]> Bolyra

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Security Individual Submission agent authorization verifier zero-knowledge selective-disclosure This document specifies the External Verifier Contract (EVC): a small, testable, proof-system-agnostic boundary between a host (the program about to take a privileged action on an agent's behalf) and an external verifier (a subprocess that renders an allow/deny verdict on an opaque proof bundle). The contract governs only the transport and verdict envelope: how the host hands a single JSON request to a verifier subprocess over stdin, how the verifier answers with exactly one JSON verdict on stdout, and how the host interprets exit codes, timeouts, and malformed output under a fail-closed rule. Three properties make the boundary standardizable: (1) a single-shot subprocess transport with a closed JSON verdict schema; (2) fail-closed host semantics that are independently testable by a host-conformance suite; and (3) proof-system agnosticism, so the same envelope carries classical-signature, zero-knowledge, and third-party verdicts, distinguished only by an OPTIONAL self-description field. EVC is deliberately not a governance framework, not a delegation model, and not a policy language. It is the narrow decision boundary those larger systems all require at the point of enforcement.

Introduction

Problem Agent frameworks -- Model Context Protocol (MCP) hosts, orchestrators, and gateways -- increasingly need to gate a privileged tool call on a single question: is this agent actually authorized to take this action right now? Today each host reimplements a bespoke check and couples itself to one proof format. There is no interoperable, language-neutral boundary at which a host can ask an external verifier -- one the host did not build -- for a decision.

What EVC Standardizes EVC standardizes the transport and verdict envelope only. Specifically: how the host hands a request to a verifier subprocess (one JSON object on stdin, then EOF), how the verifier answers (exactly one JSON verdict on stdout), how exit codes and timeouts are interpreted, and the fail-closed obligations that bind the host. The proof bundle itself is opaque to the host: only a verifier vendor needs to understand its internal structure. A host adopts the contract by learning four steps (Section 3), not a proof format.

What EVC Deliberately Excludes EVC does not define credential issuance, the internal proof format, policy authoring, delegation semantics, revocation infrastructure, or any PKI. These belong to the verifier vendor or to adjacent specifications. Keeping the boundary this small is the design thesis: it is what makes the contract testable rather than aspirational. Every normative obligation in this document is placed either on the host or on a conforming verifier at the wire boundary, and nothing below it.

Why Interoperable, Why Now The contract is not tied to one runtime. Two independent reference hosts already exist -- one in JavaScript ("spec/reference-host.js") and one in Rust ("spec/reference-host-rs/") -- demonstrating that the host obligations can be implemented and tested in more than one language. The maintainer of a separate MCP project (mcp_agent_mail_rust) built an off-by-default Ed25519 registration-proof gate designed to this contract's v1 boundary (issue #183 defines the corresponding spawnable-verifier slot shape); that gate exercises the contract's request/verdict surface without depending on any Bolyra component. The host obligations are mechanically testable by a conformance suite (Section 8), so a host's fail-closed behavior is a checkable property rather than an assertion. See also the Implementation Status section ().

Positioning Versus Online Introspection (Non-Normative) A verdict is produced offline from a self-contained bundle plus host-supplied context and the host's wall-clock; there is no round-trip to an authorization server. This is a deliberate contrast with, not a competitor to, OAuth 2.0 token introspection , which resolves a token's state through an online request to an introspection endpoint. EVC and online introspection can coexist: a bundle can carry a token that a classical-class verifier (Section 5) validates by whatever means it chooses, including an out-of-band introspection call, but the host↔verifier decision boundary itself is a single local subprocess exchange.

Conventions and Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. The wire representations in this document are JSON .

Terminology

host:

The program about to take a privileged action on an agent's behalf. The host spawns the verifier, supplies the request, and enforces the verdict fail-closed.

verifier:

A program the host spawns as a subprocess to decide whether a bundle authorizes a privileged action. It reads one request on stdin and writes one verdict on stdout.

bundle:

An opaque proof string carried in the request. It is opaque to the host: the host MUST NOT inspect, rewrite, or normalize it. Only a verifier vendor understands its internal structure.

verdict:

The single JSON object the verifier writes to stdout: an allow, an allow with host-owned nonce consumption, or a deny with a code and message.

request:

The single JSON object the host writes to the verifier's stdin, describing the privileged action it is about to authorize.

decision:

The host's enforced outcome (proceed or reject) after applying the verdict and all fail-closed obligations.

proof-system class:

The cryptographic family a verifier implements, one of "classical", "zk", or "external" (Section 5). Self-described by the OPTIONAL verdict field "kind".

host nonce mode / local nonce mode:

The two replay-protection modes (Section 7). In local mode the verifier owns the durable nonce store; in host mode the verifier returns nonces for the host to reserve.

reserve-before-act:

The host obligation, in host nonce mode, to durably reserve every returned nonce with unique-insert semantics before performing the privileged action (Section 7).

Host-Under-Test (HUT):

A host driven by the conformance runner through the environment convention of Section 8, so hosts in any language can be tested against the same fixtures.

Architecture and Trust Model The host↔verifier boundary is a single-shot subprocess protocol of four steps: The host spawns the verifier command. The host writes exactly one JSON request object to the verifier's stdin, then closes (EOF) stdin. The verifier writes exactly one JSON verdict object to its stdout and exits. The host reads that one verdict and enforces it fail-closed (Section 6). Language-neutral pseudocode for the host side:

reject if verdict is null: reject("unparseable stdout") switch verdict.verdict: case "allow": for entry in (verdict.consume_nonces or []): // Sec 7 host mode if not reserve_nonce_atomically(entry): reject("replay") // reserve ALL proceed() case "deny": reject(verdict.code) // branch on Sec 4.2 registry default: reject("unknown verdict") ]]>

The contract is host-agnostic and language-agnostic: a host in any ecosystem MAY implement or consume the contract without depending on any verifier's internals.

Trust Boundaries The host trusts exactly two things: (a) the verifier command it configured -- which binary and argument vector it spawned -- and (b) the trust configuration it supplied to that verifier, such as trusted roots, a capability map, or a signer list. The host does NOT trust the bundle, and it MUST NOT infer trust from any self-reported field in the verdict, notably the "kind" self-description (Section 5). The verifier trusts its configured roots and policy. "No roots configured" is never "all roots trusted": a verifier that has no trust source configured MUST fail closed rather than accept anything.

Time Source The host owns the clock. The request field "now_unix" is host-supplied, and the verifier MUST evaluate credential expiry against that value rather than its own clock. This is an explicit trust-model property: expiry is judged against the host's wall-clock, so the host, not the verifier, is authoritative about the current time.

Request and Verdict Envelopes This section transcribes the wire envelopes. The full JSON Schemas appear normatively in .

Host to Verifier Request (stdin) The host MUST write exactly one JSON object, UTF-8 encoded, to the verifier's stdin, and then MUST close (EOF) stdin. The host MUST NOT write more than one object, trailing bytes, or a stream of objects.

", "request": { "agent_name": "research-bot", "project_key": "/work/acme/research", "program": "crewai", "model": "opus-4.1", "granted_capabilities": ["fetch_inbox", "send_message"] }, "now_unix": 1751990400 } ]]>

Field requirements: "version" (integer, REQUIRED) -- envelope version of the host request. A verifier that implements this contract MUST support "1" and MUST reject any other value with "deny code=unsupported_version" (). Negotiation is by major only (). "bundle" (string, REQUIRED, non-empty) -- opaque to the host. The verifier owns its internal structure. The host MUST NOT inspect, rewrite, or normalize it. "request" (object, REQUIRED) -- the privileged action the host is about to authorize. It MUST contain: "agent_name" (string, REQUIRED). "project_key" (string, REQUIRED) -- compared literally, byte-for-byte, against the bundle's signed binding. The verifier MUST NOT apply path canonicalization (no ".." resolution, no symlink resolution): "a/../b" and "b" are distinct keys. This byte-literal rule is a subtle interoperability hazard and is stated explicitly to prevent a verifier from silently normalizing a project key. "program" (string, REQUIRED). "model" (string, REQUIRED). "granted_capabilities" (array of strings, REQUIRED) -- host-defined capability tokens the host intends to grant. They are opaque strings that the verifier maps to its internal permission model. An empty array is permitted. "now_unix" (integer, REQUIRED, positive) -- the host's current wall-clock time in seconds since the Unix epoch. The verifier MUST evaluate credential expiry against this value, not against its own clock. A request that is not a JSON object, is missing a REQUIRED field, or has a field of the wrong type MUST yield "deny code=malformed_input". A well-formed request whose "version" is not "1" MUST yield "deny code=unsupported_version".

Verifier to Host Verdict (stdout) The verifier MUST write exactly one JSON object to stdout and nothing else ( governs this strictly). The verdict is one of three shapes.

Allow

Allow With Host-Owned Nonce Consumption Emitted only in host nonce mode (Section 7). It instructs the host to durably record each one-time nonce so the same proof cannot be replayed. A presentation can carry more than one nonce to reserve -- for example the agent nullifier plus a human-uniqueness nullifier when the bundle is human-backed (the human entry's "nonce" is namespaced "human:NULLIFIER-HASH").

"consume_nonces" (array of objects, OPTIONAL, allow-only). When present it is a non-empty list (the key is omitted entirely when there is nothing to burn). The host MUST reserve-before-act EACH entry (Section 7). Each entry: "issuer_key" (string, REQUIRED) -- the issuer/operator key that scopes the nonce namespace, for host bookkeeping only; the "nonce" is already globally unique (Section 7). "nonce" (string, REQUIRED) -- the one-time value the host MUST record. "retain_until" (integer, REQUIRED) -- Unix seconds until which the host MUST retain the consumed nonce.

Deny

"verdict" (string, REQUIRED) -- "allow" or "deny". "code" (string, REQUIRED on deny) -- a stable machine token from the registry in . The host MAY branch on it. "message" (string, REQUIRED on deny) -- a one-line, human-actionable reason. It MUST NOT contain secrets. "detail" (object, OPTIONAL) -- structured context for logs/debugging. A verifier SHOULD echo the originating internal error code here so the coarse wire "code" stays stable while logs stay precise. "kind" (string, OPTIONAL) -- the verifier's proof-system self-description, one of "classical", "zk", or "external" (Section 5). It MAY appear on either an "allow" or a "deny" verdict. When absent, the host MUST interpret the verdict as "zk". A verifier whose class is not "zk" MUST set "kind" explicitly, because omission is read as "zk".

Denial-Code Registry The stable, lowercase snake_case vocabulary for the verdict "code" field. This table is the single normative source; hosts MAY branch on these tokens. Within a wire major, this registry is closed: the deny schema () enumerates exactly these codes, so a verdict carrying any other "code" fails the verdict schema and the host MUST fail closed () under its own classification ("schema_invalid", ) rather than relay it. A host MUST NOT relay an unrecognized "code" as if it were a valid verifier decision: an out-of-registry code identifies a non-conforming verifier, not a forward-compatible denial, and relaying it would let such a verifier introduce denial semantics this contract never defined. The net effect for the caller is unchanged -- an unrecognized "code" always ends in deny -- but the deny is the host's fail-closed override, never a relayed verdict. (This paragraph replaces the -00 sentence "hosts ... MUST treat an unrecognized future 'code' as deny", which was ambiguous about the mechanism and was readable as relay-tolerance; see the implementation experience in .) Verifiers MUST NOT add, remove, or rename a code without a wire-major version bump (). The registry is proof-system-agnostic (Section 5): a "classical"- or "external"-kind verifier reuses the same codes -- for example "invalid_proof" covers a failed classical signature or token check as well as a failed zero-knowledge verification. code Meaning malformed_input stdin missing / oversized (> 1 MiB) / not JSON, or a required request field is missing or ill-typed. unsupported_version host request "version" is not "1", or the bundle's internal version is unsupported. invalid_bundle the opaque "bundle" is undecodable, not an object, or structurally wrong. invalid_proof envelope validation or proof verification failed, the mandatory verification-key pin is absent/mismatched, or the credential-to-proof anchoring failed. untrusted_root a proof's trust anchor (agent, human, or delegatee) is not in the configured trusted-root source. delegation_invalid a delegation chain break, hop-cap overflow, scope expansion, or expiry expansion. invalid_signature the request-binding signature (Appendix B) did not verify against the proven operator key. request_mismatch a host "request" field does not match the signed binding, or "granted_capabilities" are not covered by the binding's capabilities. model_mismatch the proof's committed model does not equal the requested model -- the proof is for a different model. unknown_capability a requested capability has no scope mapping (fail-closed; unmapped is never silently allowed). scope_exceeded the capability-required permission bits are not a cumulative-bit subset of the proven effective scope. expired proof-anchored "now_unix >= effective_expiry" -- a strict comparison; the equality boundary is rejected. nonce_missing the proof lacks a usable nullifier / session-nonce signal. nonce_replayed the proof's one-time nonce was already seen (local mode). internal_error unexpected failure, missing artifacts, or missing trust configuration. Emitted as a deny AND with a non-zero exit code. All rows are terminal denies. Only "internal_error" additionally sets a non-zero exit code (Section 6). This 15-code table is the candidate IANA registry ().

stdout / stderr / fd-Level Isolation (Load-Bearing) The whole contract depends on stdout carrying exactly one JSON object and nothing else. This is the single most fragile part of the implementation and is normative for both sides. Verifier obligations: The verifier MUST write exactly one serialized verdict to the host-facing stdout, at the very end. A single trailing newline is OPTIONAL. No other code path may write to the host-facing stdout. Proof-verification libraries (native, WASM, or otherwise) can write to file descriptor 1 directly -- progress bars, warnings, debug output -- bypassing any language-level stdout wrapper. A "console.log"-style monkeypatch is therefore insufficient: it misses native writes. A conforming verifier MUST separate verification from verdict-emission at the file-descriptor level. The reference mechanism is process isolation with a private verdict channel: the command spawns a worker whose stdio binds fd 0 = request in, fd 1 = captured (everything native writes here), fd 2 = inherited parent stderr, and fd 3 = the private verdict channel. Any raw fd-1 writes inside the worker MUST be captured by the parent and forwarded to the parent's stderr, and MUST NOT reach the host-facing stdout. The worker emits the single verdict only on fd 3; the parent performs the sole write to fd 1. If the private verdict channel cannot be established on the platform, the verifier MUST fail closed ("deny code=internal_error", non-zero exit). It MUST NOT silently fall back to sharing fd 1. An in-process fd-redirect realization is equally acceptable where the platform exposes the primitive; the process-isolation form is the reference implementation and is strictly stronger. Host obligations (single-object parse): The host MUST parse the verifier's stdout as exactly one JSON object with no trailing bytes, and MUST reject (treat as deny, Section 6) any of: stdout that is empty, not valid JSON, or contains a leading/trailing prefix or suffix around the object; multiple concatenated JSON values (a lenient parser that reads only the first object MUST NOT be used -- two objects is a fail-closed condition); a verdict whose "verdict" field is neither "allow" nor "deny", or a "deny" missing "code"/"message". All diagnostics, timing, and debug logging MUST go to stderr. Hosts MUST NOT parse stderr for the verdict.

Proof-System Classes and the kind Self-Description Because the contract is proof-system-agnostic (Section 1), the same wire envelope carries verdicts from verifiers built on different cryptographic foundations: a classical-signature verifier, a zero-knowledge verifier, and a third-party verifier all speak the identical request and verdict schema and differ only in which command the host spawns. This is the property that lets a host adopt privacy-preserving verification without changing its wire contract. The OPTIONAL verdict field "kind" lets a verifier declare which class it implements, so a host that spawns a verifier it did not build -- or that fans a request across several verifiers -- can record and, if it chooses, branch on the class of proof that produced the decision. "kind" takes exactly one of three values: kind Proof-system class Examples classical Classical public-key crypto -- signatures, tokens, policy/nonce checks, no zero-knowledge. ES256K-signed receipts, JWT delegation tokens, capability/scope and replay-nonce checks. zk Zero-knowledge circuit proofs. Zero-knowledge proofs for private delegation, credential predicates, human-uniqueness nullifiers. external A third-party verifier implementing this contract with its own proof system. A vendor verifier the host adopts without depending on any specific internals.

Selective Disclosure as a First-Class, Optional Lane A "zk"-class verifier proves properties of a credential -- scope, expiry, a human-uniqueness nullifier, delegation narrowing -- without revealing the agent's identity or the underlying attribute values. This selective-disclosure capability is one that no signature-only contract can express, because a classical signature necessarily discloses the signed content it authenticates. The normative point is deliberately narrow: EVC does NOT require zero-knowledge verification, but it reserves a first-class lane for it via "kind=zk". A host that wants privacy-preserving verification and a host that wants a plain signature check speak the identical wire protocol and differ only in which verifier command they spawn. The privacy property is a property of the verifier the host configures, not of the wire contract.

Normative Rules for kind A verifier SHOULD set "kind" to the class it implements. A verifier that implements this contract as a "classical"- or "external"-class verifier MUST set "kind" explicitly, because omission is read as "zk". A verifier MUST NOT emit a "kind" value outside the three-member set above; a host MUST treat an unrecognized "kind" as a malformed verdict and fail closed (Section 6). For backward compatibility, a verdict without "kind" MUST be interpreted by the host as "zk". A "zk"-class verifier MAY therefore omit the field. Because a host validating against the original closed verdict schema rejects any "kind"-bearing verdict (), a "zk"-class verifier that must remain interoperable with such a host SHOULD omit "kind" rather than emit "kind":"zk".

Guardrails (Advisory Metadata, Not an Authorization Input) "kind" is advisory metadata about provenance, and it is self-reported by the verifier and NOT authenticated. The "verdict", "code", and (in host nonce mode) "consume_nonces" fields are the sole enforcement surface. A host: MUST NOT upgrade a "deny" to an "allow" on the basis of "kind"; MUST NOT relax any Section 6 fail-closed obligation, schema validation, verifier selection, or nonce handling on the basis of "kind"; MUST establish a verifier's proof-system class from its configured verifier identity or policy -- which command it spawned and the trust configuration it supplied -- never from the self-reported "kind" string alone. A host MAY use "kind" for logging, or to deny more strictly on a mismatch between the expected and reported class. An unrecognized "kind" is a malformed verdict and MUST fail closed (Section 6). The threat guarded against is a hostile or buggy verifier claiming "kind=zk" to imply privacy guarantees it did not provide.

Relationship to the Related APS Draft The related draft does not define a zero-knowledge or selective-disclosure verifier class (). EVC's "kind" lane is where privacy-preserving verification plugs into an otherwise-identical host contract, regardless of which framework produced the bundle.

Exit Codes, Timeouts, and Host Fail-Closed Obligations

Exit-Code Semantics (Verifier) Exit "0" -- a verdict object was produced ("allow" or any policy/crypto "deny"). The host reads stdout for the decision. Exit non-zero -- the verifier could not produce a trustworthy verdict at all (could not read stdin, could not load required artifacts or trust configuration, catastrophic internal failure). Decision-level outcomes (invalid proof, expired, replay, mismatch) are NOT errors: they exit "0" with "verdict=deny". The one nuance: "internal_error" is emitted as "deny code=internal_error" AND exits non-zero, so the host both sees a machine reason and fail-closes.

Exit Status Dominates a stdout Allow A host MUST treat a non-zero exit as deny even when a syntactically valid "allow" was written to stdout. Exit status is part of the contract; whenever it is non-zero the host MUST ignore stdout for the purpose of the decision. This is the one place an implementer may be tempted to trust stdout, and it is stated explicitly to close that temptation. No non-zero exit -- including "internal_error" -- ever yields an allow.

Timeout and Input Bounds The host owns the timeout; the verifier does not implement its own. The host MUST enforce a wall-clock timeout on the spawned process and treat expiry as deny. The RECOMMENDED timeout is 10 000 ms (10 s); a conforming verifier targets under 2 s at the 99th percentile, so 10 s leaves ample headroom. The verifier MUST bound the request read from stdin; the reference limit is 1 MiB (1 048 576 bytes). A request over the bound MUST yield "deny code=malformed_input"; the verifier MUST NOT buffer an unbounded request.

The Fail-Closed Set The host MUST treat ALL of the following as deny, regardless of what (if anything) reached stdout: non-zero exit code; timeout -- the host MUST kill the process and deny; death by signal / crash; unparseable, empty, oversized, or multi-object stdout (); an unknown "verdict" value or a "deny" missing required fields; a verdict that otherwise fails the verdict schema () -- including an unrecognized "kind" value, a "code" outside the denial-code registry (), or any disallowed additional property. Several of these conditions can co-occur for one verifier run: a killed process both dies by signal and leaves stdout unparseable. The decision is a deny on every branch. When a host reports fail-closed classes (), it SHOULD classify the cause it acted on in this precedence: the host's own kills first (output bound, then timeout), then an unsolicited signal death, then a non-zero exit, and only then the stdout parse and schema checks. In particular, death by an unsolicited signal and a non-zero exit are distinct conditions ("signal_death" and "nonzero_exit", ) and a host MUST NOT collapse them into one classification. Both reference hosts implement this precedence; an early independent host implementation collapsed the two and was caught by the conformance suite (see ). The verifier is designed so these are the only ways it fails ambiguously; every outcome it can reason about is an explicit "deny" with a "code" ().

Replay Protection and Reserve-Before-Act A verifier supports one of two replay modes, selected by the host at spawn time. local (default). The verifier owns durable replay state. On an otherwise-allow it burns the proof's one-time nonce locally; a second presentation of the same proof yields "deny code=nonce_replayed". Suitable for a single-host deployment. If the store errors, the verifier MUST fail closed ("deny code=internal_error", non-zero exit). host. The verifier does not persist nonces. On an otherwise-allow it returns "consume_nonces" (Section 4.2), one entry per one-time nullifier the presentation carries (the agent nullifier, plus the human-uniqueness nullifier for a human-backed bundle), and the host owns durable storage under the reserve-before-act rule. This is the mode for multi-host or clustered deployments where the host already owns a database. The agent nonce value is globally unique per (credential, session-nonce), so no separate operator namespacing is needed; "consume_nonces[].issuer_key" is provided for host-side bookkeeping only. Delegation hops add no entry: each per-hop delegation nullifier is bound to the agent's session nonce, so reserving the agent nullifier already covers delegation replay. The human-uniqueness nullifier for a human-backed bundle is carried as a second reserved entry, namespaced "human:NULLIFIER-HASH".

Reserve-Before-Act (Host Nonce Mode) When the host runs the verifier in host nonce mode and receives "allow" with "consume_nonces", the host MUST reserve every entry in the list before performing the privileged action: For each entry in "consume_nonces", atomically insert "entry.nonce" into durable storage with a unique-insert / "on conflict reject" semantic, retaining it until "entry.retain_until". If all inserts are novel, proceed with the action. If any insert conflicts (that nonce was already recorded), the host MUST reject the action as a replay -- even though the verifier returned "allow". "Record after proceeding" is a replay window and is FORBIDDEN. The verifier's "allow" in host mode is conditional on every host insert being novel.

Host Conformance The differentiator between this contract and a governance framework is that the host obligations are mechanically testable. Sections 4, 6, and 7 place the load-bearing obligations on the host: it owns the timeout, the single-object stdout parse, the exit-code interpretation, and reserve-before-act nonce consumption. A verifier that follows the contract is not enough -- a host that trusts a misbehaving verifier is the actual vulnerability. This section makes those host obligations testable. The suite spawns a deliberately misbehaving verifier fixture in place of a real verifier and asserts that the host-under-test fails closed. A conforming host MUST deny in every non-positive case below.

Misbehaving-Verifier Fixtures The fixtures are small, dependency-free scripts, each violating exactly one contract obligation. The "Required host outcome" column is the normative behavior a conforming host MUST produce; the "Class" column is the reference host's canonical failure classification (Section 8.3). The inventory below is 29 fixtures that drive 30 "host_behavior" vectors, confirmed in "spec/test-vectors.json": the "allow-consume-nonces.js" fixture drives two vectors (a novel-reserve allow and a replay deny), so the fixture count is one fewer than the vector count. Fixture Violates Required host outcome Class well-behaved-allow -- (positive control) relay allow -- well-behaved-deny -- (positive control) relay deny code=expired -- well-behaved-allow-kind-classical -- (positive control, "kind") relay allow -- well-behaved-allow-kind-external -- (positive control, "kind") relay allow -- well-behaved-allow-kind-zk -- (positive control, explicit default "kind") relay allow -- non-json-stdout stdout not valid JSON deny unparseable_stdout multiple-objects two concatenated verdicts deny multiple_objects | unparseable_stdout schema-invalid-verdict "verdict" neither allow nor deny deny schema_invalid deny-missing-fields "deny" missing code/message deny schema_invalid allow-trailing-garbage valid allow then trailing bytes deny unparseable_stdout binary-garbage-stdout raw non-UTF-8 bytes on stdout deny unparseable_stdout leading-garbage non-JSON prefix before a valid allow deny unparseable_stdout allow-extra-property closed schema -- disallowed additional property deny schema_invalid bad-kind "kind" outside classical/zk/external deny schema_invalid empty-consume-nonces "consume_nonces" violates minItems:1 deny schema_invalid malformed-consume-nonce nonce entry missing issuer_key/retain_until deny schema_invalid deny-extra-property closed "deny" -- disallowed additional property deny schema_invalid unknown-denial-code well-formed "deny" with an out-of-registry "code" () deny, never relayed schema_invalid nonce-entry-extra-property nonce entry has an extra property deny schema_invalid nonce-entry-wrong-type nonce entry retain_until not an integer deny schema_invalid no-output-hang no output, never exits deny (kill on timeout) timeout partial-json-hang partial verdict then hangs deny (kill on timeout) timeout slow-allow-past-deadline valid allow, but only after the deadline deny (kill on timeout) timeout nonzero-exit-after-allow valid allow on stdout but non-zero exit deny (Section 6.2) nonzero_exit killed-by-signal death by signal, no verdict deny signal_death | unparseable_stdout signal-death-after-allow complete flushed allow, then unsolicited death by signal before exit deny signal_death oversize-flood floods stdout past the output bound deny (bound + kill) oversize_stdout allow-consume-nonces -- (drives reserve-before-act) reserve then allow, or deny on replay replay on conflict allow-consume-nonces-multi -- (drives reserve-all) deny if any entry conflicts replay on conflict The "schema_invalid" fixtures collectively exercise the closed verdict schema at every level: an unknown "verdict", a "deny" missing "code"/"message", additional properties on both the "allow" and "deny" objects, a bad "kind", and -- for "consume_nonces" -- an empty array, a missing required entry field, an extra entry property, and a wrong-typed entry field. A host that validates only the outer object, or only a subset of the nonce-entry schema, is therefore caught.

Host-Under-Test (HUT) Convention The runner drives any host through a thin, language-neutral convention so a host in any ecosystem can be tested against the same fixtures. The runner spawns the host once per vector and communicates as follows. Environment -- the runner sets, and the host MUST honor: "HUT_VERIFIER_CMD" -- a JSON array (argv) the host MUST spawn as its verifier. The host MUST NOT substitute a different command. "HUT_TIMEOUT_MS" -- the wall-clock timeout the host MUST enforce. "HUT_MAX_STDOUT_BYTES" -- the stdout output bound the host MUST enforce; exceeding it is a fail-closed condition. "HUT_NONCE_MODE" -- "local" or "host". "HUT_NONCE_STORE" -- a filesystem path the host uses as its durable nonce store in host nonce mode. For the harness only, the store format is newline-delimited decimal nonce strings, UTF-8. A production host with a different store tests against this suite by pointing a thin test adapter at this file format; the format is a test convention, not part of the wire contract. "HUT_ACTION_LOG" -- a filesystem path. The host MUST append a non-empty marker at the moment it authorizes the action -- after every reservation succeeds and immediately before returning "allow" -- and MUST NOT write on any deny. This is the observable proxy for the "act" in reserve-before-act. "HUT_FIXTURE_PIDFILE" -- a filesystem path the host MUST propagate to the spawned verifier so the kill-proof fixtures can record their PID; the runner then confirms the host killed the verifier on timeout/oversize. For kill-proof vectors a missing pidfile is itself a failure. stdin -- the runner writes exactly one request object (Section 4.1) to the host's stdin and closes it. The host forwards this to the verifier. stdout -- the host MUST write exactly one decision object and exit "0". The fail-closed signal is the decision object, NOT the host's own exit code; a host that itself exits non-zero fails the convention. The decision is exactly one of three closed shapes: {"decision":"allow"} -- the verifier allowed (and, in host nonce mode, every nonce was reserved as novel); no other key is permitted; {"decision":"deny","code":"CODE"} -- a schema-valid verifier "deny", relayed unchanged; the host MUST NOT attach a "failure_class" to a genuine verifier deny; {"decision":"deny","failure_class":"CLASS"} -- the host itself fail-closed or rejected a replay; it MUST NOT also carry a "code". This decision envelope exists only for the conformance harness; it is NOT part of the wire contract and imposes nothing on a production host's internal API.

Host Failure Classes When a host fails closed, the runner asserts why, using the classification the host reports in "decision.failure_class". This proves the host detected the specific violation rather than denying by accident. The normative requirement is always deny; the failure class is the finer-grained assertion. failure_class Fail-closed condition nonzero_exit verifier exited non-zero timeout host timeout fired; host killed the process signal_death verifier died by an unsolicited signal unparseable_stdout stdout empty, not JSON, or with trailing bytes multiple_objects stdout carried more than one JSON value oversize_stdout stdout exceeded the host output bound schema_invalid a parsed verdict failed the verdict schema replay a "consume_nonces" entry was already reserved spawn_error the host could not spawn or drive the verifier at all Because several fail-closed conditions can co-occur for one input, a vector MAY admit more than one acceptable class. For example, a verifier killed by a signal both dies by signal and leaves stdout empty. Where a fixture triggers a single unambiguous condition, the vector pins the single class: a host that denies but misclassifies it (for example calling an unbounded flood "unparseable_stdout" instead of enforcing the "oversize_stdout" bound) is flagged, because the misclassification reveals a real gap.

Two Independent Reference Hosts and Scope Limits Two independent reference hosts demonstrate portability: one in JavaScript ("spec/reference-host.js") and one in Rust ("spec/reference-host-rs/", producing an "evc-reference-host" binary). Both pass the full suite; each is concrete interop evidence that the host obligations are implementable and testable in more than one language. As a black-box harness the suite proves three things about reserve-before-act: the reservation is durably written (novel case), authorization is gated on the durable uniqueness check (replay case, the primary guarantee), and every entry is checked (reserve-all case). It does NOT prove the fine-grained intra-allow-path ordering -- that within a single "allow" the durable write is committed strictly before the action marker -- because distinguishing "reserve then act" from "act then reserve, both before returning allow" would require fault injection, which a portable black-box runner cannot induce. That crash-safety property remains a host obligation (Section 7); this suite asserts the observable gate, not the write barrier. Implementers SHOULD additionally cover the crash-window ordering with an in-process test in their own codebase. Stating this limit openly is deliberate: it scopes exactly what the conformance claim does and does not cover.

Wire Versioning Two version tokens live at different layers with deliberately different rules. Wire-facing envelopes are integer-major. The host request "version" (Section 4.1) and the internal bundle version are single integers, negotiated by major only. A verifier supports a fixed set of wire majors; an unsupported major is "deny code=unsupported_version". There is no minor/patch at the wire layer: any breaking change to the request or verdict envelope increments the integer. The denial-code registry () is part of the wire contract and is therefore also governed by the integer-major rule: adding, removing, or renaming a code is a wire-major change. Embedded proofs carried inside the opaque bundle keep their own semantic-version string and the verifier's existing major-only compatibility rule. Additive OPTIONAL fields with a defined default do not bump the wire major. The verdict "kind" field (Section 5) is OPTIONAL and its absence has a defined meaning ("zk"). Adding it is compatible in the two directions that occur in practice: (i) a verifier that omits "kind" -- which includes every wire-1 verifier that predates the field, all of them "zk"-class -- produces verdicts that both pre-revision and revision-aware hosts accept; and (ii) a revision-aware host accepts those older no-"kind" verdicts unchanged, reading them as "zk". The one caveat, stated plainly: the verdict schema is closed ("additionalProperties: false"), so a host validating against the original schema will reject any verdict that actually carries "kind" -- including a "zk" verifier's explicit "kind":"zk". The compatibility guarantee is therefore precise rather than absolute: omitted-"kind" verdicts interoperate in both directions, but any verdict that emits "kind" requires a revision-aware host. This does not force a wire-major bump, because the two classes of verifier that would emit "kind" are already paired with revision-aware hosts: a "zk"-class verifier that must remain interoperable with a strict pre-revision host SHOULD simply omit the field, and a "classical"- or "external"-class verifier -- which MUST emit "kind" -- did not exist under the original wire-1 contract and so is consumed only by revision-aware hosts. A field that is REQUIRED, or whose omission would change how an existing verdict is interpreted, would instead remain a wire-major change.

Relationship to Receipt Signer Discovery A sibling specification, Receipt Signer Discovery (RSD), defines a ".well-known/bolyra-signers.json" document (an RFC 8615 well-known URI) that lets a receipt verifier learn which ES256K signer address(es) to accept. It is relevant to EVC because a "classical"-class verifier that checks signed receipts MAY consume it to establish which signers it trusts. RSD is not part of the EVC wire boundary, and a full treatment is out of scope for this document. Three consumer rules from RSD are pulled into the Security Considerations () because they bear on a verifier's trust configuration: a consumer MUST fetch over HTTPS, and plain "http://" MUST be rejected except for loopback addresses (development); a consumer MUST NOT follow redirects; and a consumer MUST treat any transport or schema failure as a verification failure, never as "no signer restriction". A separate RSD Internet-Draft, including any well-known-URI registration, is deferred past this document ().

Relationship to Other Work

draft-klrc-aiagent-auth-03 (Complementary) ("AI Agent Authentication and Authorization", draft-klrc-aiagent-auth-03, 2026-07-06, Informational) addresses agent authentication and authorization by leveraging existing standards rather than defining new protocols. Its Section 7 ("Agent Credentials") adopts the WIMSE credential formats -- the Workload Identity Token (WIT) and the X.509 Workload Identity Certificate (WIC); Section 6 addresses agent identifiers (WIMSE identifiers, potentially SPIFFE IDs); and Section 10 covers authorization via OAuth 2.0 access tokens, including Section 10.3 ("Use of OAuth 2.0 Access Tokens") on how the "sub" claim carries a delegated subject and Section 10.4.1 ("User Delegates Authorization") on delegating authorization to an agent through an OAuth Authorization Code Grant. EVC addresses the downstream decision boundary that draft-klrc-aiagent-auth-03 does not: given a bundle -- which can carry a WIMSE credential or an OAuth access token inside its opaque "bundle" -- how does a host obtain and enforce a fail-closed authorization verdict at the point of a privileged action? The framing is that EVC is the verdict-and-enforcement companion to the identity and authorization layer that draft-klrc-aiagent-auth-03 assembles from WIMSE and OAuth. A WIMSE/OAuth token is one possible payload a "classical"-class verifier (Section 5) validates; a zero-knowledge credential is what a "zk"-class verifier validates. The host contract is identical either way. The two documents are complementary and operate at different points in the flow; EVC does not compete with, restate, or depend on the draft-klrc-aiagent-auth-03 mechanisms.

draft-pidlisnyi-aps-03 (Related -- Agent Passport System) ("Agent Passport System", draft-pidlisnyi-aps-03, 2026-07-18) is a broad governance framework. It defines a DID method "did:aps" using multibase-encoded Ed25519 public keys, Ed25519-based agent passports, and a three-record policy chain (action intent, policy decision, receipt) whose signatures are computed with EdDSA per RFC 8032. A factual, citable point: draft-pidlisnyi-aps-03 does not define a zero-knowledge or selective-disclosure verifier class; its signed artifacts are Ed25519-signed and content-addressed. Its Security Considerations (its Section 9) speak to evidence authenticity rather than disclosure minimization -- for example, that "A valid receipt signature proves that the issuer attests the receipt's payload; it does not prove the payload corresponds to external fact." The positioning is neutral and about altitude, not merit. APS is a full governance/passport/receipt framework; EVC is the narrow, testable host↔verifier decision boundary that any such framework needs at the point of enforcement. The two are complementary: an APS policy-decision engine could be wrapped as an "external"-class (or "classical"-class) EVC verifier, and in the lane APS does not define, a "zk"-class verifier adds selective disclosure -- proving authority without revealing the passport or the underlying attributes. This document does not characterize APS's disclosure model beyond the factual statement that it defines no zero-knowledge class.

Implementation Status [Note to the RFC Editor: please remove this section before publication, per .] This section records the status of known implementations of the contract at the time of writing, per the process in . Listing here does not imply endorsement.

Verifier: bolyra verify (production) The "@bolyra/cli" npm package (version 0.9.0 at the time of writing) ships "bolyra verify", a spawnable external verifier implementing the verifier side of this contract: one JSON request on stdin, one verdict object on stdout, fail-closed on every malformed, oversized, or unexpected input, with the denial-code registry of this document. It implements the "zk" and "classical" verifier classes. Maturity: released, publicly installable.

Reference hosts (two languages) Two reference hosts implement the host obligations independently: a JavaScript host ("spec/reference-host.js") and a Rust host ("spec/reference-host-rs/"). Both pass the host-conformance suite (): 29 misbehaving- and well-behaved-verifier fixtures driving 30 "host_behavior" vectors. The suite itself is published as the "@bolyra/evc-conformance" npm package (version 0.4.0, vector set 0.8.0 at the time of writing) with a build-provenance attestation, runnable against any host with no dependency on the authors' implementations. Maturity: reference implementations and released suite, maintained alongside this document.

Independent host implementation: mcp-use-evc-example A maintainer of the mcp-use framework built a standalone TypeScript host implementation of this contract ("khandrew1/mcp-use-evc-example") behind that framework's pre-dispatch tool-call middleware, developed from the contract text alone with no dependency on any component of the authors' implementations. At pinned commit "17642a5efd5e1c42991ab8aa399cd6138f64f635" (https://github.com/khandrew1/mcp-use-evc-example) it passes 27 of 27 "host_behavior" vectors of vector set 0.5.0. Earlier implementation feedback from this work identified two -00 obligations that were easy to miss: distinct handling of signal death versus non-zero exit in failure reporting, and treatment of out-of-registry denial codes as schema failures rather than relayed verifier denials. That feedback motivated the explicit precedence language in , the registry-closure language in , and the conformance vector added in the -01 revision. It is listed here with the maintainer's permission; per that project's own framing, this contract is independent of and not part of MCP or mcp-use. Maturity: released example, maintained in that project.

Hosted verifier (preview) A hosted HTTP mapping of the same contract ("POST /v1/verify", one request object in, one verdict object out, fail-closed) is operated as a preview for design partners. It carries no service-level commitment and is not a normative part of this document; it exists to demonstrate that the contract is transport-portable. Maturity: preview, access-controlled.

Independent implementation experience The maintainer of an unrelated MCP server project (mcp_agent_mail_rust) built an off-by-default Ed25519 registration-proof gate designed to the v1 contract boundary, developed without depending on any component of the authors' implementations. Maturity: shipped in that project, off by default.

Independently published reproduction record The maintainer of the VATE project ("Poke-nushi/Verifiable-Agent-Trust-Envelope") replayed unchanged a solicited three-input interoperation run originally executed by the authors: one mandate presentation evaluated both by the native verifier path of the authors' SDK and through a spawnable command host implementing the host side of this contract, at pinned public commits of both codebases. All three native verdicts and host decisions reproduced -- P: allow, and N1/N2: deny with "request_mismatch", matching the original native verdicts and host decisions -- and the issued presentation matched the original byte-for-byte. The maintainer published the full run record and evidence bundle in that project's repository (https://github.com/Poke-nushi/Verifiable-Agent-Trust-Envelope/tree/571def8f4cd83c7d46df9887fab8629108465a12/docs/conformance/run-records/bolyra-x402-2026-09-07), including fixed-input hashes and a source manifest of 17 files. That record's own qualifications are preserved here: it covers one partial case with two auxiliary controls and does not establish full-corpus conformance, adoption, or endorsement. Maturity: published run record in a third-party repository.

Cross-specification experience: x402 mandate-binding agreement A profile carrying this contract's verdict evidence alongside x402 payment payloads is proposed to the x402 Foundation (x402 pull request 3376). In the course of that work the authors wired the published binding fixtures of a separately proposed x402 extension ("authority", pull request 3220, a different author) into the profile's test suite and independently re-derived that specification's mandate-binding value from its prose. The exercise surfaced a preimage ambiguity (whether a mandate digest retains its "sha256:" prefix). The authority extension's author clarified that specification by adding an explicit requirement to retain the "sha256:" prefix (commit https://github.com/x402-foundation/x402/commit/72c3704dfb89851fb7b1f0dca4d327b804faee5c); the profile's 571-test suite passes against the clarified text with no code changes on either side (comparison: https://github.com/x402-foundation/x402/pull/3220#issuecomment-5592861356). This records agreement on mandate-binding values and specification feedback; it does not establish an independent EVC host or verifier implementation by that author. Maturity: proposed extension under review.

Security Considerations

Fail-Closed Is the Whole Safety Property Every ambiguous outcome -- non-zero exit, timeout, signal death, unparseable, oversized, or multi-object stdout, schema failure, or an unrecognized "kind" -- MUST result in deny (Section 6). This is the entire safety property of the contract: the host never proceeds on ambiguity. The host-conformance suite (Section 8) is the mechanism that makes this claim checkable rather than asserted, spawning deliberately misbehaving verifiers and confirming the host fails closed. Exit status dominates a stdout allow (Section 6.2): a non-zero exit is a deny even when a syntactically valid "allow" reached stdout.

kind Is Unauthenticated Self-Report A host MUST establish a verifier's proof-system class from configured verifier identity or policy, never from the "kind" string, and MUST NOT relax trust, verifier selection, schema validation, or nonce handling on its basis (Section 5). The threat is a hostile or buggy verifier that claims "kind=zk" to imply privacy guarantees it did not provide, or that emits an unfamiliar "kind" to probe for a lenient host. An unrecognized "kind" is a schema failure and MUST fail closed.

Nonce Reservation and Replay Reserve-before-act ordering (Section 7) is a load-bearing property. "Record after proceeding" is a replay window and is FORBIDDEN. On a multi-entry "consume_nonces" (agent nullifier plus human-uniqueness nullifier), the host MUST reserve every entry and MUST reject on any conflict. In local nonce mode, a store error MUST fail closed. The black-box conformance suite proves the observable gate -- that authorization is conditioned on the durable uniqueness check -- but not the intra-allow-path write-barrier ordering (Section 8.4); hosts SHOULD cover that crash-window ordering with an in-process test.

Redirect and Downgrade in Signer Discovery For a "classical"-class verifier that consumes a Receipt Signer Discovery document (): a consumer MUST fetch over HTTPS, and plain "http://" MUST be rejected except for loopback addresses (development); a consumer MUST NOT follow redirects, because a redirect can move the fetch to a plaintext or attacker-chosen origin after the protocol check; and a consumer MUST treat any transport, status, or schema failure as a verification failure, never as "no signer restriction". Discovery is trust-in-origin, not endorsement and not PKI. When both an out-of-band pinned signer and a discovery-URL signer source are supplied, a consumer MUST require the two to agree.

Output-Bound Truncation and Resource Exhaustion The stdout output bound and the stdin bound (Section 6.3) bound a hostile verifier that floods or hangs; the host MUST enforce both and kill on breach. The "oversize-flood" and hang fixtures (Section 8.1) prove this. A truncated stdout is unparseable and MUST deny, never yield a partial allow.

Tail Truncation of Hash-Chained Receipts (Informative)

• NEW -- draft-only; not in shipped EVC v1 / RSD v1.

For a hash-chained signed-receipt log that a "zk"- or "classical"-class verifier may consult, an attacker who can drop the newest entries can mount a tail-truncation attack: the chain still verifies as a valid prefix, so the verifier sees an older, shorter-but-consistent history. This is a real property, but it sits below the EVC host↔verifier boundary -- receipt-chain semantics live in the receipt library, not in the EVC wire envelope -- so this document states no new normative EVC obligation here. As guidance a verifier vendor may adopt: a verifier that relies on receipt ordering should anchor the expected chain tip (a signed high-water mark or a monotonic counter) out of band and treat a shorter-than-expected chain as a verification failure. A normative mitigation, if desired, belongs in a dedicated receipts/RSD companion draft where a MUST can be properly grounded, and would be referenced from here.

Domain Separation The request-binding signature (Appendix B) is domain-separated by a tag that prevents a binding signature from being replayed as any other signature the verifier's scheme produces, and vice-versa. This closes a cross-context signature replay class. The tag is versioned; the binding revision described in Appendix B uses the ".v2" tag. This consideration applies only to a verifier whose internal binding follows Appendix B; it is below the EVC boundary (the host never sees the binding) and is included because Appendix B is retained as informative.

Binding of Credential Expiry This consideration applies only to a verifier whose internal binding follows Appendix B; it is below the EVC boundary (the host never sees the binding) and is included because Appendix B is retained as informative. The binding in Appendix B originally signed five fields and did not cover the credential expiry; that revision is referred to here as binding v1. A verifier whose proof system does not independently bind expiry -- a "classical"- or "external"-class verifier (Section 5) -- could therefore be presented a binding whose signed fields matched an issued mandate while an expiry value drawn from outside the signature was substituted. A presenter able to re-anchor a later expiry onto an already-issued mandate could obtain an "allow" past the mandate's intended lifetime, extending the credential's effective duration. The escalation is bounded: it extends duration at the already-granted permission tier and audience, and does not permit tier, audience, or payee escalation. A "zk"-class verifier that binds expiry within its proof was not exposed to this substitution. The current binding (binding v2, Appendix B) places "expiry" inside the signed binding, versions the domain-separation tag to "bolyra.external-verifier.binding.v2", and, after the signature verifies, requires the signed "binding.expiry" to equal the credential expiry that the scope and expiry checks consume; a mismatch is a verification failure ("deny code=invalid_bundle"). A binding carrying only the earlier five fields is treated as an obsolete binding v1 and rejected as an unsupported version ("deny code=unsupported_version"), with no compatibility mode and no advisory-expiry fallback. A verifier following Appendix B therefore signs "expiry" as part of the binding and rejects a five-field binding rather than accept an expiry that no signature covers. As with Domain Separation above, this is a property of the reference verifier's internal binding, stated with the lowercase "must" convention of Appendix B; it is below the EVC wire boundary and imposes no new normative obligation on the host contract.

Privacy Considerations A "zk"-class verifier lets the host authorize an action without learning the agent's identity or attribute values; this is the selective-disclosure property of Section 5. EVC bounds what the verifier learns, not what the host already knows: the request context the host supplies ("agent_name", "project_key", "program", "model", "granted_capabilities") is host-chosen and may itself be identifying. Implementers should note this asymmetry -- a privacy-preserving verifier does not make the host's own request context private -- and minimize identifying content in the request where the deployment's threat model calls for it.

IANA Considerations

• NEW -- draft-only, not in shipped EVC v1.

External Verifier Denial Codes Registry This document requests that IANA create a new registry, "External Verifier Denial Codes", to catalog the machine-readable denial-code vocabulary of . Registry name: External Verifier Denial Codes. Registration policy: Specification Required . Columns: "code" (the snake_case token); brief description; wire version introduced; change controller; reference. Critical clarification reconciling the registry with the closed wire enum: the wire denial-code set is a closed enum on the wire. A verifier MUST NOT add, remove, or rename a code without a wire-major version bump ( and ). The IANA registry does NOT relax this and does NOT open the enum at runtime. It is a catalog of the codes each spec version defines: a new registration is admissible only as part of a published EVC wire-major/spec revision that adds the code, and each registry entry records the wire version that introduced it. A verifier that emits an unregistered code is non-conformant exactly as it is today; the registry changes discoverability, not the closed-set semantics or the version-bump rule. Third-party ("external"-class) verifiers reuse the existing vocabulary and do not mint private codes at runtime. Initial contents: the 15 codes of , each recorded with its meaning, the wire version that introduced it ("1"), change controller (this document / the EVC specification), and reference (this document).

Proof-System Classes: Closed Enum, No Registry Requested The "kind" value set ("classical", "zk", "external") of Section 5 is deliberately NOT proposed as an IANA registry. The set is small and closed, and adding a value is a wire-facing change already governed by the wire-major rule (). A fixed enum in the specification is preferable to a registry here; the tradeoff is that a future proof-system class requires a spec revision rather than a registration, which is acceptable given how rarely the class set is expected to change.

Deferred Registrations Well-known URI. The Receipt Signer Discovery document (".well-known/bolyra-signers.json", ) would need an RFC 8615 well-known-URI registration, but that belongs to a separate RSD Internet-Draft, not this one. It is out of scope for this document. Media type. A proof-envelope media type exists in the wider ecosystem but is below the EVC boundary (the bundle is opaque); EVC itself defines no new media type. No media-type registration is requested.

In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight, text-based, language-independent data interchange format. It was derived from the ECMAScript Programming Language Standard. JSON defines a small set of formatting rules for the portable representation of structured data. This document removes inconsistencies with other specifications of JSON, repairs specification errors, and offers experience-based interoperability guidance. The OAuth 2.0 authorization framework enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to an HTTP service, either on behalf of a resource owner by orchestrating an approval interaction between the resource owner and the HTTP service, or by allowing the third-party application to obtain access on its own behalf. This specification replaces and obsoletes the OAuth 1.0 protocol described in RFC 5849. [STANDARDS-TRACK] JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object that is used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) structure, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or encrypted. This specification defines a method for a protected resource to query an OAuth 2.0 authorization server to determine the active state of an OAuth 2.0 token and to determine meta-information about this token. OAuth 2.0 deployments can use this method to convey information about the authorization context of the token from the authorization server to the protected resource. This document describes a simple process that allows authors of Internet-Drafts to record the status of known implementations by including an Implementation Status section. This will allow reviewers and working groups to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature. This process is not mandatory. Authors of Internet-Drafts are encouraged to consider using the process for their documents, and working groups are invited to think about applying the process to all of their protocol specifications. This document obsoletes RFC 6982, advancing it to a Best Current Practice. Many protocols make use of points of extensibility that use constants to identify various protocol parameters. To ensure that the values in these fields do not have conflicting uses and to promote interoperability, their allocations are often coordinated by a central record keeper. For IETF protocols, that role is filled by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). To make assignments in a given registry prudently, guidance describing the conditions under which new values should be assigned, as well as when and how modifications to existing values can be made, is needed. This document defines a framework for the documentation of these guidelines by specification authors, in order to assure that the provided guidance for the IANA Considerations is clear and addresses the various issues that are likely in the operation of a registry. This is the third edition of this document; it obsoletes RFC 5226. This memo defines a path prefix for "well-known locations", "/.well-known/", in selected Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes. In doing so, it obsoletes RFC 5785 and updates the URI schemes defined in RFC 7230 to reserve that space. It also updates RFC 7595 to track URI schemes that support well-known URIs in their registry.

Request and Verdict JSON Schemas (Normative)

Request Schema

Verdict Schema (Closed)

Binding Signature (Informative) This appendix describes the request-authorizing signature carried inside a bundle by Bolyra's "zk"- and "classical"-class reference verifiers. It is included to illustrate one verifier's internal binding. It is explicitly below the interoperability boundary: the host never sees these bytes, and a conforming verifier of any class may use any binding it chooses. Nothing in this appendix is a normative obligation of the EVC wire contract. The lowercase "must"/"must not" phrasing below states requirements of the reference verifier implementation, not requirements of this document; they are not BCP 14 keywords. The bundle carries a request-authorizing signature that binds the request context to the cryptographic key the proof commits to. The binding is versioned independently of the wire envelope; this appendix describes binding v2, in which the credential expiry is signature-bound. In the reference verifier: Canonical payload (binding v2). Let "binding" be the object with exactly the six fields "agent_name", "project_key", "program", "model", "capabilities" (a string array), and "expiry" (a positive integer, Unix seconds). The canonical payload is the sorted-key, compact (no insignificant whitespace) JSON serialization of "binding". Object keys must be sorted and array elements (including "capabilities") must not be reordered. The verifier compares "capabilities" as a set for authorization, but the signed bytes are order-sensitive. "expiry" became part of the signed binding in binding v2; the Security Considerations note on expiry binding () states why. Version discrimination is structural, not a declared version field. The reference verifier classifies a binding by its exact key set: the six fields above and no others. A member outside that set is rejected ("deny code=invalid_bundle") before any version is inferred. A well-formed binding carrying only the earlier five fields (no "expiry") is an obsolete binding v1 and is rejected ("deny code=unsupported_version"); no compatibility mode accepts it. An "expiry" that is not a positive integer is rejected ("deny code=invalid_bundle"). Domain separation. A domain-separation tag prevents a binding signature from being replayed as any other signature. The tag is versioned; binding v2 uses the ".v2" tag: DST = utf8("bolyra.external-verifier.binding.v2"), and dsInput = DST || 0x00 || payload. The single 0x00 byte separates the ASCII domain tag from the canonical binding bytes. Digest to field element. digest = SHA-256(dsInput) (32 bytes); msgField = BigInt("0x" || hex(digest)) mod BN254_FIELD_ORDER, where BN254_FIELD_ORDER is 21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495617. Sign / verify. Sign with EdDSA-Poseidon over BabyJubjub; verify by recomputing msgField from the bundle's own "binding" bytes and checking the signature against the operator public key the proof commits to. A signing key disjoint from the credential is rejected ("deny code=invalid_signature"), closing the cross-signer replay class. After the signature verifies, the reference verifier additionally requires "binding.expiry" to equal the credential expiry that the scope and expiry checks consume, rejecting a mismatch ("deny code=invalid_bundle"); this binds the strict-expiry check to the signed value. A verifier consuming a foreign bundle recomputes the digest from the bundle's own "binding" bytes and does not trust a self-asserted digest.

Worked Examples (Informative) Each example is a real (stdin request, stdout verdict) pair against the reference verifier. Requests are abbreviated ("bundle" elided).

Allow (Local Nonce Mode) Request:

Verdict (exit 0):

Allow With consume_nonces (Host Nonce Mode) Same request, verifier spawned in host nonce mode. This agent-only bundle yields a single entry; a human-backed bundle would add a second "human:NULLIFIER-HASH" entry. Verdict (exit 0):

The host MUST reserve every entry's "nonce" atomically before acting (Section 7).

Deny -- scope_exceeded Request whose credential proves only READ_DATA but whose "send_message" capability requires WRITE_DATA. Verdict (exit 0):

Deny -- model_mismatch Request whose "model" differs from the model the proof commits to. Verdict (exit 0):

Deny -- malformed_input Truncated JSON on stdin. Verdict (exit 0):

Deny -- internal_error (Fail-Closed, Non-Zero Exit) No trusted-root source configured. Verdict on stdout AND a non-zero exit code, so the host fail-closes on either signal:

Allow -- classical-kind Verifier A "classical"-class verifier -- for example one that checks an ES256K-signed receipt and a JWT delegation token rather than a zero-knowledge proof -- returns the same "allow" envelope, tagged with its "kind". Verdict (exit 0):

Deny -- external-kind Verifier A third-party verifier denies with the shared registry () and its own "kind". Verdict (exit 0):

The agent-only "zk" examples above omit "kind"; omission is interpreted as "zk". An explicit "kind" value of "zk" is also valid (Section 5).

Host-Conformance Fixture List (Informative) The 30 "host_behavior" vectors and the Host-Under-Test environment variables of Section 8 are reproduced there as tables. Implementers building or testing a host should consult Section 8.1 (fixture inventory), Section 8.2 (the HUT convention and environment variables), and Section 8.3 (failure classes), together with the two reference hosts at "spec/reference-host.js" and "spec/reference-host-rs/".

Changes Since draft-kondoju-evc-01 [Note to the RFC Editor: please remove this section before publication.] This revision introduces no new protocol requirements and changes no wire format or required host behavior. It expands test coverage of existing requirements and records implementation evidence: Host conformance (Section 8): added two vectors. "signal-death-after-allow" (deny, class "signal_death"): the verifier writes a complete, schema-valid, flushed "allow" and is then terminated by an unsolicited fatal signal before ever exiting. This catches the stdout-first host that parses the delivered verdict and then guards the exit status with a "code greater than zero" style check, which signal death bypasses (the exit code is null or negative in common runtimes rather than positive). "well-behaved-allow-kind-zk" (relay allow): a positive control asserting that an explicit '"kind":"zk"' -- the default class -- is accepted rather than treated as an unrecognized "kind". The suite is now 29 fixtures driving 30 "host_behavior" vectors (vector set 0.8.0), published as "@bolyra/evc-conformance" version 0.4.0. Implementation status (): added a third-party reproduction record of the authors' bounded three-input run, and cross-specification implementation experience from the proposed x402 authorization-evidence profile. Updated current reference-suite versions and counts; historical results retain their original pins. Existing main-body section numbers are unchanged. Sections 12.6 and 12.7 were added; the previous change-log appendix moves from Appendix E to Appendix F.

Changes from draft-kondoju-evc-00 to draft-kondoju-evc-01 [Note to the RFC Editor: please remove this section before publication.] The -01 revision retained the wire behavior while clarifying existing schema and host semantics and documenting implementation experience. The following changes describe -00 to -01 only: Denial-code registry closure (): replaced the -00 sentence "hosts ... MUST treat an unrecognized future 'code' as deny" -- which was ambiguous about mechanism and was readable as relay-tolerance -- with explicit closure language: within a wire major an out-of-registry "code" fails the verdict schema and the host fails closed under its own "schema_invalid" classification, never relaying the code. This also resolves a latent internal tension with the IANA considerations (), which already described the wire denial-code set as a closed enum. Fail-closed classification precedence (): stated the order in which a host classifies co-occurring fail-closed conditions (own kills, then unsolicited signal death, then non-zero exit, then parse/schema checks), and that "signal_death" and "nonzero_exit" are distinct classes a host MUST NOT collapse. Host conformance (Section 8): added the "unknown-denial-code" fixture and its vector; the -01 suite contained 27 fixtures driving 28 "host_behavior" vectors (vector set 0.6.0), published as the "@bolyra/evc-conformance" npm package. Implementation status (): added an independent host implementation built from the contract text by an mcp-use maintainer, verified against the suite at a pinned public commit; updated version and vector counts throughout. Corrected internal section cross-references that had drifted when sections were inserted late in the -00 editing cycle (the denial-code registry was cited as Section 4.2 but renders as 4.3; the fd-isolation rules as 4.3 but render as 4.4; wire versioning as Section 10 but renders as 9; receipt signer discovery as 11 but renders as 10; security and IANA considerations one low likewise). All corrected references now use resolved anchors so numbering cannot drift again. Both prose gaps closed in the -01 revision were surfaced by independent implementation experience against the -00 text -- evidence used to decide where the specification, not just an implementation, needed repair.