ROLL Working Group M. Richardson Internet-Draft Sandelman Software Works Intended status: Standards Track R.A. Jadhav Expires: 11 August 2021 Huawei Tech P. Thubert H. She Cisco Systems 7 February 2021 Controlling Secure Network Enrollment in RPL networks draft-ietf-roll-enrollment-priority-04 Abstract [I-D.ietf-6tisch-enrollment-enhanced-beacon] defines a method by which a potential [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security] enrollment proxy can announce itself as a available for new Pledges to enroll on a network. The announcement includes a priority for enrollment. This document provides a mechanism by which a RPL DODAG root can disable enrollment announcements, or adjust the base priority for enrollment operation. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 11 August 2021. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Richardson, et al. Expires 11 August 2021 [Page 1] Internet-Draft join-metric February 2021 Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Protocol Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1. Upwards compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Appendix A. Change history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. Introduction [RFC7554] describes the use of the time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) mode of [ieee802154]. [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security] and [I-D.ietf-6tisch-dtsecurity-secure-join] describe mechanisms by which a new node (the "pledge)" can use a friendly router as a Join Proxy. [I-D.ietf-6tisch-enrollment-enhanced-beacon] describes an extension to the 802.15.4 Enhanced Beacon that is used by a Join Proxy to announce its existence such that Pledges can find them. The term (1)"Join" has been used in documents like [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security] to denote the activity of a new node authenticating itself to the network in order to obtain authorization to become a member of the network. This typically involves a cryptographic authentication protocol in which a network credential is provided. In the context of the [RFC6550] RPL protocol, the term (2)"Join" has an alternate meaning: that of a node (already authenticating to the network, and already authorized to be a member of the network), deciding which part of the RPL DODAG to attach to. This term "Join" has to do with parent selection processes. In order to avoid the ambiguity of this term, this document refers to the process (1)"Join" as enrollment, leaving the term "Join" to mean (2)"Join". The term "onboarding" (or IoT Onboarding) is sometimes Richardson, et al. Expires 11 August 2021 [Page 2] Internet-Draft join-metric February 2021 used to describe the enrollment process. However, the term _Join Proxy_ is retained with it's meaning from [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security]. It has become clear that not every routing member of the mesh ought to announce itself as a _Join Proxy_. There are a variety of local reasons by which a 6LR might not want to provide the _Join Proxy_ function. They include available battery power, already committed network bandwidth, and also total available memory available for Neighbor Cache Entry slots. There are other situations where the operator of the network would like to selective enable or disable the enrollment process in a particular DODAG. As the enrollment process involves permitting unencrypted traffic into the best effort part of a (TSCH) network, it would be better to have the enrollment process off when no new nodes are expected. A network operator might also be able to recognize when certain parts of the network are overloaded and can not accomodate additional enrollment traffic, and it would like to adjust the enrollment priority (the proxy priority field of [I-D.ietf-6tisch-enrollment-enhanced-beacon]) among all nodes in the subtree of a congested link. This document describes a RPL DIO option that can be used to announce a minimum enrollment priority. The minimum priority expresses the (lack of) willingness by the RPL DODAG globally to accept new joins. It may derive from multiple constaining factors, e.g., the size of the DODAG, the occupancy of the bandwidth at the Root, the memory capacity at the DODAG Root, or an administrative decision. Each potential _Join Proxy_ would this value as a base on which to add values relating to local conditions such as its Rank and number of pending joins, which would degrade even further the willingness to take more joins. When a RPL domain is composed of multiple DODAGs, nodes at the edge of 2 DODAGs may not only join either DODAG but also move from one to the other in order to keep their relative sizes balanced. For this, the approximate knowledge of size of the DODAG is an essential metric. Depending on the network policy, the size of the DODAG may or may not affect the minimum enrollment priority. It would be limiting its value to enforce that one is proportional to the other. This is why the current size of the DODAG is advertised separately in the new option. Richardson, et al. Expires 11 August 2021 [Page 3] Internet-Draft join-metric February 2021 As explained in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-enrollment-enhanced-beacon], higher values decrease the likelyhood of an unenrolled node sending enrollment traffic via this path. A network operator can set this value to the maximum value allowed, effectively disable all new enrollment traffic. 1.1. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 2. Protocol Definition The size of the DODAG is measured by the Root based one the DAO activity. It represents a number of routes not a number of nodes, and can only be used to infer a load in an homogeneous network where each node advertises the same number of addresses and generates roughly the same amount of traffic. The size may slightly change between a DIO and the next, so the value transmitted must be considered as an approxmation. With this specification, the following option is defined for transmission in the DIO issued by the DODAG root and it MUST be propagated down the DODAG without modification. A 6LR which would otherwise be willing to act as a _Join Proxy_, will examine the minimum priority field, and to that number, add any additional local consideration (such as upstream congestion). The Enrollment Priority can only be increased by each 6LR in value, to the maximum value of 0x7f. The resulting priority, if less than 0x7f should enable the _Join Proxy_ function. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type |Opt Length = 3 | exp | DODAG_Size | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |R| min priority| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type To be assigned by IANA Richardson, et al. Expires 11 August 2021 [Page 4] Internet-Draft join-metric February 2021 exp a 4 bit unsigned integer, indicating the power of 2 that defines the unit of the DODAG Size, such that (unit=2^exp). DODAG_Size a 12 bit unsigned integer, expressing the size of the DODAG in units that depend on the exp field. The size of the DODAG is computed as (DAG_Size*2^exp). min.priority a 7 bit field which provides a base value for the Enhanced Beacon Join priority. A value of 0x7f (127) disables the _Join Proxy_ function entirely. R a reserved bit that SHOULD be set to 0 by senders, and MUST be ignored by receivers. This reserved bit SHOULD be copied to options created. This document uses the extensions mechanism designed into [RFC6550]. It does not need any mechanism to enable it. Future work like [I-D.ietf-roll-capabilities] will enable collection of capabilities such as this one in reports to the DODAG root. 2.1. Upwards compatibility A 6LR which did not support this option would not act on it, or copy it into it's DIO messages. Children and grandchildren nodes would therefore not receive any telemetry via that path, and need to assume a default value. 6LRs that support this option, but whose parent does not send it SHOULD assume a value of 0x40 as their base value. The nodes then adjust this base value based upon their observed congestion, emitting their adjusted DIO value to their children. A 6LR downstream of a 6LR where there was an interruption in the telemetry could err in two directions: * if the value implied by the base value of 0x40 was too low, then a 6LR might continue to attract enrollment traffic when none should have been collected. This is a stressor for the network, but this would also be what would occur without this option at all. * if the value implied by the base value of 0x40 was too high, then a 6LR might deflect enrollment traffic to other parts of the DODAG tree, possibly refusing any enrollment traffic at all. In order for this to happen, some significant congestion must be seen in the sub-tree where the implied 0x40 was introduced. The 0x40 is only the half-way point, so if such an amount of congestion was present, then this sub-tree of the DODAG simply winds up being more cautious than it needed to be. Richardson, et al. Expires 11 August 2021 [Page 5] Internet-Draft join-metric February 2021 It is possible that the temporal alternation of the above two situations might introduce cycles of accepting and then rejecting enrollment traffic. This is something an operator should consider if when they incrementally deploy this option to an existing LLN. In addition, an operator would be unable to turn off enrollment traffic by sending a maximum value enrollment priority to the sub-tree. This situation is unfortunate, but without this option, the the situation would occur all over the DODAG, rather than just in the sub-tree where the option was omitted. 3. Security Considerations As per [RFC7416], RPL control frames either run over a secured layer 2, or use the [RFC6550] Secure DIO methods. This option can be placed into either a "clear" (layer-2 secured) DIO, or a layer-3 Secure DIO. As such this option will have both integrity and confidentiality mechanisms applied to it. A malicious node (that was part of the RPL control plane) could see these options and could, based upon the observed minimal enrollment priority signal a confederate that it was a good time to send malicious join traffic. Such as a malicious node, being already part of the RPL control plane, could also send DIOs with a different minimal enrollment priority which would cause downstream mesh routers to change their _Join Proxy_ behaviour. Lower minimal priorities would cause downstream nodes to accept more pledges than the network was expecting, and higher minimal priorities cause the enrollment process to stall. The use of layer-2 or layer-3 security for RPL control messages prevents the above two attacks, by preventing malicious nodes from becoming part of the control plane. A node that is attacked and has malware placed on it creates vulnerabilities in the same way such an attack on any node involved in Internet routing protocol does. The rekeying provisions of [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security] exist to permit an operator to remove such nodes from the network easily. 4. Privacy Considerations There are no new privacy issues caused by this extension. 5. IANA Considerations Allocate a new number TBD01 from Registry RPL Control Message Options. This entry should be called Minimum Enrollment Priority. Richardson, et al. Expires 11 August 2021 [Page 6] Internet-Draft join-metric February 2021 6. Acknowledgements This has been reviewed by Pascal Thubert and Thomas Wattenye. 7. References 7.1. Normative References [I-D.ietf-6tisch-enrollment-enhanced-beacon] Dujovne, D. and M. Richardson, "IEEE 802.15.4 Information Element encapsulation of 6TiSCH Join and Enrollment Information", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft- ietf-6tisch-enrollment-enhanced-beacon-14, 21 February 2020, . [I-D.ietf-6tisch-minimal-security] Vucinic, M., Simon, J., Pister, K., and M. Richardson, "Constrained Join Protocol (CoJP) for 6TiSCH", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-6tisch-minimal- security-15, 10 December 2019, . [ieee802154] IEEE standard for Information Technology, ., "IEEE Std. 802.15.4, Part. 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks", n.d., . [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC6550] Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur, JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550, DOI 10.17487/RFC6550, March 2012, . Richardson, et al. Expires 11 August 2021 [Page 7] Internet-Draft join-metric February 2021 [RFC7416] Tsao, T., Alexander, R., Dohler, M., Daza, V., Lozano, A., and M. Richardson, Ed., "A Security Threat Analysis for the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPLs)", RFC 7416, DOI 10.17487/RFC7416, January 2015, . [RFC7554] Watteyne, T., Ed., Palattella, M., and L. Grieco, "Using IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) in the Internet of Things (IoT): Problem Statement", RFC 7554, DOI 10.17487/RFC7554, May 2015, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . 7.2. Informative References [I-D.ietf-6tisch-dtsecurity-secure-join] Richardson, M., "6tisch Secure Join protocol", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-6tisch-dtsecurity- secure-join-01, 25 February 2017, . [I-D.ietf-roll-capabilities] Jadhav, R., Thubert, P., Richardson, M., and R. Sahoo, "RPL Capabilities", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-roll-capabilities-07, 17 September 2020, . Appendix A. Change history version 00. Authors' Addresses Michael Richardson Sandelman Software Works Email: mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca Rahul Arvind Jadhav Huawei Tech Email: rahul.ietf@gmail.com Richardson, et al. Expires 11 August 2021 [Page 8] Internet-Draft join-metric February 2021 Pascal Thubert Cisco Systems Email: pthubert@cisco.com Huimin She Cisco Systems Email: hushe@cisco.com Richardson, et al. Expires 11 August 2021 [Page 9]