. Sequence numbers can be used in place of timestamps, since they are known to be strictly increasing.

14.5. Key Management

The method of distribution of shared secret keys is out of the scope of this protocol. Key management is not specified for the following reasons:

Against [RFC4107], an analysis as to whether automated or manual key management should be used shows a compelling case for automated management. In particular:

On reviewing the case for manual key management against the same document, it can be seen that manual management might be advantageous in environments with limited bandwidth or high round trip times. AODVv2 lends itself to sparse ad hoc networks where transmission conditions may indeed be limited, depending on the bearers selected for use.

However, [RFC4107] assumes that the connectivity between endpoints is already available. In AODVv2, no route is available to a given destination until a router client requests that user traffic be transmitted. It is required to secure the signalling path of the routing protocol that will establish the path across which key exchange functions might subsequently be applied, which is clearly the reverse of the expected functionality. A different strategy is therefore required.

There are two possible solutions. In each case, it is assumed that a defence in depth security posture is being adopted by the system integrator, such that each function in the network as a whole is appropriately secured or defended as necessary, and that there is not complete reliance on security mechanisms built in to AODVv2. Such additional mechanisms could include a suitable wireless device security technology, so that wireless devices are authenticated and secured by their peers prior to exchanging user data, which in this case would include AODVV2 signalling traffic as a payload, and mechanisms which verify the authenticity and/or integrity of application-layer user data transported once a route has been established.

  1. In the case that no AODVv2 routers have any detailed prior knowledge of any other AODVv2 router, but does have knowledge of the credentials of other organisations in which the router has been previously configured to trust, it is possible for an AODVv2 router to send an initialisation vector as part of an exchange, which could be verified against such credentials. Such an exchange could make use of Identity-Based Signatures ([I-D.ietf-manet-ibs]), based on Elliptic Curve-Based Certificateless Signatures for Identity-Based Encryption [RFC6507], which eliminate the need for a handshake process to establish trust.
  2. If it is impossible to use Identity-Based Signatures, and the risk to the AODVv2 signalling traffic is considered to be low due to the use of security countermeasures elsewhere in the system, a simple pre-placed shared secret could be used between routers, which is used as-is or is used to generate some ephemeral secret based on another known variable, such as time of day if that is universally available at a level of accuracy sufficient to make such a system viable.

15. Acknowledgments

AODVv2 is a descendant of the design of previous MANET on-demand protocols, especially AODV [RFC3561] and DSR [RFC4728]. Changes to previous MANET on-demand protocols stem from research and implementation experiences. Thanks to Elizabeth Belding and Ian Chakeres for their long time authorship of AODV. Additional thanks to Derek Atkins, Emmanuel Baccelli, Abdussalam Baryun, Ramon Caceres, Justin Dean, Christopher Dearlove, Fatemeh Ghassemi, Ulrich Herberg, Henner Jakob, Ramtin Khosravi, Luke Klein-Berndt, Lars Kristensen, Tronje Krop, Koojana Kuladinithi, Kedar Namjoshi, Keyur Patel, Alexandru Petrescu, Henning Rogge, Fransisco Ros, Pedro Ruiz, Christoph Sommer, Romain Thouvenin, Richard Trefler, Jiazi Yi, Seung Yi, Behnaz Yousefi, and Cong Yuan, for their reviews of AODVv2 and DYMO, as well as numerous specification suggestions.

16. References

16.1. Normative References

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.
[RFC3561] Perkins, C., Belding-Royer, E. and S. Das, "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing", RFC 3561, DOI 10.17487/RFC3561, July 2003.
[RFC5444] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J. and C. Adjih, "Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format", RFC 5444, DOI 10.17487/RFC5444, February 2009.
[RFC5498] Chakeres, I., "IANA Allocations for Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Protocols", RFC 5498, DOI 10.17487/RFC5498, March 2009.
[RFC7182] Herberg, U., Clausen, T. and C. Dearlove, "Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)", RFC 7182, DOI 10.17487/RFC7182, April 2014.

16.2. Informative References

[I-D.ietf-manet-ibs] Dearlove, C., "Identity-Based Signatures for MANET Routing Protocols", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-manet-ibs-05, March 2016.
[Koodli01] Koodli, R. and C. Perkins, "Fast handovers and context transfers in mobile networks", Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 2001, Volume 31 Issue 5, 37-47, October 2001.
[Perkins94] Perkins, C. and P. Bhagwat, "Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers", Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '94 Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications, London, UK, pp. 234-244, August 1994.
[RFC2501] Corson, S. and J. Macker, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations", RFC 2501, DOI 10.17487/RFC2501, January 1999.
[RFC4107] Bellovin, S. and R. Housley, "Guidelines for Cryptographic Key Management", BCP 107, RFC 4107, DOI 10.17487/RFC4107, June 2005.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses", RFC 4193, DOI 10.17487/RFC4193, October 2005.
[RFC4728] Johnson, D., Hu, Y. and D. Maltz, "The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for IPv4", RFC 4728, DOI 10.17487/RFC4728, February 2007.
[RFC6130] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C. and J. Dean, "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)", RFC 6130, DOI 10.17487/RFC6130, April 2011.
[RFC6507] Groves, M., "Elliptic Curve-Based Certificateless Signatures for Identity-Based Encryption (ECCSI)", RFC 6507, DOI 10.17487/RFC6507, February 2012.

Appendix A. AODVv2 Draft Updates

This section lists the changes between AODVv2 revisions ...-16.txt and ...-17.txt.

Authors' Addresses

Charles E. Perkins Futurewei Inc. 2330 Central Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA Phone: +1-408-330-4586 EMail: charliep@computer.org
Stan Ratliff Idirect 13861 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 300 Herndon, VA 20171 USA EMail: ratliffstan@gmail.com
John Dowdell Airbus Defence and Space Celtic Springs Newport, Wales NP10 8FZ United Kingdom EMail: john.dowdell@airbus.com
Lotte Steenbrink HAW Hamburg, Dept. Informatik Berliner Tor 7 D-20099 Hamburg, Germany EMail: lotte.steenbrink@haw-hamburg.de
Victoria Mercieca Airbus Defence and Space Celtic Springs Newport, Wales NP10 8FZ United Kingdom EMail: victoria.mercieca@airbus.com