v6ops Working Group L. Colitti Internet-Draft Google, LLC Intended status: Informational J. Linkova, Ed. Expires: 19 November 2023 X. Ma, Ed. Google 18 May 2023 Using DHCP-PD to Allocate Unique IPv6 Prefix per Device in Broadcast Networks draft-ietf-v6ops-dhcp-pd-per-device-00 Abstract This document discusses the IPv6 deployment scenario when individual devices connected to broadcast networks (like WiFi hotspots or enterprise networks) are allocated unique prefixes via DHCP-PD. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 19 November 2023. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 1] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Prefix Length Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5. Routing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.1. First-Hop Routers Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.2. Topologies with Multiple First-Hop Routers . . . . . . . 5 5.3. Preventing Routing Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. DHCPv6-PD Server Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7. Antispoofing and SAVI Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8. Migration Strategies and Co-existence with SLAAC Using Prefixes From PIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9. Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 10. Applicability and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 11. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 13. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. Introduction Unlike IPv4, IPv6 allows (and often requires) hosts to have multiple addresses. At the very least, a host can be expected to have one link-local address, one temporary address and, in most cases, one stable global address. On an IPv6-only network the device would need to have a dedicated 464XLAT address, which brings the total number of addresses to 4. If the network is multihomed and uses two different prefixes, or during graceful renumbering (when the old prefix is deprecated), or if an enterprise uses ULAs, the number of global addresses can easily double, bringing the total number of addresses to 7. Devices running containers/namespaces might need even more addresses per physical host. On one hand multiple addresses could be considered as a significant advantage of IPv6. On the other hand, however, they are sometimes seen as a drawback for the following reasons: Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 2] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 * Increased number of addresses introduces scalability issues on the network infrastructure. Network devices need to maintain various types of tables/hashes (Neighbor Cache on first-hop routers, Neighbor Discovery Proxy caches on L2 devices etc). On VXLAN [RFC7348] networks each address might be represented as a route so 8 addresses instead of 1 requires the devices to support 8 times more routes, etc. * An operator might need to know all addresses used by a given device in the past for forensics or troubleshooting purposes. * If an infrastructure device resources are exhausted, the device might drop some IPv6 addresses from the corresponding tables, while the address owner might be still using the address to send traffic. This leads to traffic blackholing and degraded customer experience. [RFC7934] discusses this aspect and explicitly states that IPv6 deployments SHOULD NOT limit the number of IPv6 addresses a host can have. However it's been observed that networks do impose such limits, likely in an attempt to protect the network resources and prevent DoS attacks. The most common scenario of network-imposed limitations is Neighbor Discovery (ND) proxy. Many enterprise-scale wireless solutions implement ND proxy to reduce amount of broadcast and multicast downstream (AP to clients) traffic. To perform ND proxy a device usually maintains a table, containing IPv6 and MAC addresses of connected clients. At least some implementations have hardcoded limits on how many IPv6 addresses per a single MAC such a table can contain. When the limit is exceeded the behaviour is implementation-dependent. Some vendors just fail to install N+1 address to the table. Other delete the oldest entry for this MAC and replace it with the new address. In any case the affected addresses lose network connectivity without receiving any implict signal, with traffic being silently dropped. It would be beneficial for IPv6 deployments to address the above mentioned scalability issues while still allowing devices to have multiple IPv6 addresses. One of the very promising approaches is allocating an unique IPv6 prefix per host ([RFC8273]). The same principle has been actively used in cellular IPv6 deployments ([RFC6459]). However it's very uncommon in enterprise-style networks, where nodes are usually connected to broadcast segments/ VLANs and each segment has a single shared subnet assigned. This document expands the approach defined in [RFC8273] to allocate an unique IPv6 prefix per device using DHCP-PD. Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 3] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 2. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 3. Design Principles Instead of all devices on a given segment forming addresses from the same shared prefix assigned to that segment: * An device acts as DHCP-PD client and requests a prefix via DHCPv6-PD by sending an IA_PD request. * The first-hop router acts as a DHCPv6-PD relay and sends the request to the DHCPv6-PD servers. In smaller networks it's entirely possible for the first-hop router to act as a DHCPv6-PD server and assign the prefix from a larger pool allocated for the given segment or the whole site. * The allocated prefix is installed into the first-hop router routing table as a route pointing to the client's link-local address. For the router and all other infrastructure devices that prefix is considered off-link, so traffic to that prefix does not trigger any ND packets. * The device uses the delegated prefix to form addresses and/or extend the network, e.g., as described in [RFC7278]. For example, the device can include the prefix into Router Advertisements sent to virtual systems or to any other devices connected to its downstream interface. 4. Prefix Length Considerations DHCPv6 prefix delegation supports delegating prefixes of any size. However at the time of writing, the only prefix size that will allow the device to use SLAAC is 64 bits (see also [RFC7421]). As a result delegating a prefix suitable for forming addresses using SLAAC allows the client to provide limitless addresses to IPv6 nodes connected to it (e.g., virtual machines, tethered devices), because all IPv6 nodes are required to support SLAAC. In other words, it allows devices to extend the network arbitrarily, similarily to using NAT in IPv4 but with full support for end-to-end communication. Chosing longer prefixes would require the device and any connected system to use some other form of address assignment and therefore would drastically limit the applicability of the proposed solution. The extensive Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 4] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 analysis provided in [RFC7421] is fully applicable to selecting the delegated prefix in the proposed deployment model. Section 9.2 of [RFC7934] demonstrates that if a network uses 10.0.0.0/8 to address hosts, /40 would be sufficient to provide each device with /64. In multi-site networks the calculations might get more complex as each site IPv6 prefix needs to be larger enough to be globally routable and accepted by eBGP peers, for example /48. Let's consider an enterprise network which has 8000 sites (~2^13). Imagine that site has up to 64 (2^6) different network types and each network requires its own /48. So each network can provide /64 to 65K clients (an equivalent of using /16 IPv4 subnet to address devices). In that case such an enterprise would need /29 (48 - 6 - 13) to provide /64 to its devices. Networks of such size usually have multiple allocations from RIRs so /29 sounds reasonable. In real life there are very few networks of that scale and a single /32 would be sufficient for most deployments. 5. Routing Considerations 5.1. First-Hop Routers Requirements The design described in this document is targeted to large networks were the number of clients combined with multiple IPv6 addresses per client creates scalability issues. In such networks DHCPv6 servers are usually deployed as dedicated systems, so the first-hop routers act as DHCP relays. To delegate IPv6 prefixes to devices the first hop router needs to implement DHCPv6-PD relay functions and meet the requirements defined in [RFC8987]. In particular, if the same DHCPv6-PD pool is used for clients connected to multiple routers, dynamic routing protocols are required to propagate the routes to the allocated prefixes. Each relay needs to advertise the learned delegated leases as per requirement R-4 specified in Section 4.2 of [RFC8987]. 5.2. Topologies with Multiple First-Hop Routers Traditionally DHCPv6-PD is used in environments where a DHCPv6-PD client (a home CPE, for example) is connected to a single router which performs DHCPv6-PD relay functions. In the topology with redundant first-hop routers, all those routers need to snoop DHCPv6 traffic, install the delegated prefixes into its routing table and, if needed, advertise those prefixes to the network. That means that all relays the device is connected to must be able to snoop DHCPv6-PD traffic, in particular Reply messages sent by the server (as those messages contain the delegated prefix). Normally the client uses multicast to reach all servers or an individual server (see Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 5] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 Section 14 of [RFC8415]). As per Section 18.4 of [RFC8415] the server is not supposed to accept unicast traffic when it is not explicitly configured to do, and unicast transmission is only allowed for some messages and only if the Server Unicast option ([RFC8415], Section 21.12) is used. Therefore, in the topologies with multiple first-hop routers the DHCPv6 servers MUST be configured not to use the Server Unicast option (it should be noted that [I-D.dhcwg-dhc-rfc8415bis] deprecates the Server Unicast option exactly because it is not compatible with multiple relays topology). Therefore as long as the Server Unicast option is not used, all first-hop routers shall be able to install the route for the delegates prefix. To ensure that routes to the delegated prefixes are preserved even if a relay is rebooted or replaced, the operator MUST ensure that all relays in the network infrastructure support DHCPv6 Bulk Leasequery as defined in [RFC5460]. While Section 4.3 of [RFC8987] lists keeping active prefix delegations in persistent storage as an alternative to DHCPv6 Bulk Leasequery, relying on persistent storage has the following drawbacks: * In a network with multiple relays, network state can change significantly while the relay was rebooting (new prefixes delegated, some prefixes expiring etc). * Persistent storage might not be preserved if the router is physically replaced. 5.3. Preventing Routing Loops To prevent routing loops caused by traffic to unused addresses from the delegated prefix the client MUST drop all packets to such addresses (see the requirement WPD-5 in Section 4.2 of [RFC7084]). 6. DHCPv6-PD Server Considerations The following requirements are applicable to the DHCPv6-PD server delegating prefixes to devices: * The server MUST follow [RFC8168] recommendations on processing prefix-length hints. * The server MUST provide a prefix short enough for the client to assign addresses to its interfaces and connected systems via SLAAC. Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 6] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 * If the server receives the same SOLICIT message from the same client multiple times through multiple relays, it MUST reply to all of them with the same prefix(es). This ensures that all the relays will correctly configure routes to the delegated prefixes. * The server MUST NOT send the Server Unicast option to the client unless the network topology guarantees that no client is connected to a segment with multiple relays (see Section 5.2). 7. Antispoofing and SAVI Interaction Enabling the unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF) on the first-hop router interfaces towards clients provides the first layer of defence agains spoofing. If the malicious client sends a spoofed packet it would be dropped by the router unless the spoofed address belongs to a prefix delegated to another client on the same interface. Therefore the malicious client can only spoof addresses already delegated to another client on the same segment or another device link-local address. Source Address Validation Improvement (SAVI, [RFC7039]) provides more reliable protection against address spoofing. Administrators deploying the proposed solution on the SAVI-enabled infastructure should ensure that SAVI perimeter devices support DHCPv6-PD snooping to create the correct binding for the delegated prefixes (see [RFC7513]). Using FCFS SAVI ([RFC6620]) for protecting link-local addresses and creating SAVI bindings for DHCPv6-PD assigned prefixes would prevent spoofing. It should be noted that using DHCPv6-PD makes it harder for an attacker to select the spoofed source address. When all devices are using the same shared subnet to form addresses, the attacker might learn addresses used by other devices by listening to multicast Neighbor Solicitations and Neighbour Advertisements. In DHCPv6-PD environments, however, the attacker can only learn about other devices global addresses by listening to multicast DHCPv6 messages, which are not transmitted so often. 8. Migration Strategies and Co-existence with SLAAC Using Prefixes From PIO It would be beneficial for the network to explicitly indicate its support of DHCPv6-PD for connected devices. * In small networks (e.g. home ones), where the number of devices is not too high, the number of available prefixes becomes a limiting factor. If every phone or laptop in a home network would request an unique prefix suitable for SLAAC, the home network might run Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 7] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 out of prefixes, if the prefix allocated to the CPE by its ISP is too small (e.g. if an ISP allocates /60, it would only allow 16 devices to request /64). So while the enterprise network administrator might want all phones in the network to request a prefix, it would be highly undesirable for the same phone to request a prefix when connecting to a home network. * When the network supports both a unique prefix per device and a PIO with A=1 as address assignment methods, it's highly desirable for the device NOT to use the PIO prefix to form global addresses and only use the prefix delegated via DHCPv6-PD. Starting both SLAAC using the PIO prefix and DHCPv6-PD and deprecating that SLAAC addresses after receiving a delegated prefix would be very disruptive for applications. If the device continues to use addresses formed from the PIO prefix it would not only undermine the benefits of the proposed solution (see Section 9), but would also introduce complexity and unpredictability in the source address selection. Therefore the device needs to know what address assignment method to use and whether to use the prefix in PIO or not, if the network provides the PIO with A flag set. To allow the network to signal DHCPv6-PD support, [I-D.collink-6man-pio-pflag] defines a new PIO flag, indicating that DHCPv6-PD is preferred method of obtaining prefixes. 9. Benefits The proposed solution provides the following benefits: * The network devices resources (e.g. memory) need to scale to the number of devices, not the number of IPv6 addresses. The first- hop routers have a single route per device pointing to the device's link-local address. * If all devices connected to the given network segment support this mode of operation and can generate addresses from the delegated prefixes, there is no reason to advertise a common prefix assigned to that segment in PIO with 'A' flag set. Therefore it is possible to remove the global shared prefix from that network segment and the router interface completely, so no global addresses are on-link for the segment. This would lead to reducing the attack surface for Neighbor Discovery attacks described in [RFC6583]. Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 8] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 * DHCP-PD logs and first-hop routers routing tables provide complete information on IPv6 to MAC mapping, which can be used for forensics and troubleshooting. Such information is much less dynamic than ND cache and therefore it's much easier for an operator to collect and process it. * A dedicated prefix per device allows the network administrator to create per-host security policies (ACLs) even if the device is using temporary addresses. This mitigates one of the issues described in [I-D.gont-opsec-ipv6-addressing]. * The cost of having multiple addresses is offloaded to the end devices. Devices are free to create and use as many addresses as they need. * Fate sharing: all global addresses used by a given device are routed as a single prefix. Either all of them work or not, which makes the failures easier to diagnoze and mitigate. * Ability to extend the network transparently. If the device use SLAAC, delegating a prefix allows the device to provide connectivity to other hosts, like it is possible in IPv4 with NAT. 10. Applicability and Limitations Delegating a unique prefix per device provides all the benefits of both SLAAC and DHCPv6 address allocation, but at the cost of greater address space usage. This design would substantially benefit some networks (see Section 9), in which the addional cost of an additional service (DHCPv6 prefix delegation) and allocating a larger amount of address space can easily be justified. Examples of such networks include but are not limited to: * Large-scale networks where even 3-5 addresses per client might introduce scalability issues. * Networks with high number of virtual hosts, so physical devices require multiple addresses. * Managed networks where extensive troubleshooting, device traffic logging or forensics might be required. In smaller networks, such as home networks, with smaller address space and lower number of clients, SLAAC is a better and simpler option. Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 9] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 11. Privacy Considerations Eventually, if/when the vast majority of devices support the proposed mechanism, an eavesdropper/information collector might be able to correlate the prefix to the device. To mitigate the threat the device might implement a mechanism similar to SLAAC temporary extensions ([RFC8981]) but for delegated prefixes: * The device requests another prefix. * Upon receiving the new prefix the device deprecates all addresses from the old one. * After some time (shall it be T2 from IA_PD for the original prefix?) the device sends RELEASE for the old prefix. 12. IANA Considerations This memo includes no request to IANA. 13. Security Considerations A malicious or just misbehaving device might exhaust the DHCP-PD pool by sending a large number of requests with various DUIDs. This is not a new issue as the same attack might be implemented in DHCPv4 or DHCPv6 for IA_NA requests. To prevent a misbehaving client from denying service to other clients, the DHCPv6 server or relay MUST support limiting the number of prefixes delegated to a given client at any given time. A malicious client might request a prefix and then release it very quickly, causing routing convergence events on the relays. The probability of such attack can be reduced if the network rate limits the amount of broadcast and multicast messages from the client. Delegating the same prefix for the same device introduces privacy concerns. The proposed mitigation is discussed in Section 11. Spoofing scenarios and prevention mechanisms are discussed in Section 7. 14. References 14.1. Normative References Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 10] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC7084] Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., and B. Stark, "Basic Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers", RFC 7084, DOI 10.17487/RFC7084, November 2013, . [RFC5460] Stapp, M., "DHCPv6 Bulk Leasequery", RFC 5460, DOI 10.17487/RFC5460, February 2009, . [RFC6620] Nordmark, E., Bagnulo, M., and E. Levy-Abegnoli, "FCFS SAVI: First-Come, First-Served Source Address Validation Improvement for Locally Assigned IPv6 Addresses", RFC 6620, DOI 10.17487/RFC6620, May 2012, . [RFC8168] Li, T., Liu, C., and Y. Cui, "DHCPv6 Prefix-Length Hint Issues", RFC 8168, DOI 10.17487/RFC8168, May 2017, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . [RFC8273] Brzozowski, J. and G. Van de Velde, "Unique IPv6 Prefix per Host", RFC 8273, DOI 10.17487/RFC8273, December 2017, . [RFC8415] Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A., Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, November 2018, . [RFC8981] Gont, F., Krishnan, S., Narten, T., and R. Draves, "Temporary Address Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6", RFC 8981, DOI 10.17487/RFC8981, February 2021, . [RFC8987] Farrer, I., Kottapalli, N., Hunek, M., and R. Patterson, "DHCPv6 Prefix Delegating Relay Requirements", RFC 8987, DOI 10.17487/RFC8987, February 2021, . Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 11] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 14.2. Informative References [RFC6459] Korhonen, J., Ed., Soininen, J., Patil, B., Savolainen, T., Bajko, G., and K. Iisakkila, "IPv6 in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Evolved Packet System (EPS)", RFC 6459, DOI 10.17487/RFC6459, January 2012, . [RFC6583] Gashinsky, I., Jaeggli, J., and W. Kumari, "Operational Neighbor Discovery Problems", RFC 6583, DOI 10.17487/RFC6583, March 2012, . [RFC7039] Wu, J., Bi, J., Bagnulo, M., Baker, F., and C. Vogt, Ed., "Source Address Validation Improvement (SAVI) Framework", RFC 7039, DOI 10.17487/RFC7039, October 2013, . [RFC7421] Carpenter, B., Ed., Chown, T., Gont, F., Jiang, S., Petrescu, A., and A. Yourtchenko, "Analysis of the 64-bit Boundary in IPv6 Addressing", RFC 7421, DOI 10.17487/RFC7421, January 2015, . [RFC7513] Bi, J., Wu, J., Yao, G., and F. Baker, "Source Address Validation Improvement (SAVI) Solution for DHCP", RFC 7513, DOI 10.17487/RFC7513, May 2015, . [RFC7348] Mahalingam, M., Dutt, D., Duda, K., Agarwal, P., Kreeger, L., Sridhar, T., Bursell, M., and C. Wright, "Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN): A Framework for Overlaying Virtualized Layer 2 Networks over Layer 3 Networks", RFC 7348, DOI 10.17487/RFC7348, August 2014, . [RFC7278] Byrne, C., Drown, D., and A. Vizdal, "Extending an IPv6 /64 Prefix from a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Mobile Interface to a LAN Link", RFC 7278, DOI 10.17487/RFC7278, June 2014, . [RFC7934] Colitti, L., Cerf, V., Cheshire, S., and D. Schinazi, "Host Address Availability Recommendations", BCP 204, RFC 7934, DOI 10.17487/RFC7934, July 2016, . Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 12] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 [I-D.collink-6man-pio-pflag] Colitti, L. and J. Linkova, "Signalling DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation Availability to Hosts", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-collink-6man-pio-pflag-00, 27 March 2023, . [I-D.dhcwg-dhc-rfc8415bis] Mrugalski, T., Volz, B., Richardson, M., Jiang, S., and T. Winters, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-dhcwg- dhc-rfc8415bis-00, 7 October 2022, . [I-D.gont-opsec-ipv6-addressing] Gont, F. and G. Gont, "Implications of IPv6 Addressing on Security Operations", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-gont-opsec-ipv6-addressing-00, 2 February 2023, . Acknowledgements Thanks to Nick Buraglio, Brian Carpenter, Gert Doering, David Farmer, Fernando Gont, Nick Hilliard, Bob Hinden, Martin Hunek, Erik Kline, David Lamparter, Andrew McGregor, Tomek Mrugalski, Pascal Thubert, Ole Troan, Eduard Vasilenko, Timothy Winters, Chongfeng Xie for the discussions, their input and all contribution. Contributors Authors' Addresses Lorenzo Colitti Google, LLC Shibuya 3-21-3, Japan Email: lorenzo@google.com Jen Linkova (editor) Google 1 Darling Island Rd Pyrmont NSW 2009 Australia Email: furry13@gmail.com, furry@google.com Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 13] Internet-Draft MultAddrr May 2023 Xiao Ma (editor) Google Shibuya 3-21-3, Japan Email: xiaom@google.com Colitti, et al. Expires 19 November 2023 [Page 14]