Computing-Aware Traffic Steering Working Group J. Jeong, Ed. Internet-Draft Sungkyunkwan University Intended status: Informational 21 October 2024 Expires: 24 April 2025 Use Cases for Computing-Aware Intelligent Transportation Systems draft-jeong-cats-its-use-cases-01 Abstract This document proposes use cases for Computing-Aware Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Computing-Aware Traffic Steering (CATS) provides the steering of packets of a traffic flow for a specific service request toward the corresponding service instance at an edge computing server at a service site. The use cases for Computing-Aware ITS include (i) Context-Aware Navigation Protocol (CNP) for Terrestrial Vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UVA), (ii) Edge-Assisted Cluster-Based MAC Protocol (ECMAC) for Software- Defined Vehicles, and (iii) Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool (SAINT) for Cloud-Based Navigation Services. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 24 April 2025. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Computing-Aware ITS Use Cases October 2024 and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Use Cases for Computing-Aware Intelligent Transportation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.1. Vehicular Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.2. Context-Aware Navigation Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.3. Edge-Assisted Cluster-Based MAC Protocol . . . . . . . . 6 3.4. Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool for Cloud-Based Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Appendix A. Changes from draft-jeong-cats-its-use-cases-00 . . . 9 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1. Introduction Nowadays, various networked services are provided by leveraging edge computing infrastructure. Either a closest or a lightest edge computing server (simply called an edge server) can be selected to serve a request service. In this trend, Computing-Aware Traffic Steering (CATS) is standardized to provide the steering of packets of a traffic flow for a specific service request toward the corresponding service instance at an edge server at a service site [I-D.ietf-cats-usecases-requirements][I-D.ietf-cats-framework]. This document proposes two use cases for Computing-Aware Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). They are (i) Context-Aware Navigation Protocol for Terrestrial Vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UVA) [CNP-Vehicle] [CNP-UAV], (ii) Edge-Assisted Cluster-Based MAC Protocol for Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) [ECMAC], and (iii) Self- Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool (SAINT) for Cloud-Based Navigation Services [SAINT]. Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Computing-Aware ITS Use Cases October 2024 2. Terminology This document uses the terminology described in [I-D.ietf-cats-usecases-requirements] and [I-D.ietf-cats-framework]. In addition, the following terms are defined below: * Context-Aware Navigation Protocol (CNP): It is an application protocol that enables either terrestrial vehicles (i.e., ground vehicles) or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to move in road networks or fly in the sky to maneuver safely without collisions, respectively [CNP-Vehicle][CNP-UAV]. * Edge-Assisted Cluster-Based MAC Protocol (ECMAC): It is a Media Access Control (MAC) protocol that enables Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) to communicate with each other using Software- Defined Vehicular Networks with edge computing servers [ECMAC]. * Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool (SAINT): It is an application protocol that guides terrestrial vehicles to navigate efficiently towards their destination through the interaction between the vehicles and the vehicular cloud for navigation services [SAINT]. 3. Use Cases for Computing-Aware Intelligent Transportation Systems This section explains a vehicular network architecture for vehicles and three use cases for for Computing-Aware ITS. 3.1. Vehicular Network Architecture Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) include terrestrial vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The standardization and implementation of SDVs are performed by AUTOSAR [AUTOSAR], Eclipes SDV [Eclipse-SDV], and COVESA [COVESA]. These SDVs need to communicate with each other to avoid collisions or accidents. Figure 1 shows a Vehicular Network Architecture for Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) such as terrestrial vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). This vehicular network architecture is based on the vehicular network architecture for IPv6 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (IPWAVE) in [RFC9365]. Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Computing-Aware ITS Use Cases October 2024 Vehicular Cloud ******************************************* * * * +------------------+ * * | Cloud Controller | * * +------------------+ * * ^ * * | * * v * ******************************************* ^ +------------+ ^ +------------+ ^ +------------+ | |Edge-Server1| | |Edge-Server2| | |Edge-Server3| | +------------+ | +------------+ | +------------+ | ^ | ^ | ^ | | | | | | v V v V v V +---------+ +---------+ +---------+ | IP-RSU1 |<------->| IP-RSU2 |<------>| IP-RSU3 | +---------+ +---------+ +---------+ ^ ^ ^ : : : +-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+ | : V2I | | : V2I | | : V2I | | v | | v | | v | +--------+ | +--------+ | | +--------+ | | +--------+ | | SDV1 |===> | SDV2 |===>| | | SDV3 |===>| | | SDV4 |===>| +--------+<...>+--------+<........>+--------+ | | +--------+ | V2V ^ V2V ^ | | ^ | | : V2V | | : V2V | | : V2V | | v | | v | | v | | +--------+ | | +--------+ | | +--------+ | | | SDV5 |===> | | | SDV6 |===>| | | SDV7 |==>| | +--------+ | | +--------+ | | +--------+ | +-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+ Subnet1 Subnet2 Subnet3 (Prefix1) (Prefix2) (Prefix3) <----> Wired Link <....> Wireless Link ===> Moving Direction Figure 1: A Vehicular Network Architecture for Software-Defined Vehicles Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Computing-Aware ITS Use Cases October 2024 3.2. Context-Aware Navigation Protocol A connected network of automated vehicles on roads can increase the driving safety of driverless vehicles (i.e., autonomous vehicles). The critical level of dangerous situations on the road while driving can be increased by the speed, orientation, and traffic density of the vehicles involved. Therefore, there is a need for a maneuvering mechanism that handles both the current driving vehicle and the oncoming vehicles headed toward an emergency zone (e.g., road hazard and road accident spot). Context-Aware Navigation Protocol (CNP) enhances the safety of vehicles driving in urban roads [CNP-Vehicle][CNP-UAV]. Firstly, CNP includes a collision avoidance module that builds on both vehicular networks and on-board sensors to track vehicles' behaviors, and this module analyzes the driving risks to determine the necessary maneuvers in dangerous situations. Secondly, CNP establishes a collision mitigation strategy that limits the severity of collision damages in hazardous road during non-maneuverable scenarios. Through a theoretical analysis as well as extensive simulations, the effectiveness of CNP is shown in terms of the reduction of both communication overhead and the risk of road collisions. To use CNP, vehicles need to report their mobility information (e.g., vehicle identifier, destination, current position, direction, and speed) to a central cloud or an edge cloud for a CNP-based vehicle collision avoidance service. Service instances at either the edge cloud or the central cloud need to work for the vehicles. The packets with the mobility information per vehicle need to steered to an appropriate service instance for CNP. The service instance needs to provide a appropriate maneuver direction to each vehicle moving on the roadway. Since the vehicle is moving along the roadway, to serve the vehicle for collision avoidance, a new service instance needs to be selected for it, considering the network delay between the vehicle and service instance and also computing resources for the service instance. For the service instances to continue to compute the maneuvers smoothly, they need to exchange the mobility information as context while the vehicles are moving and change their service instance over time. That is, the context migration should be supported in the CATS infrastructure having the central clouds and the edge clouds to foster service instances. Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Computing-Aware ITS Use Cases October 2024 3.3. Edge-Assisted Cluster-Based MAC Protocol Vehicular networks have emerged as a promising means to mitigate safety hazards in modern transportation systems. On highways, emergency situations associated with vehicles necessitate a reliable Media Access Control (MAC) protocol that can provide timely warnings of possible vehicle collisions. An Edge-Assisted Cluster-Based MAC Protocol (ECMAC) is a vehicular MAC protocol for reliable and fast packet dissemination in software- defined vehicular networks [ECMAC]. To reduce the control messaging overhead for clustering, ECMAC separates the cluster control plane (i.e., managing cluster formation) from the data plane (i.e., actual data transmission and forwarding) by using a software-defined network controller in a cellular network edge server. For transmitting packets, ECMAC uses a time-division multiple access (TDMA) schedule algorithm to guarantee a high reliability and a low latency. The TDMA schedule in ECMAC is determined by a joint optimization process in the cellular edge, which is formulated as a binary integer linear programming problem and solved by a heuristic approach based on the divide-and-conquer paradigm. This joint optimization process minimizes the signal interference by jointly considering channel assignment and time slot allocation, thereby ensuring reliable communication. Through extensive simulations, the effectiveness of ECMAC is demonstrated a higher delivery ratio of emergency packets than the legacy data delivery approaches. In ECMAC, the cellular network edge server can be implemented as a service instance in the CATS infrastructure. In the same way with CNP, service instances need to efficiently perform the context migration (e.g., mobility information and cluster membership) of vehicles so that they can continue to form clusters of vehicles, allocate wireless channels to the vehicles, and assign time slots to the vehicles over time. 3.4. Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool for Cloud-Based Navigation Efficient navigation services are important in Intelligent Transportation Systems because they allow vehicles to move towards destinations quickly. For this efficient navigation, vehicles need to interact with a central cloud or an edge cloud in real time. Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool (SAINT) is a cloud-based navigation guidance system for vehicular traffic optimization in road networks [SAINT]. The legacy navigation systems guide vehicles to take their navigation paths with real-time traffic statistics in road Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Computing-Aware ITS Use Cases October 2024 maps without considering the navigation paths of other vehicles. This uncoordinated navigation planning may incur traffic congestion in certain areas in the road networks. On the other hand, SAINT uses a virtual metric called congestion contribution that estimates traffic congestion in each road segment in the current time and near-future time by considering the planned navigation paths of the vehices in the target road network. SAINT guides each vehicle to have a certain-level detour in order to make the whole road network have spread vehicular traffic and lessen possible traffic congestion in certain road segments or intersections. For this cooperative navigation in SAINT, while vehicles are moving along the roadways, they need to send their periodic navigation queries and their mobility information to appropriate service instances in a central cloud or an edge cloud in the CATS infrastructure. The service instances need to process their navigation queries and reply to them with good navigation paths, considersing the road-wide traffic optimization. Due to the movement of the vehicles, the switching from a service instance to another service instance should be performed efficiently, considering the network delay between the service instance and each vehicle and the computing resources of the service instance. SAINT can support the efficient delivery of emergency vehicles such as ambulance and fire engine to a road accident spot by the management of a congestion contribution matrix in a target road network [SAINTplus]. It can not only guide vehicles within the accident spot, but also can detour vehicles approaching the accident spot. This version of SAINT is called SAINT+. 4. IANA Considerations This document does not require any IANA actions. 5. Security Considerations The same security considerations for Computing-Aware Traffic Steering (CATS) are applicable to the use cases for the Computing-Aware ITS [I-D.ietf-cats-usecases-requirements] [I-D.ietf-cats-framework]. 6. References 6.1. Normative References Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Computing-Aware ITS Use Cases October 2024 [RFC9365] Jeong, J., Ed., "IPv6 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (IPWAVE): Problem Statement and Use Cases", RFC 9365, DOI 10.17487/RFC9365, March 2023, . 6.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-cats-usecases-requirements] Yao, K., Contreras, L. M., Shi, H., Zhang, S., and Q. An, "Computing-Aware Traffic Steering (CATS) Problem Statement, Use Cases, and Requirements", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-cats-usecases-requirements-04, 3 July 2024, . [I-D.ietf-cats-framework] Li, C., Du, Z., Boucadair, M., Contreras, L. M., and J. Drake, "A Framework for Computing-Aware Traffic Steering (CATS)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf- cats-framework-04, 17 October 2024, . [AUTOSAR] "AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform", Available: https://www.autosar.org/standards/adaptive-platform, March 2024. [Eclipse-SDV] "Eclipse Software Defined Vehicle Working Group Charter", Available: https://www.eclipse.org/org/workinggroups/sdv- charter.php, March 2024. [COVESA] "Connected Vehicle Systems Alliance", Available: https://covesa.global/, March 2024. [CNP-Vehicle] Mugabarigira, B., Shen, Y., Jeong, J., Oh, T., and H. Jeong, "Context-Aware Navigation Protocol for Safe Driving in Vehicular Cyber-Physical Systems", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Volume 24, Issue 1, Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9921182, January 2023. Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Computing-Aware ITS Use Cases October 2024 [CNP-UAV] Mugabarigira, B. and J. Jeong, "Context-Aware Navigation Protocol for Safe Flying of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles", KICS Winter Conference, Available: http://iotlab.skku.edu/publications/international- journal/CNP-TITS-2023.pdf, January 2024. [ECMAC] Shen, Y., Jeong, J., Jun, J., Oh, T., and Y. Baek, "ECMAC: Edge-Assisted Cluster-Based MAC Protocol in Software- Defined Vehicular Networks", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Volume 73, Issue 9, Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10505005, September 2024. [SAINT] Jeong, J., Jeong, H., Lee, E., Oh, T., and D. Du, "SAINT: Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool for Cloud-Based Vehicular Traffic Optimization", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Volume 65, Issue 6, Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7243355, June 2016. [SAINTplus] Shen, Y., Lee, J., Jeong, H., Jeong, J., Lee, E., and D. Du, "SAINT+: Self-Adaptive Interactive Navigation Tool+ for Emergency Service Delivery Optimization", IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Volume 19, Issue 4, Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7953571, April 2018. Appendix A. Changes from draft-jeong-cats-its-use-cases-00 The following changes are made from draft-jeong-cats-its-use-cases- 00: * This version enriches the main text with more contents for use cases. * This version corrects the typos in the text. Acknowledgments This work was supported by Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (No. RS-2024-00398199 and RS- 2022-II221015). Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Computing-Aware ITS Use Cases October 2024 This work was supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government, Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (No. 2023R1A2C2002990). Contributors This document is made by the group effort of CATS WG, greatly benefiting from inputs and texts by Peng Liu (China Mobile), Yong- Geun Hong (Daejeon University), and Joo-Sang Youn (Dong-Eui University). The authors sincerely appreciate their contributions. The following are coauthors of this document: Bien Aime Mugabarigira Department of Electrial & Computer Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu Suwon Gyeonggi-Do 16419 Republic of Korea Phone: +82 31 299 4106 Email: bienaime@skku.edu URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-Bien-Aime.php Yiwen Shen Department of Computer Science & Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu Suwon Gyeonggi-Do 16419 Republic of Korea Phone: +82 31 299 4106 Email: chrisshen@skku.edu URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-chris-shen.php Author's Address Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Computing-Aware ITS Use Cases October 2024 Jaehoon Paul Jeong (editor) Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-Ro, Jangan-Gu Suwon Gyeonggi-Do 16419 Republic of Korea Phone: +82 31 299 4957 Email: pauljeong@skku.edu URI: http://iotlab.skku.edu/people-jaehoon-jeong.php Jeong Expires 24 April 2025 [Page 11]