]> Action State Group, Inc.

spec@actionstate.ai

Tyche Institute

Tallinn Estonia anton.sokolov@tyche.institute

Security SCITT SCITT canonicalization payload binding derived identifier typed digest reference Independently written systems that anchor records to a SCITT Transparency Service repeatedly need the same construction: a canonical form of structured content, a content-addressed identifier derived from that form, binding to a SCITT Signed Statement and Receipt, and references that cite external artifacts by digest. This document, referred to as CPB, specifies that construction as declarations rather than as a payload format. A payload profile declares its canonicalization algorithm and exclusion set and thereby obtains a reproducible derived identifier. A CPB Signed Statement carries either the complete statement content as specified by RFC 9943 or a digest of content held elsewhere using the COSE Hash Envelope of RFC 9995. CPB also defines an abstract typed digest reference information model and one optional protected-header encoding, cpb-refs; a payload profile may instead define its own reference serialization. An IANA registry assigns the canonicalization algorithm identifiers that these declarations name. CPB does not define payload content formats, establish or require a universal artifact-type registry, or require either typed-reference carrier. Note to Readers This document is an individual submission. The intended venue is the SCITT Working Group (scitt@ietf.org). Named acknowledgments in this document were individually confirmed in writing by the named parties. Revision -05 changes the title, which was "Canonical Payload Binding: A Signed Statement Construction Profile", so that it names what the document defines: how a Signed Statement declares the construction behind the digests it carries, rather than the payload those digests cover. The draft name and the short name CPB are unchanged. CPB remains the working short name, used by the cpb-refs header parameter and by the companion registry record and code, until the adopting working group settles the short name and the title. The source of this document and the companion interop record are maintained at: https://github.com/action-state-group/scitt-payload-binding

Introduction A SCITT Signed Statement frequently carries a digest in place of the content it stands for: the digest of statement content held elsewhere (), an identifier derived from that content, or the digest of another artifact that the statement cites. For structured content, such a digest depends on how the content was serialized before it was hashed, and more than one serialization is in use. The question this document answers is how a Signed Statement declares which derivation produced the digest it carries, so that a verifier need not guess. Where nothing declares it, independent implementations agree only by convention, and a verifier that computes a different digest cannot tell a different derivation from different content. Profiles that needed such digests have each restated their own derivation, with small variations that defeat interoperability. The question arises first in the software supply chain, which SCITT is chartered to serve. Supply chain Signed Statements carry, or cite by digest, structured documents such as software bills of materials, build records, and attestations about software artifacts (). When the digest of such a document is computed over a serialization that nothing in the signed object names, two conforming implementations can bind the same document to different digests, and a verifier cannot select the construction that would reproduce either. Records of automated and agent actions raise the same question. The agent action capsule profile is one profile that uses CPB: the construction this document generalizes was first stated there and exercised across independent implementations at the IETF 126 hackathon (), and the companion interop record preserves the detailed provenance and digest-context boundaries. This document, referred to as CPB, answers the question with declarations rather than with a payload format. At its core are three things. First, the Canonicalization Algorithm Registry (), whose entries are names: each active entry assigns an identifier to a construction specified elsewhere, such as the JSON Canonicalization Scheme , or to a rule selecting octets that a container format already fixes, and pins the hash function and output representation applied to the result (). Second, the declaration: a payload class declares exactly one registered identifier, and a typed digest reference, which CPB can carry in the protected header (), selects a declared digest context that names one for the artifact it cites (). Third, verifier rules under which the declared construction is used and never inferred, whether from the shape of a payload or from a header parameter that identifies only a hash function (). The same rule, declare rather than infer, governs the other choices a verifier would otherwise guess: which Verifiable Data Structure a Receipt uses (), and whether a log leaf is built from raw digest octets or from their hexadecimal text (). The COSE Hash Envelope identifies a hash function and carries the resulting digest; when structured content needs a deterministic preimage, CPB names the profile-selected canonicalization and defines how the derived identifier is computed with it (). CPB also supports the ordinary RFC 9943 case in which the complete statement content, rather than its digest, is supplied to COSE. CPB defines the binding mechanics and a typed-reference mechanism for citing other digests, but it does not define what any payload or cited artifact means, or how either is serialized. For generic citation-binding verification, a CPB verifier can process a typed reference to any artifact type whose digest context it can resolve. Whether a particular citation slot permits that artifact type is determined by the consuming profile. Artifact-specific appraisal, authorization semantics, and application integration remain separate. Supporting a new artifact type requires no change to this document's citation-binding algorithm. Declaring the type, its digest context, and its meaning is a matter for the payload profile that defines it; it may also require consuming-profile integration and artifact-specific appraisal.

Out of Scope This document does not define:

• Payload formats — any payload format, payload serialization, or required payload structure. CPB's normative surface is the protected header, the Canonicalization Algorithm Registry (), and producer and verifier behavior when computing and checking declared digests. What CPB asks of a payload profile is declarations, such as which registered identifier, exclusion set, and representation apply, not a structure for the payload to take.
• Payload semantics — what fields a payload contains, what their values mean, or what verdicts or decisions are carried. Those belong to payload profiles that use CPB as their binding layer.
• Artifact types and their digest contexts — which named categories of structured content exist, what fields and exclusion sets each declares, and which purpose labels its digest contexts use. Those declarations are owned by payload or consuming profiles and identified by stable normative references. CPB defines no artifact-type registry.
• Application meaning — the real-world interpretation of any record anchored via this construction.
• Transparency Service registration policy — which records a Transparency Service will or must accept. Registration policy is a Transparency Service concern, not a statement profile concern.
• Transports — how registration requests or retrieval queries travel between producers, Transparency Services, or verifiers.

Changes from -04 This revision changes framing, placement, and wording only. It makes no normative change: no requirement is added, removed, or changed in force, no registry entry changes, and the vectors at the locations in are unchanged. It reframes the document around what it defines, a declaration of the construction behind a digest, rather than the payload that digest covers:

• The title is now "Canonicalization Declaration for SCITT Signed Statements". CPB remains the working short name.
• is retitled "Canonicalization Algorithm Registrations". The active entries, jcs and as-transmitted, are restated as registrations (identifier, normative reference, digest context, declaration rule) rather than as procedures. The withdrawn entries are unchanged.
• names payload formats, payload serialization, and payload structure, not only payload semantics.
• opens on how a Signed Statement declares which derivation produced a digest it carries, adds the software supply chain as a motivating setting, and presents the agent action capsule as one profile that uses CPB.
• Throughout, the text says that CPB names a canonicalization rather than supplying one.

The editorial changes that produced -04 from -03 are recorded in -04.

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Payload Class:

A named category of structured content that has declared a canonicalization algorithm (from the registry in ) and an exclusion set of fields that are omitted from the canonical form before the derived identifier is computed. A payload class is declared by the payload profile that defines it; this document does not maintain a registry of payload classes or artifact types.

Derived Identifier:

The content-address of a payload: the output of CANONICAL-DIGEST(A, v), where v is the payload value with its profile-declared exclusion set removed. Verifiers MUST recompute the derived identifier from the payload value; a carried derived-identifier value is advisory only and a mismatch is a defect.

Digest Context:

The complete set of parameters that determine how a digest was computed: the field set selected, the exclusion set applied, the canonicalization algorithm applied, any domain separation, the encoding of the pre-image, and the representation of the output. Two digest values are comparable only when their full digest contexts are established as compatible. A payload class or artifact type MAY declare more than one digest context over the same payload, each serving a distinct purpose declared by the profile that defines the class or type. The declaration MUST also state the exact digest_alg token and comparison representation. The contexts are independent and MUST NOT be conflated.

RAW-DIGEST:

A function parameterized by a canonicalization algorithm A: for any such algorithm A and payload v, RAW-DIGEST(A, v) = H_A(A(v)), where A(v) is the canonical octet string and H_A is the hash function declared by A's entry in the Canonicalization Algorithm Registry (). RAW-DIGEST is an octet string; it has no textual encoding.

CANONICAL-DIGEST:

A function parameterized by a canonicalization algorithm A: for any such algorithm A and payload v, CANONICAL-DIGEST(A, v) = ENCODE_A(RAW-DIGEST(A, v)), where ENCODE_A is the output encoding declared by A's entry in the Canonicalization Algorithm Registry (). Every construction registered by this document declares SHA-256 and 64-character lowercase hexadecimal; an entry registered by a later document MAY declare another digest function or encoding, and a verifier MUST read both from the entry rather than assuming them. A(v) is the octet string produced by the algorithm applied to v; the specific pre-image construction — field selection, normalization, and encoding — is part of A's definition and is registered per .

Signed Statement:

A COSE_Sign1 object that carries a payload, a protected header, and an optional unprotected header; defined in .

Signature-Valid:

A state of a Signed Statement, independent of typed-reference processing. The COSE signature has been cryptographically validated under the selected verification key. This state alone does not establish that the key is authorized for the asserted issuer. Merely being encoded in a protected header does not establish this state.

Issuer-Authenticated:

A state of a Signature-Valid Signed Statement for which the verifier's policy accepts the signing key as authorized for the asserted issuer. This state authenticates issuer claims but does not make a cited artifact or typed reference Verified.

Malformed:

A typed-reference processing state. The reference or its cpb-refs container violates the applicable serialization, required-member, duplicate, closed-extension, or size rules. A verifier MUST NOT report any entry in a Malformed cpb-refs value as Verified.

Unresolved:

A typed-reference processing state. The reference is well-formed, but the verifier cannot select exactly one authorized digest context or cannot obtain the cited artifact, or it lacks the implementation needed to execute an otherwise valid digest context. An Unresolved reference is not evidence of a content binding.

Failed:

A typed-reference processing state. The reference is well-formed and exactly one authorized digest context is selected, but the declared algorithm or representation conflicts with that context, the selected token is permanently undefined or prohibited, or a recomputed digest differs from the supplied value.

Verified:

A typed-reference processing state. The verifier selected exactly one authorized digest context, obtained the cited artifact, applied that context's canonicalization and hash rules, and obtained a digest equal to the supplied value in the context's declared representation.

Receipt:

A COSE structure produced by a Transparency Service that provides verifiable evidence that a Signed Statement was registered; defined in and format-governed by the Verifiable Data Structure of the service.

Transparent Statement:

A Signed Statement to whose unprotected header one or more Receipts have been attached.

Verifier:

Any party that validates a record from its bytes, without trusting the producer.

Canonicalization Algorithm Registrations Each entry in this section is a registration in the Canonicalization Algorithm Registry (). A registration assigns an identifier to a construction that produces a canonical octet string from a structured value, or to a rule that selects octets a container format already fixes, and pins the hash function and output representation applied to the result. The resulting octet string is the pre-image to CANONICAL-DIGEST. Where the construction is specified elsewhere, the entry cites that specification rather than restating it. A payload class declares exactly one canonicalization algorithm; verifiers MUST NOT guess the algorithm from the payload shape. The identifiers registered by this document in the Canonicalization Algorithm Registry () are:

Name	Summary	Reference
jcs	Plain RFC 8785 JCS, no normalization pass; SHA-256; lowercase hex output
jcs-n	Withdrawn -- JCS + absent-field normalization; unavailable for new use	(withdrawn)
cde-n	Withdrawn -- token reserved, never assigned a definition	(withdrawn)
as-transmitted	No canonicalization; digest over a byte sequence fixed by a cited named production in the container format; SHA-256; 64-character lowercase hex

Entries in the Canonicalization Algorithm Registry are immutable: new behavior requires a new entry, never a retroactive edit to an existing one. A reserved entry binds its token only; its summary is provisional until the entry is defined, at which point the full entry becomes immutable. A reserved entry may instead be withdrawn (, ), which is terminal: the token stays bound, no definition is ever assigned (or, for an entry that was already defined, no further definition ever attaches to it), and the name is not reassigned. The hash function is part of each algorithm's definition; migration to a different hash (for example, a future post-quantum function) is performed by registering a new algorithm entry, never by reinterpreting an existing one.

Algorithm jcs

Identifier:

jcs

Normative reference:

The JSON Canonicalization Scheme (JCS) , applied directly to the octets supplied to the algorithm, with no normalization pass: no member is removed because its value is JSON null, an empty array, or an empty object. jcs places no additional restriction on JSON numbers beyond RFC 8785 itself: a JSON floating-point number is permitted and is serialized per the canonical ECMAScript-based number-to-string procedure RFC 8785 Section 3.2.2.3 defines for IEEE 754 double-precision values. Two conforming implementations that parse the same numeric literal into the same double-precision value therefore produce byte-identical output; see .

Digest context:

This entry fixes the canonicalization, the hash function, and the output representation of any digest context that names it; the field set and the exclusion set belong to the profile that declares that context. The pre-image is the canonical UTF-8 octet string that JCS produces. The hash function is SHA-256, computed over that octet string. The output representation is the digest encoded as lowercase hexadecimal, a 64-character ASCII string. For the value P supplied to the algorithm:

Declaration rule:

A payload class or digest context selects this construction by naming jcs. Exclusion-set removal is not part of this algorithm: the derived identifier construction () removes the payload class's declared exclusion set before invoking the algorithm. The exclusion set is matched against the top-level member names of the payload only; a member of the same name nested inside a member's value is not removed. A payload profile MAY still declare its own stricter constraint (for example, requiring monetary fields to be exact decimal strings) — such a constraint is a payload-profile decision, not a requirement of this algorithm.

Algorithm jcs-n (Withdrawn) Algorithm jcs-n is withdrawn (2026-08-18) -- terminal marking, never deletion: the token stays bound, the definition it once carried is not reassigned, and it is never carried forward as an active IANA algorithm. That is a terminal marking that cde-n () also carries, though on different facts: cde-n never acquired a definition, while jcs-n did and its records remain eligible for verification by vintage. For historical evaluation, the complete jcs-n construction is as follows. Let P be the JSON object supplied by the applicable payload or artifact-type profile, and let E be that profile's set of top-level member names to exclude:

1. Before converting the input JSON text to a data model, reject a duplicate member name in any object, including a duplicate that would later be excluded. Equality is tested on decoded Unicode member-name strings after JSON escape processing, with no Unicode normalization. NFC-equivalent but distinct strings are not duplicate names, and jcs-n applies no Unicode normalization.
2. Reject a JSON number token unless it has the integer form 0|-?[1-9][0-9]* and its value is in the inclusive range [-(2^53-1), 2^53-1]. In particular, a decimal point, exponent notation, leading zero, or -0 is prohibited. A non-integer quantity, and an integer outside that range, has to be represented as an exact JSON string if the applicable profile permits it.
3. Remove from P each top-level member whose name is in E. A same-named member nested below the top level is retained.
4. Normalize the remaining value bottom-up and recursively. In each object, remove every member whose normalized value is JSON null, an empty array, or an empty object. Array elements are not object members and are not removed, but values inside an array are recursively normalized before their containing object is considered.
5. Apply JCS to the normalized object to produce canonical UTF-8 octets, compute SHA-256 over those octets, and encode the 32-octet digest as exactly 64 lowercase hexadecimal ASCII characters.

Thus, for historical jcs-n evaluation: These steps define digest evaluation only. Evaluating the construction and obtaining matching bytes does not by itself establish an eligible vintage or produce a Verified typed-reference outcome. The withdrawal followed from an implementer census (the reference implementation was the only implementer of the normalization step), a byte audit showing 191 of 203 evaluated records were byte-identical under plain jcs without it, the 12 divergent records being proof-of-concept artefacts retained by vintage, and the admission bar this document now applies to every entry: a named consuming profile. jcs () is the entry that replaces it going forward; a payload class or typed digest reference that named jcs-n used the withdrawn construction described above, and a party citing that historical construction going forward registers a new entry rather than resuming use of this token. Withdrawal forecloses new declarations of jcs-n; it does not retroactively invalidate records already sealed under it. A payload class or typed digest reference that names jcs-n MUST NOT be newly declared. The vintage cutoff is the start of 2026-08-18 UTC. Pre-cutoff vintage is established only by profile-defined, cryptographically verifiable evidence that binds the exact record, or its digest under the declared context, to a time before that cutoff. A payload timestamp, source-control commit date, file-system time, transport arrival time, or other unauthenticated date MUST NOT be used as vintage evidence. A verifier encountering jcs-n with evidence of a time at or after the cutoff, or without sufficient evidence of a pre-cutoff vintage, MUST fail closed and MUST NOT report the payload class or typed digest reference as verified; a typed reference has the Failed outcome. Only after establishing pre-cutoff vintage MAY a verifier apply the historical construction above. If the construction is available, its ordinary digest comparison determines whether the typed reference is Verified or Failed. A verifier that lacks an implementation of the otherwise eligible historical construction reports the typed reference as Unresolved. A historical identifier MUST NOT be relabelled to another algorithm token or recomputed under another algorithm.

Algorithm cde-n (Withdrawn) Algorithm cde-n is withdrawn. It is a recorded terminal state, not a deletion: the token was reserved for a deterministic CBOR canonicalization profile, but it was never assigned a definition, and it will not be. The entry remains in the Canonicalization Algorithm Registry () as withdrawn -- the reserved entry bound the token, so the token stays bound, never assigned, never reassigned. A future deterministic CBOR canonicalization profile, if one is specified, is registered under a new token rather than by assigning a definition to cde-n. A payload class or typed digest reference that names cde-n cannot be verified: the token names no defined algorithm and never will, so a verifier encountering it MUST fail closed — MUST NOT report the payload class or typed digest reference as verified. For a typed reference, the outcome is Failed because the selected token has no algorithm definition.

Algorithm as-transmitted Algorithm as-transmitted is a rule about which octets are digested, not a transformation of them. It applies no canonicalization. The digest pre-image is the exact octet sequence already fixed by the container format or cryptographic envelope carrying the payload -- for example, the signing input over which a signature was computed. The signature (or other format-defined byte-fixing) is what makes those bytes authoritative; re-canonicalizing them would be redundant at best and would break the very binding that makes the bytes authoritative at worst.

Identifier:

as-transmitted

Normative reference:

None of its own. The octets are named by the container specification that the declaring digest context cites in its byte-boundary selector, as the declaration rule below requires.

Digest context:

This entry fixes the hash function and the output representation of any digest context that names it; in place of a field set, an exclusion set, and a canonicalization, that context states a byte-boundary selector. The hash function is SHA-256 and the output representation is 64-character lowercase hex, matching jcs. These are stated explicitly here as part of this entry, not inherited silently from the generic CANONICAL-DIGEST definition (). For a byte sequence B identified by the declared byte-boundary selector:

Declaration rule:

Because there is no canonicalization step, as-transmitted has no field set and no exclusion set. A profile-owned artifact-type declaration that selects as-transmitted for a digest context MUST instead state a byte-boundary selector in place of a field set: a normative reference plus the name that referenced specification gives to the exact byte sequence in question. Two examples of a valid selector:

• , Section 5.1, JWS Signing Input -- the octets a JWS signature is computed over.
• RFC 9052 §4.4, ToBeSigned -- the octets a COSE_Sign1 signature is computed over.

A selector that is not a cited named production is prose, not a selector. This named-production rule eliminates that ambiguity: a digest-context declaration MUST NOT select as-transmitted on the strength of an uncited description such as "the payload bytes." If the container specification carrying the artifact does not itself name the exact byte sequence as a discrete production, the declaration MUST NOT use as-transmitted; it must select another registered canonicalization algorithm whose definition constructs the pre-image from first principles.

The Derived Identifier The derived identifier of a record is computed as: where A is the canonicalization algorithm declared by the payload class and the exclusion set is the set of fields declared by the payload class as self-referential or chain-linkage fields. The derived identifier is a 64-character lowercase hex string for every construction this document registers. A reserved or never-defined token has no derived-identifier representation. For an algorithm registered elsewhere, its representation is the one that algorithm's registry entry declares. The exclusion set MUST be declared by the payload class in its specification. Fields excluded are those that either contain the derived identifier itself (they cannot be inside the pre-image they help compute) or that reference other records in a chain (to keep the content-address stable regardless of what later chains to this record). The exclusion set is normative for the payload class; a verifier MUST apply the same exclusion set as the producer. A producer MAY carry the derived identifier as a field in the payload. A verifier MUST recompute the identifier from the payload bytes and the declared exclusion set. If the recomputed value does not match the carried value, the verifier MUST treat this as a defect in the record. If a payload profile applies a transformation before derived-identifier computation, its specification MUST define that transformation and its order relative to field exclusion and algorithm A so that producer and verifier derive the same exact input. This document defines no such transform. Absent an applicable profile declaration, the producer and verifier MUST use the untransformed payload and exclusion procedure defined above.

Representation Representation is normative and MUST be declared by the payload class. The following representations are distinct and are not implicitly interchangeable:

• bare 64-character lowercase hexadecimal text;
• prefixed textual representation; and
• raw 32-byte octet sequence.

A payload class MUST specify which representation it uses for each field containing or referencing a derived identifier. A verifier MUST NOT silently coerce among representations. A deterministic conversion MAY be applied only where this specification or the applicable payload profile expressly defines both the conversion and the resulting comparison representation. Such a conversion is an explicit protocol operation and does not make the original representations byte-identical. Each digest context used by a typed reference MUST declare whether its comparison value is raw octets, bare text, or prefixed text, and MUST define the exact grammar of any textual form. In cpb-refs, raw octets are encoded as a CBOR byte string and textual forms as a CBOR text string. A verifier MUST NOT silently convert between these forms. A wire type or textual form that is inconsistent with the uniquely selected digest context produces the Failed state.

Envelope Conventions Every CPB Signed Statement MUST be a tagged COSE_Sign1 structure and MUST satisfy every applicable requirement of . CPB requirements are additive and do not replace or relax the SCITT baseline. In particular, the protected header MUST contain the CWT Claims header parameter (label 15), whose value includes iss (Claim label 1) and sub (Claim label 2). Key identification, certificate carriage, and the relationship among kid, x5t, and x5chain MUST follow ; CPB does not define an alternative credential rule. A CPB Signed Statement uses exactly one of the two modes below. Other COSE header parameters are permitted only when , , this document, or the applicable payload profile defines them. Producers MUST NOT add ad-hoc protected-header parameters. CPB assigns no meaning to non-critical header parameters defined elsewhere. The closed extension policy for the inner cpb-refs map is specified in .

Full-Content Mode In Full-Content Mode, the payload supplied to COSE signing and verification is the complete serialized statement content, whether that payload is attached or detached as permitted by . Protected content_type (label 3) MUST identify the serialization selected by the payload profile using a media type or content-format value permitted by and . CPB neither constructs media-type names from payload-class names nor registers a payload format. The RFC 9995 parameters 258, 259, and 260 MUST NOT appear in this mode.

Hash Envelope Mode In Hash Envelope Mode, let s be the complete statement content after any carried derived identifier has been populated. The Signed Statement MUST conform to the COSE Hash Envelope rules in in addition to the applicable requirements stated above. The payload supplied to COSE signing and verification MUST be the raw octet string: It MUST NOT be the hexadecimal or other encoded CANONICAL-DIGEST value. If the COSE payload is detached, the externally supplied payload is this same raw digest value. The profile's derived-identifier exclusion set MUST NOT be applied to this Hash Envelope computation: RFC 9995 binds the complete statement content. The derived identifier remains a separate computation over s with its declared exclusion set as specified in . Even when both use the same canonicalization and hash algorithm, a producer or verifier MUST NOT assume the Hash Envelope payload is the raw representation of the derived identifier. A verifier processing a carried derived identifier MUST check that identifier separately from the Hash Envelope content binding. The protected header MUST contain payload-hash-alg (CDDL payload_hash_alg, label 258), identifying H_A by its COSE hash-algorithm identifier, and preimage-content-type (CDDL payload_preimage_content_type, label 259), identifying the media type or content format of the exact canonical octets A(s) that were hashed. A payload-location (CDDL payload_location, label 260) MAY also appear in the protected header. As required by , labels 258 through 260 MUST NOT appear in the unprotected header, and content_type (label 3) MUST NOT appear in either header bucket. The applicable payload profile MUST identify A and the complete preimage construction. Label 258 selects only H_A; a verifier MUST NOT treat it as a canonicalization-algorithm identifier. An algorithm used in Hash Envelope Mode MUST have an unambiguous COSE hash-algorithm mapping in its Canonicalization Algorithm Registry entry (). A verifier that has not obtained s can establish Signature-Valid status and, after applying its issuer/key policy, can authenticate the digest claim, but it has not verified the content binding. To verify that binding, it MUST obtain s, compute A(s), apply the function identified by label 258, and compare the raw result to the COSE payload. cpb-refs MAY be used in either envelope mode, subject to .

Statement-to-Receipt Binding A producer makes a record transparent by registering its Signed Statement with a SCITT Transparency Service per and attaching the returned Receipt to the unprotected header, forming a Transparent Statement. This profile is VDS-agnostic at the statement layer. Receipt format and proof verification are governed by the Verifiable Data Structure (VDS) of the Transparency Service; this profile imposes no VDS requirement. A verifier MUST NOT report receipt-backed status without having verified a Receipt from a Transparency Service under a key the verifier trusts. A verifier determining which VDS to apply when verifying a Receipt MUST read the VDS identifier from the protected header of the Receipt. The verifier MUST NOT infer the VDS from the COSE structure of the receipt alone. Unknown VDS identifiers MUST be rejected.

Leaf Construction This profile imposes no leaf construction on a Verifiable Data Structure. Where a Transparency Service's VDS keys its log on a digest associated with the derived identifier, the constructions registered by this document produce a 32-byte RAW-DIGEST and a 64-character hexadecimal CANONICAL-DIGEST representation of that value (). The VDS or an applicable profile MUST state which one is its leaf input, and producer and verifier MUST use that same representation. Algorithms registered later may have different output sizes. For example, when that declaration selects RAW-DIGEST and the carried derived identifier is a 64-character hexadecimal string D, the leaf input is: Under that RAW-DIGEST declaration, the following is incorrect: If the declaration instead selects the textual CANONICAL-DIGEST, the latter 64 ASCII bytes are the declared input. A verifier constructing a leaf MUST apply the declared selection and MUST NOT infer it from the apparent shape of the value. Confusing raw bytes with their hexadecimal encoding produces a different leaf hash.

Typed Digest References (Information Model) A typed digest reference is the mechanism by which one record cites an external artifact — another record, an authorization document, a configuration object, or any other verifiable item — by its content-address without embedding it. This section defines a typed digest reference as an abstract information model: four members, their meaning, and their requiredness. It does not fix a payload serialization. CPB defines an optional protected-header serialization in ; a payload profile may instead define its own serialization as described in . A typed digest reference has the following members:

Member	Value	Req	Meaning
type	text	REQUIRED	The artifact-type identifier defined by a stable specification that the consuming profile explicitly accepts. CPB does not register these values.
purpose	text	CONDITIONAL	Selects one digest context for the resolved type. It is REQUIRED when that type has multiple accepted contexts and otherwise follows .
digest_alg	text	REQUIRED	The hash algorithm of the digest value (e.g., "SHA-256"). The canonicalization context of the cited artifact is resolved from the digest context selected by type and purpose, not from this field.
digest	digest in the context's declared representation	REQUIRED	The digest of the cited artifact, in the exact representation declared by the selected digest context.

These are the only members of the CPB information model. A payload profile may place profile-specific fields beside its rendering of a typed reference, but those fields are not CPB typed-reference extensions and their processing is governed solely by that profile. The cpb-refs map is closed in this version; see .

Cross-Profile Comparability Within typed-reference verification, the digest carried by the reference and the digest recomputed over the referenced artifact are comparable only when both are interpreted under the same established referenced-artifact digest context and comparison representation. A consuming profile that accepts typed references MUST identify, by stable normative reference, every artifact-type declaration that it accepts. Each declaration MUST bind an exact type token to one or more digest contexts. Each context MUST state its preimage construction, canonicalization algorithm, hash function, exact digest_alg token, output representation, and a purpose label when required below. A deployment MAY select a subset of the declarations its consuming profile permits, but it MUST NOT redefine a token or any parameter of its cited declaration. CPB creates no artifact-type registry and does not authorize discovery from an unspecified or mutable registry snapshot. The verifier MUST use type and, when present, purpose to select exactly one accepted context:

• If exactly one context is accepted for type, purpose MAY be absent. If it is present, it MUST exactly match that context's declared purpose; otherwise the reference is Unresolved.
• If multiple contexts are accepted for type, every context MUST have a distinct, non-empty purpose label and the reference MUST carry purpose. An absent or non-matching value makes the reference Unresolved.
• If no declaration matches, or declarations from more than one normative source leave the selection ambiguous, the reference is Unresolved. The verifier MUST NOT choose by entry order, apparent recency, or preferred algorithm.
• A profile or deployment configuration containing duplicate (type, purpose) selections is invalid and MUST NOT be used for verification.

After selecting a context, the verifier MUST compare digest_alg with the exact token declared by that context. Comparison is case-sensitive and octet-for-octet: no case folding, alias table, or whitespace trimming is permitted. A mismatch makes the reference Failed; the verifier MUST NOT silently use the context's algorithm while ignoring the supplied value. digest_alg is REQUIRED even though every algorithm registered in today names the same hash, SHA-256: it is the field that lets a future Canonicalization Algorithm Registry entry using a different hash land as a new token without a breaking change to this wire format, rather than being decorative because only one value is legal now. The hash algorithm is not chosen per reference. The selected digest context determines it; digest_alg is a redundant consistency declaration for algorithm agility and downgrade detection. The verifier MUST next check that the carried value uses the selected context's declared representation. A mismatch is Failed. If the representation matches but the cited artifact cannot be obtained, the state is Unresolved. If the context is valid but the verifier does not implement its construction, the state is also Unresolved. Otherwise, the verifier MUST recompute the digest using the selected context and compare it byte-for-byte with digest. Equal values produce Verified; unequal values produce Failed. A deterministic conversion is permitted only when the selected context expressly defines that conversion and its output comparison representation. The citing record's own derived-identifier context need NOT be compatible with the referenced artifact's digest context; those contexts govern different computations. The two values actually being compared must share an established comparison context. Bare hexadecimal equality alone is not a join. The enclosing Signed Statement's signature result is independent of these states. A verifier SHOULD return the signature result and each reference result separately. It MUST NOT treat a typed reference as authenticated or actionable on behalf of the issuer unless the Signed Statement is Issuer-Authenticated. A Signature-Valid statement can contain an Unresolved or Failed reference; a Verified digest match does not authenticate an issuer whose signature did not validate. The consuming profile MUST define the disposition of every non-Verified state. It MUST NOT rely on an Unresolved, Failed, or Malformed reference as evidence of a content binding.

Carriage Selection A payload profile that uses CPB typed references MUST select exactly one carrier for them in each Signed Statement: cpb-refs envelope carriage or a profile-owned payload carriage. A producer MUST NOT use both carriers in one Signed Statement, whether for the same or different citations. A profile-aware verifier that detects both MUST classify the Signed Statement as nonconforming and MUST NOT merge the sets or prefer one carrier. A generic CPB verifier is not expected to recognize a payload profile's private serialization.

Envelope Carriage A CPB-bound Signed Statement MAY carry its typed digest references as a COSE protected header parameter, cpb-refs, registered in . The parameter MUST NOT occur in the unprotected header. Its value is defined by this CDDL : type-tstr, ; type ? 2 => purpose-tstr, ; purpose 3 => digest-alg-tstr, ; digest_alg 4 => digest-value ; digest } type-tstr = tstr .size (1..255) purpose-tstr = tstr .size (1..64) digest-alg-tstr = tstr .size (1..32) digest-value = tstr .size (1..128) / bstr .size (1..128) ]]> The integer keys have these meanings:

Key	Member	CBOR type
1	type	text string
2	purpose	text string
3	digest_alg	text string
4	digest	text string or byte string, matching the selected context's representation ()

The encoded UTF-8 lengths of type, purpose, and digest_alg MUST be, respectively, 1 through 255, 1 through 64, and 1 through 32 octets. The encoded value at key 4 MUST be 1 through 128 octets. The array MUST contain 1 through 64 entries. These limits are part of the wire profile; implementations MAY impose lower deployment limits only when their registration or consuming policy advertises those limits before accepting statements. The map is closed. Keys other than 1 through 4 are not extensions: their presence makes the entire cpb-refs value Malformed. Any missing required key, wrong CBOR type, empty or oversized value, or array outside the declared bounds has the same result. A future extension that changes the reference map requires a standards update or a new COSE header parameter; it MUST NOT be introduced through an unrecognized inner-map key. CBOR map keys MUST be unique as required by this protocol's application of . A decoder MUST detect duplicate keys before any data-model conversion that could discard them. Repeated array entries with the same decoded four-member tuple are also forbidden. A duplicate key or repeated entry makes the entire cpb-refs value Malformed; first-wins, last-wins, partial-success, and duplicate-weighting behavior are prohibited. If any array entry is Malformed, a verifier MUST NOT report another entry from that header value as Verified. The COSE signature result remains independently reportable. The CDDL constrains the data model, not the choice among CBOR serializations. CPB imposes no deterministic-encoding or definite-length requirement beyond and . Test fixtures MAY pin one deterministic encoding solely to make expected bytes reproducible. A conforming verifier MUST NOT reject another otherwise valid encoding solely because its bytes differ from the fixture encoding. If a consuming profile requires understanding cpb-refs before accepting or processing the Signed Statement, the producer MUST include the cpb-refs label in the protected crit header parameter, and a verifier applying that profile MUST reject a statement that omits that critical marking. When the references are advisory to the applicable policy, the producer MAY omit the label from crit. Unsupported critical use is a COSE processing failure as specified by . Critical marking does not make a Malformed, Unresolved, or Failed reference valid. cpb-refs is signature-covered because it is protected-header content, but it becomes authenticated as an issuer claim only after the Signed Statement is Issuer-Authenticated. It is not covered by the payload's derived identifier (), which is computed from the payload content alone.

Payload Carriage This section is informative. A payload profile MAY carry typed digest references in its own serialization — JSON, CBOR, or any other format the payload class defines — as part of the payload bytes that the derived identifier is computed over. This document does not define that serialization: a payload profile that carries references this way states its own field names, container structure, extension behavior, and any profile-specific requiredness beyond 's information model. In Full-Content Mode, the serialized reference data are part of the content supplied to COSE signature verification. In Hash Envelope Mode, the raw digest of the complete statement content is supplied instead, and the reference data are covered only after the verifier obtains that content and validates the hash binding as specified in . Neither kind of coverage makes a typed reference Verified without the processing in . describes one profile-owned example without defining its wire format here. The prohibition on dual carriage in still applies.

Verification Scope Successful verification of a typed digest reference establishes content binding to the referenced artifact under the declared digest context. CPB verification alone MUST NOT be interpreted as establishing issuer authority, artifact validity, scope, freshness, revocation status, policy compliance, semantic acceptance, or application authorization. Any appraisal required by the referenced artifact type or consuming application profile remains a separate verification step. Missing, indeterminate, or failed required appraisal MUST NOT be treated as authorization success. The interchangeability property of typed digest references -- that any artifact type whose digest context can be resolved may fill a citation slot -- applies to citation-binding interoperability only and does not extend to any appraisal or authorization semantics defined by the artifact type or consuming profile.

Profile Independence When a payload profile uses CPB to bind an artifact of another type, it MUST NOT require the CPB citation-binding verifier to interpret the other payload profile's internal fields. The CPB relationship is expressed through a typed reference () that resolves against the cited artifact type's own digest-context declaration. This constraint keeps CPB binding verification decomposable: a verifier evaluates each digest under its own declared context. It does not prohibit an application or consuming profile from defining additional joint semantics or appraisal after the independent content bindings have been checked.

Discovery Mirror This section is informative. A producer MAY place an unprotected COSE header parameter that mirrors the derived identifier of the record when the applicable payload profile defines that parameter's label, type, and processing. CPB does not assign a discovery label or wire encoding. Any such parameter is advisory only: it can help log tooling locate a record's content-address without parsing the payload, but it carries no binding guarantee. A verifier MUST NOT rely on an advisory mirror without obtaining the content and recomputing its derived identifier under the applicable payload profile. A mismatch is a defect in the record and MUST be reported. Section 3.11.2 of defines an unprotected trace-metadata map with optional content-hash and content-hash-alg members. That is an analogous profile-owned discovery mechanism. CPB does not assert wire compatibility with it.

Extensibility and Cross-Cutting Facilities This section is informative. This specification does not define selective disclosure, countersignature or multi-party attestation, record-relation semantics, erasure tombstones, producer timestamps or validity periods, batch aggregation, or profile versioning. A companion or payload profile that defines one specifies its own semantics and wire behavior; it does not thereby extend the closed cpb-refs map.

Security Considerations

Preimages Are Bytes, Not Renderings The preimage of RAW-DIGEST, and therefore of CANONICAL-DIGEST, is the octet string produced by the canonicalization algorithm — not a rendered form, not a console output, and not a string with added whitespace, trailing newlines, or encoding differences. A producer that serializes then re-reads the payload before computing the digest MUST ensure the byte sequence entering the hash function is identical to what the canonicalization algorithm produces, not what a deserializer happens to emit. Diagnosing divergence requires comparing the exact octets, not visual representations.

Low-Entropy Fields A digest hides its pre-image only to the degree the pre-image space is large and unguessable. When a committed value is drawn from a small enumeration, a short identifier, or a bounded numeric range, an adversary can reconstruct it by enumerating candidates and matching digests. A payload class SHOULD commit low-entropy fields under a per-issuer salt or via a selective-disclosure mechanism (see the SD-JWT commitment pattern in ) rather than digesting the bare value. Bare digests of low-entropy fields are not confidential.

Float Values and Digest Reproducibility Different JSON implementations can serialize the same numeric quantity ( number values that are not integers) as 1.0, 1e0, or 1.00; a canonicalization algorithm's number-serialization rule determines whether that variation survives into the digest pre-image. Algorithm jcs () inherits RFC 8785's canonical ECMAScript-based number-to-string procedure ( Section 3.2.2.3), which fixes one serialization per IEEE 754 double-precision value; two conforming implementations that parse the same numeric literal into the same double-precision value therefore produce byte-identical output under jcs. That guarantee is bounded by parsing, not by canonicalization: a JSON parser that rounds a numeric literal to a different double-precision value than another parser produces a different pre-image under any algorithm, jcs included. A payload profile for which this residual risk is unacceptable — for example, one carrying monetary or quantity values — MAY declare its own stricter constraint, such as requiring exact decimal strings instead of JSON numbers, in the fields it selects for digesting; such a constraint is a payload-profile decision, not a requirement this document imposes on every payload class.

Immutable Coordinates A mutable reference — a branch name, a tag that can be moved, a content URL that is not a content-addressed URL — is not evidence. The moment a record is amended at its referent, any citation to the mutable reference silently refers to the new content. A payload profile that relies on CPB to verify a citation MUST express it as a typed digest reference () that pins the content by its CANONICAL-DIGEST. Names, labels, and human-readable identifiers MAY appear alongside a typed reference for display purposes but carry no evidentiary weight. When an artifact type cited in an immutable coordinate has no uniquely resolvable, profile-authorized digest-context declaration, the reference is Unresolved and the consuming profile determines the disposition (). A verifier MUST NOT invent a mapping or reinterpret an existing type token to make an earlier citation verifiable.

Tamper Evidence and Runtime Honesty The envelope signature and the registration Receipt provide tamper evidence for the record's bytes and bound its timing. They do not prove the recording runtime was honest at the moment of recording. A producer that seals a false record produces a structurally valid record of a fiction. A Transparency Service's append-only property bounds the timing of such a record and makes its omission or substitution detectable; it does not make its content true.

Long-Term Verifiability Considerations Artifacts bound under this specification may need to remain verifiable over periods considerably longer than the lifetime of any particular digest or signature algorithm. Because a binding is expressed in terms of a registered algorithm identifier rather than a fixed algorithm, artifacts bound under different algorithms are each well-formed and independently verifiable. Preserving verifiability across an algorithm transition requires that evidence be re-established under a stronger algorithm before the original is considered weak; this cannot be done retroactively. Deployments with long retention requirements SHOULD adopt an evidence-renewal scheme. specifies one such scheme and distinguishes timestamp renewal, which operates on archived evidence alone, from hash-tree renewal, which requires access to the original data objects. This specification does not mandate a particular scheme.

Privacy Considerations CPB provides integrity binding, not confidentiality. Full-Content Mode exposes the statement payload unless another applicable mechanism protects it. Hash Envelope Mode can withhold the preimage, but exposes a stable digest. COSE protected headers are integrity-protected after successful signature validation and issuer-authenticated only after the applicable key policy succeeds; they are not encrypted. In particular, cpb-refs exposes each reference's type, purpose, digest algorithm, and digest value, together with citation-graph structure. These values can enable correlation across records and dictionary attacks against low-entropy artifacts. A producer SHOULD omit cpb-refs or use a profile-defined confidential payload carrier when public header visibility is inappropriate. A consuming profile MUST analyze whether its type and purpose values, stable digests, or citation topology disclose identities, relationships, workflow state, or otherwise sensitive information. type and purpose MUST NOT contain secrets or unnecessary personal data. Low-entropy fields are not confidential merely because they are digested (). Salting, unlinkable identifiers, and selective-disclosure commitments can reduce some risks, but each changes the digest context and MUST be explicitly declared by the applicable profile. A verifier MUST NOT introduce such a transformation implicitly. An anchored record cannot be retracted: a Transparency Service's log is append-only and a registered record persists. Payload classes SHOULD specify which fields, if any, must not be present in a record that is intended to be anchored.

IANA Considerations This document requests the creation of one new IANA registry, the Canonicalization Algorithm Registry (), under a "Canonical Payload Binding" heading, and one registration in an existing IANA registry, the cpb-refs COSE Header Parameter (). The Canonicalization Algorithm Registry uses the Specification Required policy (, Section 4.6); a Designated Expert is required for each registration. This document neither creates nor depends on an artifact-type registry. Artifact-type and digest-context declarations are owned and selected by profiles as specified in . An active entry's algorithm semantics are immutable. If a behavior change is needed, a new entry MUST be registered; an existing name MUST NOT be reinterpreted. Status changes follow the rules below and the same Specification Required policy. IANA is the registry maintainer; no source repository or other body is an alternative registry authority. Before RFC publication, the names in this document are draft-local and the table below is only the requested initial registry contents.

Canonicalization Algorithm Registry This registry records the canonicalization algorithms that may be used to compute CANONICAL-DIGEST values. Each entry pins the pre-image construction it names, its hash function, and its output representation together as a single immutable triple, so that changing any one of the three requires registering a new token rather than reinterpreting an existing one — otherwise a token such as jcs would silently come to mean more than its name states. Registration template:

• Name: A short ASCII identifier suitable for use in protocol fields.
• Status: Active, Reserved, or Withdrawn.
• Preimage construction: A normative description sufficient to implement the canonicalization or byte-selection operation deterministically.
• Hash function and typed-reference token: The hash function and the exact digest_alg string used by a digest context based on this entry.
• COSE hash algorithm: The integer COSE Algorithms registry value used for RFC 9995 Hash Envelope Mode, or "N/A" when that mode is unsupported.
• Output representation: The exact ENCODE_A operation and result type.
• Test vectors: Public positive and negative vectors covering preimage and output boundaries.
• Reference: The stable, publicly available specification that defines the algorithm.

An Active entry MUST complete every field other than permitting "N/A" for the COSE hash algorithm when Hash Envelope Mode is unsupported. A Reserved entry binds only its name and MAY use "N/A" for the remaining algorithm fields. Promotion from Reserved to Active requires a complete registration. An Active or Reserved entry MAY become Withdrawn; withdrawal is terminal, prohibits new use, and does not erase an active entry's last definition, which remains available for historical verification. A Withdrawn name MUST NOT be reassigned. The Designated Expert MUST verify that each required field is unambiguous, the cited specification and vectors are publicly available for an active entry, and the requested registration or status change does not alter the semantics of an existing active or withdrawn definition. Initial contents: The preimage construction for each active entry is given in .

Name	Status	Hash / token	COSE	Output	Test Vectors	Reference
jcs	Active	SHA-256 / SHA-256	-16	64-char lowerhex		This document
jcs-n	Withdrawn	SHA-256 / SHA-256	-16	64-char lowerhex		This document
cde-n	Withdrawn	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A -- no definition exists	This document
as-transmitted	Active	SHA-256 / SHA-256	-16	64-char lowerhex		This document

Test Vector Locations The public vector locations named by the initial registrations are:

• jcs: https://github.com/action-state-group/scitt-payload-binding/tree/main/vectors/jcs
• historical jcs-n: https://github.com/action-state-group/scitt-payload-binding/tree/main/vectors/jcs-n
• as-transmitted: https://github.com/action-state-group/scitt-payload-binding/tree/main/vectors/as-transmitted

A payload class or typed digest reference naming cde-n MUST NOT be treated as verifiable under any vintage: the token was bound by a reserved entry but never assigned a definition, so no construction exists to verify against, and a verifier encountering it MUST fail closed; for a typed reference, the outcome is Failed. A payload class or typed digest reference naming jcs-n MUST NOT be newly declared; records committed under it before 2026-08-18 are governed by the vintage rule in . Both withdrawals are recorded terminal states, not deletions: the tokens stay bound and are never assigned or reassigned. See and . An artifact type MUST NOT declare as-transmitted without a byte-boundary selector that cites a named production in the container specification (). Without that selector, an as-transmitted declaration states nothing: there is no field set, no exclusion set, and no canonicalization to fall back on for the pre-image construction.

COSE Header Parameters Registration This document requests registration of the following entry in the "COSE Header Parameters" registry , Section 11.1:

Name	Label	Value Type	Value Registry	Description	Reference
cpb-refs	TBD1	array		A closed, bounded array of typed digest references encoded as specified in	This document

IANA is requested to assign an integer value for TBD1. The registry uses the Specification Required policy (, Section 4.6). cpb-refs may appear in the protected header only and MUST NOT appear in the unprotected header. Its critical-processing behavior and the distinction among signature coverage, authentication, and reference verification are specified in .

Related Work defines the protected parameters and COSE payload semantics for signing a hash rather than its preimage. CPB Hash Envelope Mode () uses that format and names, through the applicable payload profile, the canonicalization that precedes the registered hash function. defines generic COSE Receipts. The CCF Receipt Profile defines one VDS-specific Receipt profile. CPB does not alter either format. independently derives a similar canonical claim construction in its Sections 3 and 4.1. Its Claim Hash uses its own normalization, deterministic encoding, and deployment-blinding rules. It is not byte-compatible with a CPB jcs identifier, and implementations MUST NOT substitute one construction for the other. defines trace-metadata at the conversation grain in Section 3.11.2, including optional content-hash metadata in an unprotected header. notes the analogous design without claiming a shared label or wire format. CPB does not normatively depend on that document. derives a protected CWT sub value from an application-admitted structured Value. It explicitly does not derive that subject from the Statement payload or define generic payload binding. CPB instead derives identifiers for Statement content and binds digest references; it does not replace that document's subject-identity profile. gives general principles for fixing the comparison domain, equivalence relation, and complete derivation semantics of independently produced identifiers. It defines no wire syntax, canonicalization format, or hash procedure. CPB instantiates such choices for its narrower Statement-content and typed-reference mechanisms. defines protected-object and Statement-reference models, relationship vocabulary, and an optional graph manifest. It does not define CPB's canonicalization algorithm registry, derived-identifier procedure, or cpb-refs carrier; CPB does not import its graph semantics. defines hash-based ni and nih names, URI/URL representations, and associated registries. CPB names the preimage construction and digest context used for its bindings but defines no URI syntax or resolution protocol. defines an authorization receipt that binds an enrolled approver key to one action before execution, and states that the receipt establishes only the guarantees of the verification profile it selects. CPB defines no approver enrolment and no authorization semantics: a Signed Statement constructed under this document carries no claim that the action it describes was authorized. addresses the complementary problem in the RATS domain: composing application-layer action evidence with remote attestation. defines composition and conformance rules for multi-agent accountability chains. They address composition and appraisal questions outside CPB's payload-neutral binding rules; CPB does not import their payload semantics.

References Normative References In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. Many protocols make use of points of extensibility that use constants to identify various protocol parameters. To ensure that the values in these fields do not have conflicting uses and to promote interoperability, their allocations are often coordinated by a central record keeper. For IETF protocols, that role is filled by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). To make assignments in a given registry prudently, guidance describing the conditions under which new values should be assigned, as well as when and how modifications to existing values can be made, is needed. This document defines a framework for the documentation of these guidelines by specification authors, in order to assure that the provided guidance for the IANA Considerations is clear and addresses the various issues that are likely in the operation of a registry. This is the third edition of this document; it obsoletes RFC 5226. This document defines procedures for the specification and registration of media types for use in HTTP, MIME, and other Internet protocols. This memo documents an Internet Best Current Practice. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight, text-based, language-independent data interchange format. It was derived from the ECMAScript Programming Language Standard. JSON defines a small set of formatting rules for the portable representation of structured data. This document removes inconsistencies with other specifications of JSON, repairs specification errors, and offers experience-based interoperability guidance. This document proposes a notational convention to express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) data structures (RFC 7049). Its main goal is to provide an easy and unambiguous way to express structures for protocol messages and data formats that use CBOR or JSON. Cryptographic operations like hashing and signing need the data to be expressed in an invariant format so that the operations are reliably repeatable. One way to address this is to create a canonical representation of the data. Canonicalization also permits data to be exchanged in its original form on the "wire" while cryptographic operations performed on the canonicalized counterpart of the data in the producer and consumer endpoints generate consistent results. This document describes the JSON Canonicalization Scheme (JCS). This specification defines how to create a canonical representation of JSON data by building on the strict serialization methods for JSON primitives defined by ECMAScript, constraining JSON data to the Internet JSON (I-JSON) subset, and by using deterministic property sorting. The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. These design goals make it different from earlier binary serializations such as ASN.1 and MessagePack. This document obsoletes RFC 7049, providing editorial improvements, new details, and errata fixes while keeping full compatibility with the interchange format of RFC 7049. It does not create a new version of the format. Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format designed for small code size and small message size. There is a need to be able to define basic security services for this data format. This document defines the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) protocol. This specification describes how to create and process signatures, message authentication codes, and encryption using CBOR for serialization. This specification additionally describes how to represent cryptographic keys using CBOR. This document, along with RFC 9053, obsoletes RFC 8152. CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) Receipts prove properties of a Verifiable Data Structure (VDS) to a verifier. VDSs and associated Proof Types enable security properties, such as minimal disclosure, transparency, and non-equivocation. Transparency helps maintain trust over time and has been applied to certificates, end-to-end encrypted messaging systems, and supply chain security. This specification enables concise transparency-oriented systems by building on Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and COSE. The extensibility of the approach is demonstrated by providing CBOR encodings for Merkle inclusion and consistency proofs. Traceability in supply chains is a growing security concern. While Verifiable Data Structures (VDSs) have addressed specific issues, such as equivocation over digital certificates, they lack a universal architecture for all supply chains. This document defines such an architecture for single-issuer signed statement transparency. It ensures extensibility and interoperability between different transparency services as well as compliance with various auditing procedures and regulatory requirements. This document defines new CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) header parameters for signaling a payload as an output of a hash function. This mechanism enables faster validation, as access to the original payload is not required for signature validation. Additionally, hints of the hashed payload's content format and availability are defined, providing references to optional discovery mechanisms that can help to find the original payload content. Informative References JSON Web Signature (JWS) represents content secured with digital signatures or Message Authentication Codes (MACs) using JSON-based data structures. Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this specification are described in the separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification and an IANA registry defined by that specification. Related encryption capabilities are described in the separate JSON Web Encryption (JWE) specification. This document defines a set of ways to identify a thing (a digital object in this case) using the output from a hash function. It specifies a new URI scheme for this purpose, a way to map these to HTTP URLs, and binary and human-speakable formats for these names. The various formats are designed to support, but not require, a strong link to the referenced object, such that the referenced object may be authenticated to the same degree as the reference to it. The reason for this work is to standardise current uses of hash outputs in URLs and to support new information-centric applications and other uses of hash outputs in protocols. This document describes version 2.0 of the Certificate Transparency (CT) protocol for publicly logging the existence of Transport Layer Security (TLS) server certificates as they are issued or observed, in a manner that allows anyone to audit certification authority (CA) activity and notice the issuance of suspect certificates as well as to audit the certificate logs themselves. The intent is that eventually clients would refuse to honor certificates that do not appear in a log, effectively forcing CAs to add all issued certificates to the logs. This document obsoletes RFC 6962. It also specifies a new TLS extension that is used to send various CT log artifacts. Logs are network services that implement the protocol operations for submissions and queries that are defined in this document. This specification defines a mechanism for the selective disclosure of individual elements of a JSON data structure used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS). The primary use case is the selective disclosure of JSON Web Token (JWT) claims. In many scenarios, users must be able prove the existence and integrity of data, including digitally signed data, in a common and reproducible way over a long and possibly undetermined period of time. This document specifies the syntax and processing of an Evidence Record, a structure designed to support long-term non-repudiation of existence of data. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Fraunhofer SIT Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Microsoft Research This document defines a new verifiable data structure (VDS) type for COSE Receipts and inclusion proofs specifically designed for append- only logs produced by the Confidential Consortium Framework (CCF) to provide stronger tamper-evidence guarantees. Action State Group, Inc. Certisyn, Inc. Action State Group, Inc. MyAuberge K.K. EMILIA Protocol, Inc. Independent Tyche Institute Tyche Institute EMILIA Protocol, Inc. Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) Glyphzero, Inc. Meridian Verity Group

Synthetic Registration Walkthrough This appendix illustrates the mechanics of , , and using a non-domain-specific payload class. No domain vocabulary from any specific profile is used. Payload class: temperature-record. Fields: station_id (string), timestamp (string), celsius (exact decimal string), record_id (string). Exclusion set: {record_id}. Algorithm: jcs. Representation: bare 64-char lowercase hex. Step 1 — Construct the payload: Step 2 — Apply the exclusion set: Remove record_id (it is in the exclusion set). The resulting object is: Step 3 — Compute the derived identifier: Apply JCS to produce the canonical octet string. Compute SHA-256 and encode as lowercase hex. The result is the record_id value to be placed back into the payload for transport. Step 4 — Construct the Signed Statement: Use Full-Content Mode (): wrap the complete payload, including the now-populated record_id, in an RFC 9943 Signed Statement. Its protected header includes:

• alg: the producer's signing algorithm;
• content_type: application/example+json, used here only as the illustrative media type from the RFC 9943 examples;
• CWT Claims (label 15), including an iss such as https://issuer.example and a sub such as urn:example:temperature-record:WS-42; and
• key identification or certificate parameters conforming to RFC 9943.

A real temperature-record profile would specify an appropriate media type; CPB does not register one. Step 5 — Register and receive a Receipt: Submit the Signed Statement to a SCITT Transparency Service. Attach the returned Receipt to the unprotected header. The Transparent Statement is now suitable for distribution to verifiers. Step 6 — Verify: A verifier validates the Signed Statement signature and RFC 9943 headers, extracts the payload, strips record_id, applies JCS, recomputes SHA-256, and compares the result to the carried record_id. If a Receipt is present, the verifier separately verifies it under a trusted Transparency Service key. The signature, content binding, and Receipt results remain distinct.

Synthetic Two-Slot Composition This appendix illustrates using two cooperating payload classes. No domain vocabulary is used. Scenario: a decision-record payload class cites an authorization-doc using a typed digest reference. Authorization doc (payload class authorization-doc; algorithm jcs): Its derived identifier is computed with doc_id in the exclusion set. Suppose the result is "ab12cd34...". Decision record (payload class decision-record; algorithm jcs): For this example, the profile selects payload carriage and therefore the Signed Statement does not also contain cpb-refs. The profile accepts a stable specification for authorization-doc that declares exactly one digest context, using jcs, the SHA-256 token, and lowercase hexadecimal output. purpose is therefore omitted. The typed reference authorization cites the authorization doc by its artifact type and derived identifier. A verifier can confirm the doc was cited by resolving the authorization-doc artifact type's digest context from its governing specification, recomputing "ab12cd34..." from the doc's bytes, and matching. Composability: a profile-aware parser first extracts the reference from the decision-record payload. Generic citation-binding verification then needs the accepted authorization-doc digest-context declaration and cited artifact, but no other decision-record semantics. Whether this citation slot permits that type is determined by the consuming profile. Artifact appraisal, authorization semantics, and application integration remain separate.

Field-Verified Instances The instances in this appendix were chosen to illustrate the mechanisms of , , and . They are not a ranking. Two parties appear in every instance: the implementing system and the verification counterparty. The common counterparty in each case is the AAC reference implementation, which is present as a verifier, not as the subject. This is a historical record and is not edited retroactively: the instances below report what ran at the time, under algorithm jcs-n, which is withdrawn as of this revision (). The byte-agreement result each instance reports is a property of applying RFC 8785 JCS consistently, which jcs () also provides going forward. Owner consent status: Anton Sokolov (Tyche Institute) — confirmed 2026-07-24. Tom Sato (GAR/SOOS) — confirmed 2026-07-25. Tymofii Pidlisnyi (Agent Passport System) — confirmed 2026-07-24 (on-issue).

Deep Mechanism Instances

Glyphzero Byte-Agreement — Algorithm Determinism Public record: Glyphzero PEDIGREE delegation record, IETF 126 hackathon. What ran: Two independently written RFC 8785 JCS implementations — Glyphzero's (Rampalli), used to produce its PEDIGREE delegation records , and the AAC reference implementation — computed a digest over the same delegation record and both produced subject_digest 0b4da06b... without any coordination on byte ordering beyond RFC 8785 itself. The record carried no null, empty-array or empty-object member, so the absent-field normalization pass jcs-n added to JCS did not apply to it; the agreement is an agreement about RFC 8785 JCS, which is the part jcs () carries forward. Mechanism illustrated: . RFC 8785 JCS is reproducible across separately written implementations. The agreement was not premeditated; it emerged from two systems applying the same algorithm independently. This instance does not evidence an independent implementation of the withdrawn normalization pass, and the implementer census () records that there was none. Consent: Karthik Rampalli (Glyphzero) confirmed 2026-07-25 (email, with corrections).

GAR Session Block — Leaf Construction Rule Public record: GAR Session Block anchor, IETF 126 hackathon; gar-core.ts commit fe18f24; CT leaf 166. What ran: A GAR Session Block record was registered in a SCITT Transparency Service (RFC9162_SHA256 VDS; ). The log leaf was constructed as SHA-256 of the raw bytes of the derived identifier — bytes.fromhex(id), not id.encode("utf-8"). The inclusion proof verified correctly against the anchored Merkle root only when the leaf used the raw bytes. Mechanism illustrated: . The leaf-bytes-not-hex rule was discovered during live anchoring when a leaf constructed from the hex string failed to verify; switching to raw bytes produced the correct root. Consent: Tom Sato (GAR/SOOS) — confirmed 2026-07-25.

A2A Boundary Seal — Derived Identifier as Protocol Gate Public record: capsule-emit issue #29, verified offline at https://github.com/action-state-group/capsule-emit/issues/29. What ran: An A2A-protocol boundary producer submitted a record to a SCITT Transparency Service and used the derived identifier as a protocol-layer gate (capsule.digest / capsule.resolve). The receipt was verified offline using a conforming SCITT verifier (scitt-cose verify_receipt → ok=True), and the Merkle inclusion proof (verify_inclusion) folded to the anchored root. A DENY negative case was also demonstrated: a fabricated derived identifier not present in the log returned 404 on the resolve step and DENY on the gate. Classification (exact): single-machine loopback rehearsal, independently reproduced. The read-only resolve path (/anchor/inclusion-proof-ct) is live at anchor.agentactioncapsule.org; a networked cross-machine close is pending counterparty schedule. Mechanism illustrated: and applied at a protocol boundary: the derived identifier is stable across network hops and usable as a verifiable join key without payload disclosure. Consent: Anton Sokolov (Tyche Institute) — confirmed 2026-07-24.

Field Table — IETF 126 Participants The following table lists all parties that ran verifiable instances at the IETF 126 hackathon. Rows appear in alphabetical order by party name; the order carries no ranking.

Party	Record type	What ran	Public record
Agent Passport System (Pidlisnyi)	Decision record	Content-derived action reference; NFC + code-point sort + JCS; bidirectional cross-runs 6/6 + 24/24	draft-pidlisnyi-aps + hackathon coordinates
EP (Schrock)	Named-human approval	Three independent codebases produced 8cf0c36e...; three-computation single-digest	agent-action-capsule PR #40
GAR (Sato)	Kernel session block	Sealed as record; CT leaf = SHA-256(raw bytes of id); leaf 166 verified	gar-core.ts commit fe18f24
Glyphzero (Rampalli)	Delegation record	Two independent JCS implementations; subject_digest 0b4da06b...	Glyphzero PEDIGREE hackathon record
Microsoft (Chamayou)	Two-TS statement	One payload, two receipt profiles (ccf.v1 + RFC9162_SHA256) in conjunction	scitt-ccf-ledger PR #424
Sokolov (Tyche)	Boundary-seal	A2A gate; derived-id as resolve key; DENY negative; offline Receipt verify	capsule-emit issue #29

The composition vector set behind the EP row is public and hash-pinned: action-state-group/agent-action-capsule pull request #40, merged as commit ff6edfedb6f9c72dd65b8eb870d38958421d35bc, directory interop-vectors/composition, with a SHA256SUMS manifest fixing the seventeen files it lists. What that set carries is the capsule producer's and the receipt producer's independent computations of 8cf0c36e.... It does not carry a third computation of that digest; its reserved third-attestor case is a placeholder for a separate attestor's claim over the same subject and is not runnable. A reader comparing the two should note that the row above reports what the parties ran in July, and this set was frozen afterwards.

Agreed and Scheduled The following cross-verifications are agreed and scheduled but have not produced field-verified instances at time of writing:

• VTO/libp2p (M.S. Gupta) — content-addressed telemetry objects citing action records across grains.
• VSO/VeritasChain (Kamimura) — verifiable service objects under jcs.

Field-verified instances are expected to be added in future revisions as cross-verifications complete. The PermitReceipt × MachineMandate composition is excluded from this appendix. It is recorded in the AAC interop registry (INTEROP.md).

Profile-Owned Payload Carriage Example This appendix is informative. Section 5.5.5 of defines a payload-level references array. In revision -04, each entry's identity uses the profile-owned JSON members type, digest_alg, and digest; the separate citation_purpose member describes why the Capsule cites the target. That field is not CPB's purpose, which selects a digest context. This is an example of the profile-owned payload carriage described in , not a CPB JSON wire format. CPB neither imports nor redefines AAC's field names, additional members, or extension behavior. Implementers of that carrier follow the cited AAC revision. An AAC consuming profile that applies CPB verification also identifies by stable normative reference the artifact-type and digest-context declarations it accepts, as required by , and does not include cpb-refs in the same Signed Statement.

Acknowledgments The following individuals contributed findings from the IETF 126 hackathon in Vienna that directly shaped the rules in this document. All attributions cite public artifacts. Contributors [all named attributions and contributor acknowledgments individually confirmed: Anton Sokolov (confirmed 2026-07-24), Iman Schrock (confirmed 2026-07-24), Tom Sato (confirmed 2026-07-25), Yong Bok Lee (Scott Lee) (contributor attribution confirmed 2026-07-27), Tymofii Pidlisnyi (Agent Passport System, confirmed 2026-07-24, on-issue), Karthik Rampalli (Glyphzero, confirmed 2026-07-25, email, with corrections)]:

• Anton Sokolov (Tyche Institute) — assurance-boundary discipline; the A2A boundary-seal instance in .
• Yong Bok Lee (Scott Lee), Meridian Verity Group — ORPRG-derived cross-profile digest-context discipline: equal-looking digest text alone is not a valid join; a typed reference is verified by recomputing the referenced artifact under its established digest context and comparing that result with the digest carried in the reference, not with the citing record's own derived identifier. Also contributed the representation-boundary distinction among raw digest bytes, bare lowercase hexadecimal text, and prefixed text, and the verification-scope boundary separating typed-reference content binding from artifact-specific appraisal and authorization. See .
• Tymofii Pidlisnyi (Agent Passport System) — the content-derived action reference pattern (NFC + code-point sort + JCS) demonstrating that RFC 8785 JCS generalizes across canonicalization styles; bidirectional cross-runs with confirmed byte-agreement.
• Tom Sato (GAR/SOOS) — the leaf-bytes-not-hex finding documented in : the log leaf hashes the raw bytes of the derived identifier, not the hex-string encoding.
• Karthik Rampalli (Glyphzero) — independent JCS implementation byte-agreement on subject_digest 0b4da06b..., demonstrating that RFC 8785 JCS is reproducible across separately written implementations.
• Iman Schrock (EMILIA/EP) — confirmed 2026-07-24; wording narrowed at the contributor's request 2026-09-07 — the single-digest composition instance (8cf0c36e...), in which an authorization receipt and an action record produced by different implementations carry the same action digest. The vector set cited in contains those two computations.

Acknowledged [Amaury Chamayou confirmed 2026-07-24 (email)]:

• Amaury Chamayou (Microsoft) — two-TS single-statement demonstration; the vds-from-protected-header finding subsequently mirrored in microsoft/scitt-ccf-ledger #424.