| Network Working Group | T. Bruijnzeels |
| Internet-Draft | O. Muravskiy |
| Intended status: Standards Track | RIPE NCC |
| Expires: August 20, 2015 | B. Weber |
| Cobenian | |
| R. Austein | |
| Dragon Research Labs | |
| D. Mandelberg | |
| BBN Technologies | |
| February 16, 2015 |
RPKI Repository Delta Protocol
draft-ietf-sidr-delta-protocol-00
In the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI), certificate authorities publish certificates, including end entity certificates, and CRLs to repositories on publication servers. Relying Parties (RP) retrieve the published information from the repository and MAY store it in a cache. This document specifies a delta protocol which provides relying parties with a mechanism to query a repository for changes, thus enabling the RP to keep its state in sync with the repository.
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on August 20, 2015.
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
In the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI), certification authorities (CAs) publish certificates [RFC6487], RPKI signed objects [RFC6488] , manifests [RFC6486] and CRLs to repositories. CAs may have an embedded mechanism to publish to these repositories, or they may use a separate publication server and communication protocol. RPKI repositories are currently accessible using rsync, allowing Relying Parties (RPs) to synchronise a local copy of the RPKI repository used for validation with the central repositories using the rsync protocol [RFC6481].
This document specifies an alternative repository access protocol based on notification, snapshot and delta files that an RP can retrieve over http(s). This allows RPs to perform a full (re-)synchronisation of their local copy of the repository using snapshot files. However, typically RPs will use delta files to keep their local repository updated after initial synchronisation.
This protocol is designed to be consistent with the publication protocol [I-D.ietf-sidr-publication] and treats publication events of one or more repository objects as immutable events that can be communicated to relying parties. This approach helps to minimize the amount of data that traverses the network and thus helps minimize the amount of time until repository convergence occurs. This protocol also provides a standards based way to obtain consistent, point in time views of a single repository eliminating a number of consistency related issues. Finally, this approach allows for caching infrastructure to be used to serve this immutable data, and thus helps to reduce the load on a publication server when a large a number of relying parties are querying it.
Certification Authorities (CA) in the RPKI use a publication server to publish their RPKI products, such as manifests, CRLs, signed certificates and RPKI signed objects. This publication server may be remote, or embedded in the CA engine itself. Certificates in the RPKI that use a publication server that supports this delta protocol include a special Subject Information Access (SIA) pointer referring to a notification file.
The notification file includes a globally unique session_id in the form of a version 4 UUID, and serial number that can be used by the Relying Party (RP) to determine if it and the repository are synchronised. Furthermore it includes a link to the most recent complete snapshot of current objects that are published by the publication servers, and a list of links to delta files, for each revision starting at a point determined by the publication server, up to the current revision of the repository.
This notification file is intended to be small so that is can easily be fetched over HTTP(S). The publication server may use HTTP caching infrastructure to reduce its load. The publication server should should avoid using a long caching interval, since the length of this interval determines when RPs will receive updated notification files, and thereby new products produced by Certification Authorities using this publication server. It is recommended that of no longer than five minutes is used for caching this file. If the caching infrastructure supports it another useful approach would be to expire the cache for the notification file URI as soon as a new notification file is known to be published.
An RP that first learns about a notification file location can download it, and then proceed to download the latest snapshot file, and thus create a local copy of the repository that is in sync with the publication server. The RP should remember the location of this notification file, the session_id and current serial number.
RPs are encouraged to re-fetch this notification file at regular intervals, but should not try to fetch the same file more frequently than once per minute. After re-fetching the notification file, the RP may find that there are one or more delta files available that allow it to synchronise with the current state.
If no contiguous chain of updates is available, or if the session_id has changed, the latest snapshot should be used instead. In this case the RP should then add the objects found in the latest snapshot to its local repository.
As soon as the RP fetches new content in this way it should start a validation process using its local repository. An example of a reason why an RP may not do this immediately is because it has learned of more than one notification location and it prefers to complete all its updates before validating.
The publication server may use http caching infrastructure to reduce its load. It should be noted that snapshots and deltas for any given session_id and serial number contain an immutable record of the state of the publication server at a certain point in time. For this reason these files can be cached indefinitely. To support this the publication server must use a globally unique URL for the location of each of these snapshot and delta files. It is recommended that old versions of snapshot and delta files remain available for download for some time after they have last appeared on a notification file to provide some resiliency in case relying parties are slow to process.
The update notification file is used by RPs to discover whether any changes exist between the state of the publication server's repository and the RP's cache. It describes the location of the files containing the snapshot and incremental deltas which can be used by the RP to synchronize with the repository.
A repository server MAY use caching infrastructure to cache the notification file and reduce the load of http(s) requests to a central repository server. However, since this file is used by RPs to determine whether any updates are available it is strongly RECOMMENDED to use a short interval for caching, to avoid unnecessary delays. A maximum of delay of 5 minutes after a new notification file has been published seems like a reasonable compromise. This delay should not cause major problems for RPs and routing since a similar human time scale is expected to be involved in updating the contents of the RPKI on the one hand, i.e. creating and publishing new ROAs or router certificates, and updating actual BGP announcements in routers on the other. That said, real world measurements are needed on this subject, so this recommended maximum time may be subject to change in future.
There are various ways to ensure that the notification file is only cached for a certain time in caching infrastructure and different solutions, such as commercial Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), may provide different ways of achieving this. For example some CDNs have custom support to cache a file such as this notification file indefinetely, but allow a central server to notify the CDN through some protocol that an update is available and trigger the CDN to then refresh this file. In general a publication server may find certain HTTP headers to be useful, such as: Cache-Control: max-age=300
Finally it shoulf be noted that snapshot and delta files are intended to be cache-able for a much longer longer time. In support of this the URIs for each snapshot and delta file for a given session_id and serial number MUST be unique and the contents of those files MUST NOT change.
Example notification file:
<notification xmlns="HTTP://www.ripe.net/rpki/rrdp" version="1" session_id="9df4b597-af9e-4dca-bdda-719cce2c4e28" serial="2"> <snapshot uri="HTTP://rpki.ripe.net/rpki-ca/rrdp/EEEA7F7AD96D85BBD1F7274FA7DA0025984A2AF3D5A0538F77BEC732ECB1B068.xml" hash="EEEA7F7AD96D85BBD1F7274FA7DA0025984A2AF3D5A0538F77BEC732ECB1B068"/> <delta serial="2" uri="HTTP://rpki.ripe.net/rpki-ca/rrdp/198BD94315E9372D7F15688A5A61C7BA40D318210CDC799B6D3F9F24831CF21B.xml" hash="198BD94315E9372D7F15688A5A61C7BA40D318210CDC799B6D3F9F24831CF21B"/> <delta serial="1" uri="HTTP://rpki.ripe.net/rpki-ca/rrdp/8DE946FDA8C6A6E431DFE3622E2A3E36B8F477B81FAFCC5E7552CC3350C609CC.xml" hash="8DE946FDA8C6A6E431DFE3622E2A3E36B8F477B81FAFCC5E7552CC3350C609CC"/> </notification>
The following validation rules must be observed when creating or parsing notification files:
When the publication server (re-) initialises it MUST generate a new random version 4 UUID to be used as the session_id. Furthermore it MUST then generate a snapshot file for serial number ONE for this new session that includes all currently known published objects that the publication server is responsible for. This snapshot file MUST be made available at a URL that is unique to this session and version, so that it can be cached indefinitely. The format and caching concerns for snapshot files are explained in more detail below in Section 3.3. After the snapshot file has been published the publication server MUST publish a new notification file that contains the new session_id, has serial number ONE, has one reference to the snaphot file that was just published, and that contains no delta references.
Whenever the publication server receives updates from a CA it SHOULD generate an update as follows.
The new repository serial MUST be one greater than the current repository serial. A new delta file MUST be generated for this new serial, that contains all the updates, i.e. new, replaced and withdrawn objects, as a single change set. This delta file MUST be made available at a URL that is unique to this session and version, so that it can be cached indefinitely. The format and caching concerns for delta files are explained in more detail below in Section 3.4.
The publication server MUST also generate a new snaphost file for this new serial, that contains all current objects for this new serial. In other words it should include all publish elements found in this update, and it should exclude all previous publish elements for objects that have been withdrawn or updated. As above this new file MUST be made available at a URL that is unique to this session_id and new version before proceeding.
Finally an updated notification file MUST be created by the publication server. This new notification file MUST include a reference to the new snaphot file. The file SHOULD also include available delta files for this and previous updates. However, the server MUST not include more delta files than, when combined, exceed the size of the current snapshot.
The publication server MAY also choose to include fewer delta files if it is found that the efficiency gain in keeping notification files small outweighs the overhead of forcing a small number of relying parties to process full snapshot files. At the time of this writing it is not completely clear what would constitute reasonable parameters to determine this balance. Real world measurements are needed to help this discussion. Possible approaches are:
If the publication server is not capable of performing the above for some reason, then it MUST perform a full re-initialisation, as explained above in Section 3.2.4.
A snapshot is intended to reflect the complete and current contents of the repository. There it MUST contain all objects from the repository current as of the time of the publication.
A repository server MAY use caching infrastructure to cache snapshot files and reduce the load of http(s) requests to a central repository server. To support this it is important that snaphot files for a specific session_id and serial have a unique URL. The files themselves reflect the content of the repository at a specific point in time, and for that reason they never change. Aside from space concerns this means that these files MAY therefore be cached indefinitely.
To support RPs that are slow to process old, possibly cached, notification files, the publication server SHOULD ensure that old snapshot files remain available for some time after have last appeared on a notification file. It is RECOMMENDED that these files are kept for at least two times as long as the notification file cache period, i.e. 10 minutes. However, space permitting, the publication server is welcome to keep these files available for longer.
Example snapshot file:
<snapshot xmlns="HTTP://www.ripe.net/rpki/rrdp" version="1" session_id="9df4b597-af9e-4dca-bdda-719cce2c4e28" serial="5932">
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<publish uri="rsync://bandito.ripe.net/repo/77821ba152e5fbd6c46c3e95ac2b27a910a514d5.crl">
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</snapshot>
The following validation rules must be observed when creating or parsing snapshot files:
An incremental delta file contains all changes for exactly one serial increment of the publication server. In other words a single delta will typically include all the new objects, updated objects and withdrawn objects that a Certification Authority sent to the publication server. In its simplest form the update could concern only a single object, but it is recommended that CAs send all changes for one of their key pairs: i.e. updated objects as well as a new manifest and CRL as one atomic update message.
A repository server MAY use caching infrastructure to cache delta files and reduce the load of http(s) requests to a central repository server. To support this it is important that delta files for a specific session_id and serial have a unique URL. The files themselves reflect the content of the repository at a specific point in time, and for that reason they never change. Aside from space concerns this means that these files MAY therefore be cached indefinitely.
To support RPs that are slow to process old, possibly cached, notification files, the publication server SHOULD ensure that old delta files remain available for some time after have last appeared on a notification file. It is RECOMMENDED that these files are kept for at least two times as long as the notification file cache period, i.e. 10 minutes. However, space permitting, the publication server is welcome to keep these files available for longer.
Example snapshot file:
<delta xmlns="HTTP://www.ripe.net/rpki/rrdp" version="1" session_id="9df4b597-af9e-4dca-bdda-719cce2c4e28" serial="5932">
<publish uri="rsync://bandito.ripe.net/repo/3a87a4b1-6e22-4a63-ad0f-06f83ad3ca16/default/671570f06499fbd2d6ab76c4f22566fe49d5de60.mft" hash="226AB8CD3C887A6EBDDDF317F2FAFC9CF3EFC5D43A86347AC0FEFFE4DC0F607E">
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</publish>
<publish uri="rsync://bandito.ripe.net/repo/3a87a4b1-6e22-4a63-ad0f-06f83ad3ca16/default/671570f06499fbd2d6ab76c4f22566fe49d5de60.crl" hash="2B551A6C10CCA04C174B0CEB3B64652A5534D1385BEAA40A55A68CB06055E6BB">
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</publish>
<withdraw uri="rsync://bandito.ripe.net/repo/3a87a4b1-6e22-4a63-ad0f-06f83ad3ca16/default/example.roa" hash="2B551A6C10CCA04C174B0CEB3B64652A5534D1385BEAA40A55A68CB06055E6BB"/>
</delta>
Note that a formal RELAX NG specification of this file format is included later in this document. A RP MUST NOT process any update notification file that is incomplete or not well formed.
The following validation rules must be observed when creating or parsing snapshot files:
Certificate Authorities that use this delta protocol MUST have an instance of an SIA AccessDescription in addition to the ones defined in [RFC6487],
AccessDescription ::= SEQUENCE {
accessMethod OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
accessLocation GeneralName }
This extension MUST use an accessMethod of id-ad-rpkiNotify, see: [IANA-AD-NUMBERS],
id-ad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix 48 }
id-ad-rpkiNotify OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-ad 13 }
The accessLocation MUST be a URI [RFC3986], using the 'HTTP' or 'HTTPS' protocol, that will point to the update notification file for the publication server that publishes the products of this CA certificate.
Relying Parties that do not support this delta protocol MUST MUST NOT reject a CA certificate merely because it has an SIA extension containing this new kind of AccessDescription.
When a Relying Party first encounters a notification file URI as an SIA of a certificate that it has validated it SHOULD retrieve the notification file and download the latest snapshot to get in sync with the current version of the publication server.
The RP SHOULD reject the snapshot file and raise an operator alert, if its hash does not match the hash listed in the notification file. However, if the RP does not have any prior state it may choose to process this snapshot file anyway. It should be noted that the RPKI objects are protected by object security, so problems or attacks on the publication server or transport can result in witholding or replaying old objects, but it cannot force the RP to accept invalid objects. Using the remaining or old objects for validation is probably better than rejecting everything, since the latter could be used as a denial of service vector on relying parties.
It is RECOMMENDED that the RP notes the URI, session_id and serial number when it first learns about a notification file. The RP MAY then poll the file to discover updates. How frequently the RP does this is largely up to local policy. The polling frequency determines in part what propogation time that a RP is willing to accept between the moment that a change is published in the RPKI, and the moment that those changes are processed and validated. As discussed in Section 3.2.2 there does not seem to be a need to have a propogation time that is below five minutes. Since the publication server infrastructure MAY cache the notification file for up to five minutes a slightly more frequent polling strategy may be useful, however the RP SHOULD NOT poll more frequently than once per minute. More frequent polling would only result in marginal gains in propagation, while causing unnecessary load on the caching infrastructure.
If the RP finds that the session_id has changed, or if it cannot find a contiguous chain of links to delta files from its current serial to publication server's current serial, then it MUST perform a full synchronisation instead of continuing to process deltas.
If the RP finds a contiguous chain of links to delta files from its current serial to the publication server's current serial, and the session_id has not changed, it should download all missing delta files. If any delta file cannot be downloaded, or its hash does not match the hash listed on the notification file, or if no such chain of deltas is availabe, or the session_id has changed, then the RP MUST perform a full synchronisation instead.
New objects found in delta files can be added to the RPs local copy of the repository. However, it is RECOMMENDED that the RP treats object updates and withdraws with some skepticism. A compromised publication server may not have access to the certification authorities' keys, but it can pretend valid objects have been withdrawn. Therefore it may be preferred to use a strategy where local copies of objects are only discarded when the RP is sure that they are no longer relevant, e.g. the CA has explicitly revoked them, removed the objects from a valid manifest that it issued, or they have expired.
The following is a RELAX NG compact form schema describing version 1 of this protocol.
#
# RelaxNG schema for RPKI Repository Delta Protocol (RRDP).
#
default namespace = "HTTP://www.ripe.net/rpki/rrdp"
version = xsd:positiveInteger { maxInclusive="1" }
serial = xsd:nonNegativeInteger
uri = xsd:anyURI
uuid = xsd:string { pattern = "[\-0-9a-fA-F]+" }
hash = xsd:string { pattern = "[0-9a-fA-F]+" }
base64 = xsd:base64Binary
# Notification file: lists current snapshots and deltas
start |= element notification {
attribute version { version },
attribute session_id { uuid },
attribute serial { serial },
element snapshot {
attribute uri { uri },
attribute hash { hash }
},
element delta {
attribute serial { serial },
attribute uri { uri },
attribute hash { hash }
}*
}
# Snapshot segment: think DNS AXFR.
start |= element snapshot {
attribute version { version },
attribute session_id { uuid },
attribute serial { serial },
element publish {
attribute uri { uri },
base64
}*
}
# Delta segment: think DNS IXFR.
start |= element delta {
attribute version { version },
attribute session_id { uuid },
attribute serial { serial },
delta_element+
}
delta_element |= element publish {
attribute uri { uri },
attribute hash { hash }?,
base64
}
delta_element |= element withdraw {
attribute uri { uri },
attribute hash { hash }
}
# Local Variables:
# indent-tabs-mode: nil
# comment-start: "# "
# comment-start-skip: "#[ \t]*"
# End:
TBD
This document has no actions for IANA.
TBD