Network Working Group A. Malis
Internet-Draft Independent
Intended status: Informational X. Geng
Expires: January 14, 2021 M. Chen
Huawei
F. Qin
China Mobile
B. Varga
Ericsson
July 13, 2020

Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Controller Plane Framework
draft-malis-detnet-controller-plane-framework-04

Abstract

This document provides a framework overview for the Deterministic Networking (DetNet) controller plane. It discusses concepts and requirements that will be basis for Detnet controller plane solution documents.

Status of This Memo

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Deterministic Networking (DetNet) provides the capability to carry specified unicast and/or multicast data flows for real-time applications with extremely low data loss rates and bounded latency within a network domain. As discussed in the Deterministic Networking Architecture [RFC8655], techniques used to provide this capability include reserving data plane resources for individual (or aggregated) DetNet flows in some or all of the intermediate nodes along the path of the flow, providing explicit routes for DetNet flows that do not immediately change with the network topology, and distributing data from DetNet flow packets over time and/or space to ensure delivery of each packet’s data in spite of the loss of a path.

The DetNet data plane is defined in a set of documents that are anchored by the DetNet Data Plane Framework [I-D.ietf-detnet-data-plane-framework] and the associated DetNet MPLS [I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls] and DetNet IP [I-D.ietf-detnet-ip] data plane specifications, with additional details and subnet mappings provided in [I-D.ietf-detnet-ip-over-mpls], [I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls-over-udp-ip], [I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls-over-tsn], [I-D.ietf-detnet-ip-over-tsn], and interconnection of TSN networks [I-D.ietf-detnet-tsn-vpn-over-mpls].

While the Detnet Architecture and Data Plane Framework documents are primarily concerned with data plane operations, they do contain some references and requirements for functions that would be required in order to automate DetNet service provisioning and monitoring via a DetNet controller plane. The purpose of this document is to gather these references and requirements into a single document and discuss how various possible DetNet controller plane architectures could be used to satisfy these requirements, while not providing the actual protocol details for a DetNet controller plane solution. Such controller plane protocol solutions will be the subject of subsequent documents.

Note that in the DetNet overall architecture, the controller plane includes what are more traditionally considered separate control and management planes. Traditionally, the management plane is primarily involved with node and network provisioning, operational OAM for performance monitoring, and troubleshooting network behaviors and outages, while the control plane is primarily responsible for the instantiation and maintenance of flows, MPLS label allocation and distribution, and active in-band or out-of-band signaling to support these functions. In the DetNet architecture, all of this functionality is combined into a single Controller Plane. See Section 4.4.2 of [RFC8655] and the aggregation of Control and Management planes in [RFC7426] for further details.

1.1. Terminology

This document uses the terminology established in the DetNet Architecture [RFC8655], and the reader is assumed to be familiar with that document and its terminology.

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “NOT RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

2. DetNet Controller Plane Requirements

Other DetNet documents, including [RFC8655] and [I-D.ietf-detnet-data-plane-framework], contain requirements for the Controller Plane. For convenience, these requirements have been compiled here. These requirements have been organized to show those primarily related to the control plane, those primarily relate to the management plane, and those applicable to both planes.

2.1. DetNet Control Plane Requirements

The primary requirements of the DetNet Control Plane are that it must be able to:

2.2. DetNet Management Plane Requirements

The primary requirements of the DetNet Management Plane are that it must be able to:

2.3. Requirements For Both Planes

The following requirements apply to both the DetNet Controller and Management Planes:

3. DetNet Control Plane Architecture

As noted in the Introduction, the DetNet control plane is responsible for the instantiation and maintenance of flows, allocation and distribution of flow related information (e.g., MPLS label), and active in-band or out-of-band information distribution to support these functions.

The following sections define three possible classes of DetNet control plane architectures: a fully distributed control plane utilizing dynamic signaling protocols, a fully centralized SDN-like control plane, and a control plane combining these two. They discuss the various information exchanges between entities in the network in each of these architectures and the advantages and disadvantages of each option.

In each of the following sections, examples are used to illustrate possible mechanisms that could be used in each of the architectures. These are not meant to be exhaustive or to preclude any other possible mechanism that could be used in place of those used in the examples.

3.1. Distributed Control Plane and Signaling Protocols

In a fully distributed configuration model, User-to-Network Interface (UNI) information is transmitted over a (to-be-defined) DetNet UNI protocol from the user side to the network side, and then UNI and network configuration information propagate in the network via distributed control plane signaling protocols. Such a DetNet UNI protocol are not visible in case of DetNet capable End-systems.

Taking an RSVP-TE traffic-engineered MPLS network, where End systems are not part of the DetNet domain, as a theoretical example:

  1. An IGP collects topology information and DetNet capabilities of the network nodes
  2. The control plane of the ingress edge node receives a flow establishment request from the UNI and calculates one or more valid path(s);
  3. Using RSVP-TE [RFC3209], the ingress edge node sends a PATH message with an explicit route. After receiving the PATH message, the egress edge node sends a RESV message with the distributed label and resource reservation request.

IGP in the above example would require extensions to incorporate DetNet capabilities. Similarly, current reservation-oriented distributed control plane protocols, e.g. RSVP-TE, can only reserve bandwidth along the path, while the configuration of a fine-grained schedule, e.g., Enhancements for Scheduled Traffic [IEEE.802.1QBV_2015], is not supported. If RSVP-TE were to be used for serving a DetNet flow, it would require extensions in order to support queue and scheduler reservations in addition to bandwidth reservation.

As discussed in Section 4.9 of [RFC8655], scalability is a primary concern for DetNet, given the large number of expected flows in a DetNet domain. This could potentially be much larger than, for example, the number of full-mesh MPLS traffic tunnels in a network using MPLS traffic engineering, which would typically be N*(N-1) tunnels, where N is the number of edge routers in the domain.

Even when flow aggregation is used, DetNet domains can be expected to support a very large number of flows that will need particular queuing disciplines and/or resource allocation, depending on the requirements for each flow. This could require a large amount of dynamic signaling, such as an RSVP-TE session to establish and maintain each flow. Other RSVP-TE scalability concerns are further discussed in [RFC5439].

All of the above tends to argue against a purely distributed control plane for DetNet domains.

3.2. SDN/Fully Centralized Control Plane

In the fully SDN/centralized configuration model, flow/UNI information is transmitted from a Centralized User Configuration or from applications via an API or northbound interface to a Centralized Controller, which is the sole source of routing and forwarding information for the domain. Configurations of nodes for DetNet flows are performed by the controller using a protocol such as NETCONF [RFC6241]/YANG [RFC6020] or PCE-CC [RFC8283].

Taking again an MPLS network, where End systems are not part of the DetNet domain, as a theoretical example:

  1. A Centralized Controller collects topology information and DetNet capabilities of the network nodes via NETCONF/YANG;
  2. The Controller receives a flow establishment request from a UNI and calculates one or more valid path(s) through the network;
  3. The Controller chooses the optimal path and configures the devices along that path for flow transmission via PCE-CC.

Protocols in the above example may require extensions to incorporate DetNet specific parameters.

3.3. Combined Control Plane (partly centralized, partly distributed)

In the combined model, a Controller and control plane protocols work together to provide DetNet services, and there are a number of possible combinations.

Using an RSVP-TE traffic-engineered MPLS network with centralized PCE (Path Computation Engine), where End systems are not part of the DetNet domain, as a theoretical example:

  1. A Centralized Controller collects topology information and DetNet capabilities of the network nodes via an IGP and/or BGP-LS [RFC7752];
  2. The Controller receives a flow establishment request from a Network Management System and calculates one or more valid path(s) through the network;
  3. Based on the calculation result, the Controller distributes flow path information to the ingress edge node and other information (e.g. replication/duplicate elimination) to the relevant nodes.
  4. Using RSVP-TE, the ingress edge node sends a PATH message with an explicit route. After receiving the PATH message, the egress edge node sends a RESV message with the distributed label and resource reservation request.

Similarly to Distributed Control Plane and SDN/Fully Centralized Control Plane scenarios extensions of protocols are required to incorporate DetNet specific parameters.

There are many other variations that could be included in a combined control plane. This document cannot discuss all the possible control plane mechanisms that could be used in combined configuration models. Every solution has its own mechanisms and corresponding parameters that are required for it to work.

4. DetNet Control Plane Additional Details and Issues

This section discusses some additional DetNet control plane details and issues.

4.1. Explicit Paths

Explicit paths are required in DetNet to provide a stable forwarding service and guarantee that DetNet service is not impacted when the network topology changes. The following features are necessary to have explicit paths in DetNet:

4.2. Resource Reservation

Network congestion could cause uncontrolled delay and/or packet loss. DetNet flows are supposed to be protected from congestion, so sufficient resource reservation for DetNet service is necessary. Resources in the network are complex and hard to quantize, and may include such entities as packet processing resources, packet buffering, port and link bandwidth, and so on. The resources a particular flow requires are determined by the flow’s characteristics and SLA.

4.3. PREOF Support

DetNet path redundancy is supported via packet replication, duplicate elimination, and packet ordering functions (PREOF). A DetNet flow is replicated and goes through multiple networks paths to avoid packet loss caused by device or link failures. In general, current control plane mechanisms that can be used to establish an explicit path, whether distributed or centralized, support point-to-point (P2P) and point-to-multipoint (P2MP) path establishment. PREOF requires the ability to compute and establish a set of multiple paths (e.g., multiple LSP segments in an MPLS network) from the point(s) of packet replication to the point(s) of packet merging and ordering. Mapping of DetNet (member) flows to explicit path segments has to be ensured as well. Protocol extensions will be required to support these new features. Terminology will also be required to refer to this coordinated set of path segments (such as an “LSP graph” in case of DetNet MPLS data plane).

4.4. Data Plane specific considerations

4.4.1. DetNet in an MPLS Domain

For the purposes of this document, “traditional MPLS” is defined as MPLS without the use of segment routing (see Section 4.4.3 for a discussion of MPLS with segment routing) or MPLS-TP [RFC5960].

In traditional MPLS domains, a dynamic control plane using distributed signaling protocols is typically used for the distribution of MPLS labels used for forwarding MPLS packets. The dynamic signaling protocols most commonly used for label distribution are LDP [RFC5036], RSVP-TE, and BGP [RFC8277] (which enables BGP/MPLS-based Layer 3 VPNs [RFC4384] and Layer 2 VPNs [RFC7432]).

Any of these protocols could be used to distribute DetNet Service Labels (S-Labels) and Aggregation Labels (A-Labels) [I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls]. As discussed in [I-D.ietf-detnet-data-plane-framework], S-Labels are similar to other MPLS service labels, such as pseudowire, L3 VPN, and L2 VPN labels, and could be distributed in a similar manner, such as through the use of targeted LDP or BGP. If these were to be used for DetNet, they would require extensions to support DetNet-specific features such as PREOF, aggregation (A-Labels), node resource allocation, and queue placement.

However, as discussed in Section 3.1, distributed signaling protocols may have difficulty meeting DetNet’s scalability requirements. MPLS also allows SDN-like centralized label management and distribution as an alternative to distributed signaling protocols, using protocols such as PCEP and OpenFlow [OPENFLOW].

PCEP, particularly when used as a part of PCE-CC, is a possible candidate protocol to use for centralized management of traditional MPLS-based DetNet domains. However, PCE path calculation algorithms would need to be extended to include the location determination for PREOF nodes in a path, and the means to signal the necessary resource reservation and PREOF function placement information to network nodes. See ((?I-D.ietf-pce-pcep-extension-for-pce-controller)) for further discussion of PCE-CC and PCEP for centralized control of an MPLS domain.

4.4.2. DetNet in an IP Domain

For the purposes of this document, “traditional IP” is defined as IP without the use of segment routing (see Section 4.4.3 for a discussion of IP with segment routing). In a later revision of this document, this section will discuss possible protocol extensions to existing IP routing protocols such as OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP. It should be noted that a DetNet IP data plane [I-D.ietf-detnet-ip] is simpler than a DetNet MPLS data plane [I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls], and doesn’t support PREOF, so only one path per flow or flow aggregate is required.

4.4.3. DetNet in a Segment Routing Domain

Segment Routing [RFC8402] is a scalable approach to building network domains that provides explicit routing via source routing encoded in packet headers and it is combined with centralized network control to compute paths through the network. Forwarding paths are distributed with associated policy to network edge nodes for use in packet headers. As such, segment routing can be considered as a new data plane for both MPLS and IP. It reduces the amount of network signaling associated with distributed signaling protocols such as RSVP-TE, and also reduces the amount of state in core nodes compared with that required for traditional MPLS and IP routing, as the state is now in the packets rather than in the routers. This could be useful for DetNet, where a very large number of flows through a network domain are expected, which would otherwise require the instantiation of state for each flow traversing each node in the network. However, further analysis is needed on the expected gain, as DetNet flows may require various type of DetNet specific resources as well.

In a later revision of this document, this section will discuss the impact of DetNet on the Segment Routing Control and Management planes. Note that the DetNet MPLS and IP data planes described in [I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls] and [I-D.ietf-detnet-ip] were constructed to be compatible with both types of segment routing, SR-MPLS [RFC8660] and SRv6 [I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header]. However, as of this writing, traffic engineering and resource reservation for segment routing are currently unsolved problems.

Editor’s note: this section may be collapsed to previous sections and listing MPLS segment routing in the MPLS section as one of the possible explicit routing techniques for MPLS, and do the same for IP.

5. Management Plane Overview

The Management Plane includes the ability to statically provision network nodes and to use OAM to monitor DetNet performance and detect outages or other issues at the DetNet layer.

5.1. Provisioning

Static provisioning in a Detnet network nodes will be performed via the use of appropriate YANG models, including [I-D.ietf-detnet-yang] and [I-D.ietf-detnet-topology-yang].

5.2. DetNet Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM)

The overall framework and requirements for DetNet OAM are discussed in [I-D.mirsky-detnet-oam]. This document currently includes additional OAM details that may eventually be merged into that document.

5.2.1. OAM for Performance Monitoring (PM)

5.2.1.1. Active PM

Active PM is performed by injecting OAM packets into the network to estimate the performance of the network by measuring the performance of the OAM packets. Adding extra traffic can affect the delay and throughput performance of the network, and for this reason active PM is not recommended for use in operational DetNet domains. However, it is a useful test tool when commissioning a new network or during troubleshooting.

5.2.1.2. Passive PM

Passive PM monitors the actual service traffic in a network domain in order to measure its performance without having a detrimental affect on the network. As compared to Active PM, Passive PM is much preferred for use in DetNet domains.

5.2.2. OAM for Connectivity and Fault/Defect Management (CFM)

[I-D.mirsky-detnet-oam] contains requirements for connectivity and fault/defect detection and management in a DetNet domain.

6. Gap Analysis

In a later revision of this document, this section will contain a gap analysis of existing IETF control and management plane protocols not already discussed elsewhere in this document for their ability (or inability) to satisfy the requirements in Section 2, and discuss possible protocol extensions to existing protocols to fill the gaps, if any.

7. IANA Considerations

This document has no actions for IANA.

Note to RFC Editor: this section may be removed on publication as an RFC.

8. Security Considerations

Editor’s note: This section needs more details.

The overall security considerations of DetNet are discussed in [RFC8655] and [I-D.ietf-detnet-security]. For DetNet networks that make use of Segment Routing (whether SR-MPLS or SRv6), the security considerations in [RFC8402] also apply.

DetNet networks that make use of a centralized controller plane may be threatened by the loss of connectivity (whether accidental or malicious) between the central controller and the network nodes, and/or the spoofing of control messages from the controller to the network nodes. This is important since such networks depend on centralized controllers to calculate flow paths and instantiate flow state in the network nodes. For networks that use both DetNet and Segment Routing with a centralized controller, this would also include the calculation of SID lists and their installation in edge/border routers.

In both cases, such threats may be mitigated through redundant controllers, the use of authentication between the controller(s) and the network nodes, and other mechanisms for protection against DOS attacks. A mechanism for supporting one or more alternative central controllers and the ability to fail over to such an alternative controller will be required.

9. Acknowledgments

Thanks to Jim Guichard, Donald Eastlake, and Stewart Bryant for their review comments.

10. References

10.1. Normative References

[I-D.ietf-detnet-data-plane-framework] Varga, B., Farkas, J., Berger, L., Malis, A. and S. Bryant, "DetNet Data Plane Framework", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-data-plane-framework-06, May 2020.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-flow-information-model] Varga, B., Farkas, J., Cummings, R., Jiang, Y. and D. Fedyk, "DetNet Flow Information Model", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-flow-information-model-10, May 2020.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-ip] Varga, B., Farkas, J., Berger, L., Fedyk, D. and S. Bryant, "DetNet Data Plane: IP", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-ip-07, July 2020.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls] Varga, B., Farkas, J., Berger, L., Malis, A., Bryant, S. and J. Korhonen, "DetNet Data Plane: MPLS", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-mpls-09, July 2020.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-security] Mizrahi, T. and E. Grossman, "Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Security Considerations", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-security-10, May 2020.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.
[RFC7426] Haleplidis, E., Pentikousis, K., Denazis, S., Hadi Salim, J., Meyer, D. and O. Koufopavlou, "Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Layers and Architecture Terminology", RFC 7426, DOI 10.17487/RFC7426, January 2015.
[RFC8174]
[RFC8402] Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Ginsberg, L., Decraene, B., Litkowski, S. and R. Shakir, "Segment Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402, July 2018.
[RFC8655] Finn, N., Thubert, P., Varga, B. and J. Farkas, "Deterministic Networking Architecture", RFC 8655, DOI 10.17487/RFC8655, October 2019.

10.2. Informative References

[I-D.finn-detnet-bounded-latency] Finn, N., Boudec, J., Mohammadpour, E., Zhang, J., Varga, B. and J. Farkas, "DetNet Bounded Latency", Internet-Draft draft-finn-detnet-bounded-latency-04, June 2019.
[I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header] Filsfils, C., Dukes, D., Previdi, S., Leddy, J., Matsushima, S. and D. Voyer, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header (SRH)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-6man-segment-routing-header-26, October 2019.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-ip-over-mpls] Varga, B., Berger, L., Fedyk, D., Bryant, S. and J. Korhonen, "DetNet Data Plane: IP over MPLS", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-ip-over-mpls-06, May 2020.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-ip-over-tsn] Varga, B., Farkas, J., Malis, A. and S. Bryant, "DetNet Data Plane: IP over IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking (TSN)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-ip-over-tsn-03, June 2020.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls-over-tsn] Varga, B., Farkas, J., Malis, A. and S. Bryant, "DetNet Data Plane: MPLS over IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking (TSN)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-mpls-over-tsn-03, June 2020.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls-over-udp-ip] Varga, B., Farkas, J., Berger, L., Malis, A. and S. Bryant, "DetNet Data Plane: MPLS over UDP/IP", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-mpls-over-udp-ip-06, May 2020.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-topology-yang] Geng, X., Chen, M., Li, Z. and R. Rahman, "Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Topology YANG Model", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-topology-yang-00, January 2019.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-tsn-vpn-over-mpls] Varga, B., Farkas, J., Malis, A., Bryant, S. and D. Fedyk, "DetNet Data Plane: IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking over MPLS", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-tsn-vpn-over-mpls-03, June 2020.
[I-D.ietf-detnet-yang] Geng, X., Chen, M., Ryoo, Y., Li, Z., Rahman, R. and D. Fedyk, "Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Configuration YANG Model", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-detnet-yang-06, June 2020.
[I-D.mirsky-detnet-oam] Mirsky, G. and M. Chen, "Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) for Deterministic Networks (DetNet)", Internet-Draft draft-mirsky-detnet-oam-03, May 2019.
[IEEE.802.1QBV_2015] IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks -- Bridges and Bridged Networks - Amendment 25: Enhancements for Scheduled Traffic", IEEE 802.1Qbv-2015, DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7572858, March 2016.
[OPENFLOW] Open Networking Foundation, "OpenFlow Switch Specification, Version 1.5.1 (Protocol version 0x06)", ONF TS-025, March 2015.
[RFC3209] Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V. and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", RFC 3209, DOI 10.17487/RFC3209, December 2001.
[RFC4384] Meyer, D., "BGP Communities for Data Collection", BCP 114, RFC 4384, DOI 10.17487/RFC4384, February 2006.
[RFC5036] Andersson, L., Minei, I. and B. Thomas, "LDP Specification", RFC 5036, DOI 10.17487/RFC5036, October 2007.
[RFC5439] Yasukawa, S., Farrel, A. and O. Komolafe, "An Analysis of Scaling Issues in MPLS-TE Core Networks", RFC 5439, DOI 10.17487/RFC5439, February 2009.
[RFC5960] Frost, D., Bryant, S. and M. Bocci, "MPLS Transport Profile Data Plane Architecture", RFC 5960, DOI 10.17487/RFC5960, August 2010.
[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020, DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J. and A. Bierman, "Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011.
[RFC7432] Sajassi, A., Aggarwal, R., Bitar, N., Isaac, A., Uttaro, J., Drake, J. and W. Henderickx, "BGP MPLS-Based Ethernet VPN", RFC 7432, DOI 10.17487/RFC7432, February 2015.
[RFC7752] Gredler, H., Medved, J., Previdi, S., Farrel, A. and S. Ray, "North-Bound Distribution of Link-State and Traffic Engineering (TE) Information Using BGP", RFC 7752, DOI 10.17487/RFC7752, March 2016.
[RFC8277] Rosen, E., "Using BGP to Bind MPLS Labels to Address Prefixes", RFC 8277, DOI 10.17487/RFC8277, October 2017.
[RFC8283] Farrel, A., Zhao, Q., Li, Z. and C. Zhou, "An Architecture for Use of PCE and the PCE Communication Protocol (PCEP) in a Network with Central Control", RFC 8283, DOI 10.17487/RFC8283, December 2017.
[RFC8660] Bashandy, A., Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Decraene, B., Litkowski, S. and R. Shakir, "Segment Routing with the MPLS Data Plane", RFC 8660, DOI 10.17487/RFC8660, December 2019.

Authors' Addresses

Andrew G. Malis Independent EMail: agmalis@gmail.com
Xuesong Geng Huawei EMail: gengxuesong@huawei.com
Mach (Guoyi) Chen Huawei EMail: mach.chen@huawei.com
Fengwei Qin China Mobile EMail: qinfengwei@chinamobile.com
Balazs Varga Ericsson EMail: balazs.a.varga@ericsson.com