SACM Working Group H. Birkholz Internet-Draft Fraunhofer SIT Intended status: Informational October 14, 2015 Expires: April 16, 2016 Secure Automation and Continuous Monitoring (SACM) Terminology draft-ietf-sacm-terminology-08 Abstract This memo documents terminology used in the documents produced by SACM (Security Automation and Continuous Monitoring). Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on April 16, 2016. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 1] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Appendix A. The Attic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1. Introduction Our goal with this document is to improve our agreement on the terminology used in documents produced by the IETF Working Group for Security Automation and Continuous Monitoring. Agreeing on terminology should help reach consensus on which problems we're trying to solve, and propose solutions and decide which ones to use. 2. Terms and Definitions This section describes terms that have been defined by other RFC's and defines new ones. The predefined terms will reference the RFC and where appropriate will be annotated with the specific context by which the term is used in SACM. Assertion: Defined by the ITU in [X.1252] as "a statement made by an entity without accompanying evidence of its validity". In the context of SACM, an assertion is a collection result that includes metadata about the data source (and optionally a timestamp indicating the point in time the assertion was created at). The validity of an assertion cannot be verified. Assessment: Defined in [RFC5209] as "the process of collecting posture for a set of capabilities on the endpoint (e.g., host- based firewall) such that the appropriate validators may evaluate the posture against compliance policy." Within SACM the use of the term is expanded to support other uses of collected posture (e.g. reporting, network enforcement, vulnerability detection, license management). The phrase "set of capabilities on the endpoint" includes: hardware and software installed on the endpoint." Asset: Defined in [RFC4949] as "a system resource that is (a) required to be protected by an information system's security Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 2] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 policy, (b) intended to be protected by a countermeasure, or (c) required for a system's mission". In the scope of SACM, an asset can be composed of other assets. Examples of Assets include: Endpoints, Software, Guidance, or X.509 public key certificates. An asset is not necessarily owned by an organization. Asset Characterization: Asset characterization is the process of defining attributes that describe properties of an identified asset. Asset Management: The process by which assets are provisioned, updated, maintained and deprecated. Attribute: Defined in [RFC5209] as "data element including any requisite meta-data describing an observed, expected, or the operational status of an endpoint feature (e.g., anti-virus software is currently in use)." If not indicated otherwise, attributes in SACM are represented and processed as attribute value pairs, and the terms attribute and endpoint attribute are synonyms. Authentication: Defined in [RFC4949] as "the process of verifying a claim that a system entity or system resource has a certain attribute value." Authorization: Defined in [RFC4949] as "an approval that is granted to a system entity to access a system resource." Broker: A broker is a specific controller type that contains control plane functions to provide and/or connect services on behalf of other SACM components via interfaces on the control plane. A broker may provide, for example, authorization services and find, upon request, SACM components providing requested services. Building Block: For SACM, a building block is a unit of functionality that is used to compose SACM components. It contains SACM functions and may apply to one or more use cases. The functions of a building block can have interfaces on the data plane, the control plane, or on the management plane. Capability: The extent of an SACM component's ability enabled by the functions (bundled into building blocks) it is composed of. Capabilities are propagated by a SACM component and can be discovered by or negotiated with other SACM components. For example, the capability of a SACM Provider may be to provide endpoint management data, or only a subset of that data. Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 3] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 Collection Result: Information about a target endpoint that is produced by a collector conducting a collection task. A collection result is composed of one or more endpoint attributes. Collection Task: The task by which endpoint attributes and/or corresponding attribute values about a target endpoint are collected. There are three types of collection tasks, each requiring an appropriate set of functions to be included in the SACM component conducting the collection task: Self-Reported: A SACM component located on the target endpoint itself conducts the collection task. Remote: A SACM component located on an Endpoint different from the target endpoint conducts the collection task via interfaces available on the target endpoint, e.g. SNMP/NETCONF or WMI. Observed: A SACM component located on an Endpoint different from the target endpoint observes network traffic related to the target endpoint and conducts the collection task via interpretation of that network traffic. Collector: A piece of software that acquires information about one or more target endpoints by conducting collection tasks. A collector provides acquired information to SACM components in the form of collection results. A SACM component that consumes collection results may take on the role of a provider and publish the collection results in a SACM domain. (TBD: A collector may not be a SACM component and therefore not part of a SACM domain). Consumer: A consumer is a SACM role that is assigned to a SACM component that contains functions to receive information from other SACM components. Control Plane: An architectural component providing common control functions to all SACM components, including authentication, authorization, capability discovery or negotiation. The control plane orchestrates the flow on the data plane according to guidance and/or input from the management plane. Controller: A controller is a SACM role that is assigned to a SACM component containing control plane functions that manage and facilitate information sharing or execute on security functions. There are three types of SACM controllers: Broker, Proxy, and Repository. Depending on its type, a controller can also contain functions that have interfaces on the data plane. Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 4] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 Data Confidentiality: Defined in [RFC4949] as "the property that data is not disclosed to system entities unless they have been authorized to know the data." Data Integrity: Defined in [RFC4949] as "the property that data has not been changed, destroyed, or lost in an unauthorized or accidental manner." Data Source: One or more properties that enable a SACM component to identify an (target) endpoint that is claimed to be the original source of received data. Data Origin: One or more properties that enable a SACM component to identify the SACM component that initially acquired or produced data about a (target) endpoint (e.g. via collection from a data source). Data Provenance: A historical record of the sources, origins and evolution of data that is influenced by inputs, entities, functions and processes. Endpoint: Defined in [RFC5209] as "any computing device that can be connected to a network. Such devices normally are associated with a particular link layer address before joining the network and potentially an IP address once on the network. This includes: laptops, desktops, servers, cell phones, or any device that may have an IP address." To further clarify the [RFC5209] definition, an endpoint is any physical or virtual device that may have a network address. Note that, network infrastructure devices (e.g. switches, routers, firewalls), which fit the definition, are also considered to be endpoints within this document. The SACM architecture differentiates two essential categories of endpoints: Endpoints whose security posture is intended to be assessed (target endpoints) and endpoints that are specifically excluded from endpoint posture assessment (excluded endpoints). Based on the definition of an asset, an endpoint is a type of asset. Endpoint Attribute: In the context of SACM, endpoint attribute is a synonym for the term attribute. Endpoint Attributes are typically represented as AVP. Evaluation Task: The task by which endpoint attributes are evaluated. Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 5] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 Evaluation Result: The resulting value from having evaluated a set of posture attributes. Excluded Endpoint: A specific designation, which is assigned to an endpoint that is not supposed to be the subject of a collection task (and therefore is not a target endpoint). Typically but not necessarily, endpoints that contain a SACM component (and are therefore part of the SACM domain) are designated as excluded endpoints. Target endpoints that contain a SACM component cannot be designated as excluded endpoints and are part of the SACM domain. Expected Endpoint State: The required state of an endpoint that is to be compared against. This, for example, can be a policy or a recorded past state. A state is represented via a single or an associated set of attribute value pairs. SACM Function: A behavioral aspect or capacity of a particular building block that is part of a SACM component, which belies that SACM component's purpose. For example, a SACM function with interfaces on the control plane can provide a brokering function to other SACM components. Via data plane interfaces, a function can act as a provider and/or as a consumer of information. SACM functions can be propagated as the capabilities of a SACM component and can be discovered by or negotiated with other SACM components. Information Model: An information model is an abstract representation of data, their properties, relationships between data and the operations that can be performed on the data. While there is some overlap with a data model, [RFC3444] distinguishes an information model as being protocol and implementation neutral whereas a data model would provide such details. Internal Collector: Internal Collector: a collector that runs on a target endpoint to acquire information from that target endpoint. (TBD: An internal collector is not a SACM component and therefore not part of a SACM domain). Management Plane: An architectural component providing common functions to all SACM participants, including [TBD]. Network Address: Network addresses are layer specific and follow layer specific address schemes. Each interface of a specific layer can be associated with one or more addresses appropriate for that layer. There is no guarantee that an address is globally unique. In general, there is a scope to an address in which it is intended to be unique. Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 6] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 Examples include: physical Ethernet port with a MAC address, layer 2 VLAN interface with a MAC address, layer 3 interface with multiple IPv6 addresses, layer 3 tunnel ingress or egress with an IPv4 address. Network Interface: An endpoint is connected to a network via one or more interfaces. Interfaces can be physical or virtual. Interfaces of an endpoint can operate on different layers, most prominently what is now commonly called layer 2 and 3. Within a layer, interfaces can be nested. On layer 2, a root interface is typically associated with a physical interface port and nested interfaces are virtual interfaces. In the case of a virtual endpoint, a root interface can be a virtual interface. Virtual layer 2 interfaces of one or more endpoints can also constitute an aggregated group of links that act as one. On layer 3, nested interfaces typically constitute virtual tunnels or networks. Examples include: physical Ethernet port, layer 2 VLAN interface, a MC-LAG setup, layer 3 Point-to-Point tunnel ingress or egress. Posture: Defined in [RFC5209] as "configuration and/or status of hardware or software on an endpoint as it pertains to an organization's security policy." This term is used within the scope of SACM to represent the configuration and state information that is collected from a target endpoint in the form of endpoint attributes (e.g. software/ hardware inventory, configuration settings, dynamically assigned addresses). This information may constitute one or more posture attributes. Posture Attributes: Defined in [RFC5209] as "attributes describing the configuration or status (posture) of a feature of the endpoint. A Posture Attribute represents a single property of an observed state. For example, a Posture Attribute might describe the version of the operating system installed on the system." Within this document this term represents a specific assertion about endpoint configuration or state (e.g. configuration setting, installed software, hardware) represented via endpoint attributes. The phrase "features of the endpoint" highlighted above refers to installed software or software components. Provider: A provider is a SACM role that is assigned to a SACM component that contains functions to provide information to other SACM components. Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 7] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 Proxy: A proxy is a specific controller type that provides data plane and control plane functions, information, or services on behalf of another component, which is not directly participating in the SACM architecture. Repository: A repository is a specific controller type that contains functions to store information of a particular kind - typically data transported on the data plane, but potentially also data and metadata from the control and management plane. A single repository may provide the functions of more than one specific repository type (i.e. configuration baseline repository, assessment results repository, etc.) SACM Role: SACM roles are associated with SACM components and are defined by the set of functions and interfaces a SACM component includes. There are three SACM roles: provider, consumer, and controller. The roles associated with a SACM component are determined by the purpose of the functions and corresponding interfaces the SACM component is composed of. SACM Component: A composition of building blocks that contain SACM functions (acting on control plane, data plane or management plane). SACM defines a set of standard components (e.g. a collector, a broker, or a data store). A SACM component contains at least a basic set of control plane building blocks and can contain data plane and management plane building blocks. A SACM component residing on an endpoint assigns one or more SACM roles to the corresponding endpoint due to the SACM functions it is composed of. A SACM component "resides on" an endpoint and an endpoint "contains" a SACM component, correspondingly. For example, a SACM component that is composed solely of building blocks that provide information is a provider. SACM Component Discovery: The function by which a SACM component (e.g. by role, capabilities, or data provided/consumed) can be discovered. SACM Domain: Endpoints that include a SACM component compose a SACM domain. (To be revised, additional definition content TBD, possible dependencies to SACM architecture) Security Automation: The process of which security alerts can be automated through the use of different tools to monitor, evaluate and analyze endpoint and network traffic for the purposes of detecting misconfigurations, misbehaviors or threats. Statement: The output of a provider, e.g. a report or an assertion acquired via a collection result from a collector, that includes Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 8] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 metadata about the data origin and the point in time the statement was created at. A statement can be accompanied by evidence of the validity of its metadata. Supplicant: The entity seeking to be authenticated by the Management Plane for the purpose of participating in the SACM architecture. System Resource: Defined in [RFC4949] as "data contained in an information system; or a service provided by a system; or a system capacity, such as processing power or communication bandwidth; or an item of system equipment (i.e., hardware, firmware, software, or documentation); or a facility that houses system operations and equipment. Target Endpoint: A target endpoint is an "endpoint under assessment" (even if it is not actively under assessment at all times) or "endpoint of interest". Every endpoint that is not specifically designated as an excluded endpoint is a target endpoint. A target endpoint is not part of a SACM domain unless it contains a SACM component (e.g. a SACM component that publishes collection results coming from an internal collector). A target endpoint is similar to a device that is a Target of Evaluation (TOE) as defined in Common Criteria. Target Endpoint Discovery: The function by which target endpoints can be discovered. The output of target endpoint discovery typically includes identifying endpoint attributes. Target Endpoint Identifier: The target endpoint discovery process and collection tasks targeted at target endpoints can result in a set of identifying endpoint attributes. This set of identifying endpoint attributes is used as a target endpoint identifier referring to a specific target endpoint. Depending on the available identifying attributes this reference can be ambiguous and is a "best-effort" mechanism. Every distinct set of identifying endpoint attributes can be associated with a unique target endpoint label. Target Endpoint Label: An artificially created id that references a distinct set of identifying attributes (Target Endpoint Identifier). A target endpoint label is unique in a SACM domain and created by a SACM component that contains an appropriate building block of functions. Timestamps : Defined in [RFC4949] as "with respect to a data object, a label or marking in which is recorded the time (time of day or other instant of elapsed time) at which the label or marking was Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 9] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 affixed to the data object" and as "with respect to a recorded network event, a data field in which is recorded the time (time of day or other instant of elapsed time) at which the event took place.". This term is used in SACM to describe a recorded point in time at which an endpoint attribute is created or updated by a target endpoint and observed, transmitted or processed by a SACM component. Timestamps can be created by target endpoints or SACM components and are associated with endpoint attributes provided or consumed by SACM components. Outside of the domain of SACM components the assurance of correctness of time stamps is typically significantly lower than inside a SACM domain. In general, it cannot be simply assumed that the source of time a target endpoint uses is synchronized or trustworthy. 3. IANA Considerations This memo includes no request to IANA. 4. Security Considerations This memo documents terminology for security automation. While it is about security, it does not affect security. 5. Acknowledgements 6. Change Log Changes from version 00 to version 01: o Added simple list of terms extracted from UC draft -05. It is expected that comments will be received on this list of terms as to whether they should be kept in this document. Those that are kept will be appropriately defined or cited. Changes from version 01 to version 02: o Added Vulnerability, Vulnerability Management, xposure, Misconfiguration, and Software flaw. Changes from version 02 to version 03: o Removed Section 2.1. Cleaned up some editing nits; broke terms into 2 sections (predefined and newly defined terms). Added some of the relevant terms per the proposed list discussed in the IETF 89 meeting. Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 10] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 Changes from version 03 to version 04: o TODO Changes from version 04 to version 05: o TODO Changes from version 05 to version 06: o Updated author information. o Combined "Pre-defined Terms" with "New Terms and Definitions". o Removed "Requirements language". o Removed unused reference to use case draft; resulted in removal of normative references. o Removed introductory text from Section 1 indicating that this document is intended to be temporary. o Added placeholders for missing change log entries. Changes from version 06 to version 07: o Added Contributors section. o Updated author list. o Changed title from "Terminology for Security Assessment" to "Secure Automation and Continuous Monitoring (SACM) Terminology". o Changed abbrev from "SACM-Terms" to "SACM Terminology". o Added appendix The Attic to stash terms for future updates. o Added Authentication, Authorization, Data Confidentiality, Data Integrity, Data Origin, Data Provenance, SACM Component, SACM Component Discovery, Target Endpoint Discovery. o Major updates to Building Block, Function, SACM Role, Target Endpoint. o Minor updates to Broker, Capability, Collection Task, Evaluation Task, Posture. Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 11] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 o Relabled Role to SACM Role, Endpoint Target to Target Endpoint, Endpoint Discovery to Endpoint Identification. o Moved Asset Targeting, Client, Endpoint Identification to The Attic. o Endpoint Attributes added as a TODO. o Changed the structure of the Change Log. Changes from version 07 to version 08: o Added Assertion, Collection Result, Collector, Excluded Endpoint, Internal Collector, Network Address, Network Interface, SACM Domain, Statement, Target Endpoint Identifier, Target Endpoint Label, Timestamp. o Major updates to Attributes, Broker, Collection Task, Consumer, Controller, Control Plane, Endpoint Attributes, Expected Endpoint State, SACM Function, Provider, Proxy, Repository, SACM Role, Target Endpoint. o Minor updates to Asset, Building Block, Data Origin, Data Source, Data Provenance, Endpoint, Management Plane, Posture, Posture Attribute, SACM Component, SACM Component Discovery, Target Endpoint Discovery. o Relabled Function to SACM Function. 7. Contributors David Waltermire National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA Email: david.waltermire@nist.gov Adam W. Montville Center for Internet Security 31 Tech Valley Drive East Greenbush, NY 12061 USA Email: adam.w.montville@gmail.com Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 12] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 David Harrington Effective Software 50 Harding Rd Portsmouth, NH 03801 USA Email: ietfdbh@comcast.net Nancy Cam-Winget Cisco Systems 3550 Cisco Way San Jose, CA 95134 USA Email: ncamwing@cisco.com Jarrett Lu Oracle Corporation 4180 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA Email: jarrett.lu@oracle.com Brian Ford Lancope 3650 Brookside Parkway, Suite 500 Alpharetta, GA 30022 USA Email: bford@lancope.com Merike Kaeo Double Shot Security 3518 Fremont Avenue North, Suite 363 Seattle, WA 98103 USA Email: merike@doubleshotsecurity.com Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 13] Internet-Draft SACM Terminology October 2015 8. Informative References [RFC3444] Pras, A. and J. Schoenwaelder, "On the Difference between Information Models and Data Models", RFC 3444, DOI 10.17487/RFC3444, January 2003, . [RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2", FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007, . [RFC5209] Sangster, P., Khosravi, H., Mani, M., Narayan, K., and J. Tardo, "Network Endpoint Assessment (NEA): Overview and Requirements", RFC 5209, DOI 10.17487/RFC5209, June 2008, . [X.1252] "ITU-T X.1252 (04/2010)", n.d.. Appendix A. The Attic The following terms are stashed for now and will be updated later: Asset Targeting: Asset targeting is the use of asset identification and categorization information to drive human-directed, automated decision making for data collection and analysis in support of endpoint posture assessment. Client: An architectural component receiving services from another architectural component. Endpoint Identification (TBD per list; was "Endpoint Discovery"): The process by which an endpoint can be identified. Author's Address Henk Birkholz Fraunhofer SIT Rheinstrasse 75 Darmstadt 64295 Germany Email: henk.birkholz@sit.fraunhofer.de Birkholz Expires April 16, 2016 [Page 14]