Performance Measurement (PM) with Alternate Marking Method in Service Function Chaining (SFC) Domain
draft-mirsky-sfc-pmamm-10

Abstract

This document describes how the alternate marking method can be used as the efficient performance measurement method taking advantage of the actual data flows in a Service Function Chaining (SFC) domain.

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Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Conventions used in this document
• 2.1. Acronyms
• 2.2. Requirements Language
• 3. Mark Field in NSH Base Header
• 4. Theory of Operation
• 4.1. Single Mark Enabled Measurement
• 4.2. Multiplexed Mark Enabled Measurement
• 4.3. Residence Time Measurement with the Alternate Marking Method
• 5. IANA Considerations
• 5.1. Mark Field in NSH Base Header
• 6. Security Considerations
• 7. Acknowledgment
• 8. References
• 8.1. Normative References
• 8.2. Informative References
• Authors' Addresses

1. Introduction

[RFC7665] introduced the architecture of a Service Function Chain (SFC) in the network and defined its components. These include Classifier, Service Function Forwarder (SFF), Service Function (SF), and Service Function proxy. [I-D.ietf-sfc-oam-framework] provides a reference framework for Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) for SFC. [RFC8321] describes the hybrid performance measurement method, which can be used to measure packet loss, latency, and jitter on live traffic. Because this method is based on marking consecutive batches of packets the method often referred to as Alternate Marking Method (AMM).

This document defines how packet loss and delay metrics of a service flow over end-to-end (Session-Reflector) or any segment of the SFC can be measured using AMM. This document is aligned with the SFC OAM Performance Measurement requirements defined in [I-D.ietf-sfc-oam-framework]. It states that any SFC-aware network device must have the ability to perform loss and delay measurements over the service function chain as a unit, i.e., E2E, or to a specific segment of service function through the SFC. Besides,, AMM can be used in combination with [I-D.ietf-sfc-ioam-nsh] and complement it to achieve the SFC performance measurement objective.

2. Conventions used in this document

2.1. Acronyms

AMM: Alternate Marking Method

OAM: Operations, Administration and Maintenance

SFC: Service Function Chain

SF: Service Function

SFF: Service Function Forwarder

SFP: Service Function Path

NSH: Network Service Header

E2E end-to-end

2.2. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

3. Mark Field in NSH Base Header

 
   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |Ver|O|M|    TTL    |   Length  |U|U|U|U|MD Type|     Proto     |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 1: NSH Base format

[RFC8300] defines the format of the Network Service Header (NSH). Figure 1, as part of NSH Base and designated for the alternate marking performance measurement method [RFC8321]. The Mark field MUST be set to 0 at initialization of NSH and ignored on the receipt when the method is not in use. The Mark field MUST NOT be used in defining forwarding and/or quality of service treatment of an SFC packet. The Mark field MUST be used only for the performance measurement of data traffic in the SFC layer. Though the setting of the field to any value likely not affect forwarding and/or quality of service treatment of a packet, the alternate marking method in SFC layer is characterized as an example of a hybrid performance measurement method according to [RFC7799].

4. Theory of Operation

The marking method can be successfully used in the SFC. Without limiting any generality consider SFC presented in Figure 2. Any combination of markings, Loss and/or Delay, can be applied to a service flow by any component of the SFC at either ingress or egress point to perform node, link, segment or E2E measurement to detect performance degradation defect and localize it efficiently.

 
                +---+  +---+   +---+  +---+   +---+  +---+
                |SF1|  |SF2|   |SF3|  |SF4|   |SF5|  |SF6|
                +---+  +---+   +---+  +---+   +---+  +---+
                   \   /          \  /           \  /    
   +----------+   +----+         +----+         +----+    
   |Classifier|---|SFF1|---------|SFF2|---------|SFF3|
   +----------+   +----+         +----+         +----+           

Figure 2: SFC network

Using the marking method, a component of the SFC creates distinct sub-flows in the particular service traffic over SFC. Each sub-flow consists of consecutive blocks that are unambiguously recognizable by a monitoring point at any component of the SFC and can be measured to calculate packet loss and/or packet delay metrics.

4.1. Single Mark Enabled Measurement

As explained in the [RFC8321], marking can be applied to delineate blocks of packets based either on the equal number of packets in a block or based on the same time interval. The latter method offers better control as it allows a better account for capabilities of downstream nodes to report statistics related to batches of packets and, at the same time, time resolution that affects defect detection interval.

The Mark flag is used to create distinctive flows to measure the packet loss by switching the value of the Mark flag every N-th packet or at specified time intervals. Delay metrics MAY be calculated with the alternate flow using any of the following methods:

• First/Last Packet Delay calculation: whenever the marking, i.e., the value of Mark flag changes a component of the SFC can store the timestamp of the first/last packet of the block. The timestamp can be compared with the timestamp of the packet that arrived in the same order through a monitoring point at a downstream component of the SFC to compute packet delay. Because timestamps collected based on the order of arrival, this method is sensitive to packet loss and re-ordering of packets
• Average Packet Delay calculation: an average delay is calculated by considering the average arrival time of the packets within a single block. A component of the SFC may collect timestamps for each packet received within a single block. Average of the timestamp is the sum of all the timestamps divided by the total number of packets received. Then the difference between averages calculated at two monitoring points is the average packet delay on that segment. This method is robust to out of order packets and also to packet loss (only a small error is introduced). This method only provides a single metric for the duration of the block, and it doesn't give the minimum and maximum delay values. Highly optimized implementation of the method can reduce the duration of the block and thus overcome the limitation.

4.2. Multiplexed Mark Enabled Measurement

There is also a scheme that method allows measurement of minimum and maximum delays for the monitored flow using a single marking flag. This methodology is described in [I-D.mizrahi-ippm-compact-alternate-marking]. The concept is that in the middle of each block of packets with a certain value of the M flag, a single packet has the M flag inverted. So, by examining the stream, the packets with the inverted bit can be easily identified and employed for delay measurement. This variation of AMM is advantageous because it requires only one bit from each packet, and such bits are always in short supply.

4.3. Residence Time Measurement with the Alternate Marking Method

Residence time is the variable part of the propagation delay that a packet experiences while traversing a network, e.g., SFC. Residence Time over an SFC is the sum of the nodal residence times, i.e., periods that the packet spent in each of SFFs that compose the SFC. The nodal residence time in SFC itself is the sum of sub-nodal residence times that the packet spent in each of SFs that are part of the given SFC and are mapped to the SFF. The residence time and deviation of the residence time metrics may include any combination of minimum, maximum, values over measurement period, as well as mean, median, percentile. These metrics may be used to evaluate the performance of the SFC and its elements before and during its operation.

Use of the specially marked packets simplifies residence time measurement and correlation of the measured metrics over the E2E SFC. For example, AMM may be used as described in Section 4.2 to identify packets in the data flow to be used to measure the residence time. The nodal and sub-nodal residence time metrics can be locally calculated and then collected using either in-band or out-band OAM mechanisms.

5. IANA Considerations

5.1. Mark Field in NSH Base Header

This document requests IANA to allocate the one-bit field from NSH Base Header Bits [RFC8300] as the Mark field of NSH as the following:

6. Security Considerations

This document defines the use of AMM in an SFC domain and thus all security considerations specific to SFC discussed in [RFC7665] and [RFC8300] are applicable. By introducing AMM into SFC environment it inherits all seurity considerations discussed in [RFC8321]. A new Mark flag is defined in this specification to be used by AMM. Processing of AMM does require additional computational resources and creates certain amount of state information of per AMM flow perfromance metrics. An implementation MUST provide control over the number of concurrent AMM flows that a node process.

7. Acknowledgment

TBD

8. References

8.1. Normative References

8.2. Informative References

Authors' Addresses