Network Working Group Z. Sarker
Internet-Draft I. Johansson
Intended status: Informational Ericsson AB
Expires: November 8, 2016 X. Zhu
J. Fu
W. Tan
M. Ramalho
Cisco Systems
May 7, 2016

Evaluation Test Cases for Interactive Real-Time Media over Wireless Networks
draft-ietf-rmcat-wireless-tests-02

Abstract

It is evident that to ensure seamless and robust user experience across all type of access networks multimedia communication suits should adapt to the changing network conditions. There is an ongoing effort in IETF RMCAT working group to standardize rate adaptive algorithm(s) to be used in the real-time interactive communication. In this document test cases are described to evaluate the performances of the proposed endpoint adaptation solutions in LTE networks and Wi-Fi networks. The proposed algorithms should be evaluated using the test cases defined in this document to select most optimal solutions.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on November 8, 2016.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Wireless networks (both cellular and Wi-Fi [IEEE802.11] local area network) are an integral part of the Internet. Mobile devices connected to the wireless networks produces huge amount of media traffic in the Internet. They covers the scenarios of having a video call in the bus to media consumption sitting on a couch in a living room. It is a well known fact that the characteristic and challenges for offering service over wireless network are very different than providing the same over a wired network. Even though RMCAT basic test cases defines number of test cases that covers lots of effects of the impairments visible in the wireless networks but there are characteristics and dynamics those are unique to particular wireless environment. For example, in the LTE the base station maintains queues per radio bearer per user hence it gives different interaction when all traffic from user share the same queue. Again, the user mobility in a cellular network is different than the user mobility in a Wi-Fi network. Thus, It is important to evaluate the performance of the proposed RMCAT candidates separately in the cellular mobile networks and Wi-Fi local networks (IEEE 802.11xx protocol family ).

RMCAT evaluation criteria [I-D.ietf-rmcat-eval-criteria] document provides the guideline to perform the evaluation on candidate algorithms and recognizes wireless networks to be important access link. However, it does not provides particular test cases to evaluate the performance of the candidate algorithm. In this document we describe test cases specifically targeting cellular networks such as LTE networks and Wi-Fi local networks.

2. Terminologies

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [RFC2119]

3. Cellular Network Specific Test Cases

A cellular environment is more complicated than a wireline ditto since it seeks to provide services in the context of variable available bandwidth, location dependencies and user mobilities at different speeds. In a cellular network the user may reach the cell edge which may lead to a significant amount of retransmissions to deliver the data from the base station to the destination and vice versa. These network links or radio links will often act as a bottleneck for the rest of the network which will eventually lead to excessive delays or packet drops. An efficient retransmission or link adaptation mechanism can reduce the packet loss probability but there will still be some packet losses and delay variations. Moreover, with increased cell load or handover to a congested cell, congestion in transport network will become even worse. Besides, there are certain characteristics which make the cellular network different and challenging than other types of access network such as Wi-Fi and wired network. In a cellular network -

[QoS-3GPP] to ensure high quality user experience, adaptive real-time applications are desired.

Hence, a real-time communication application operating in such a cellular network need to cope with shared bottleneck link and variable link capacity, event likes handover, non-congestion related loss, abrupt change in bandwidth (both short term and long term) due to handover, network load and bad radio coverage. Even though 3GPP define QoS bearers

Different mobile operators deploy their own cellular network with their own set of network functionalities and policies. Usually, a mobile operator network includes 2G, EDGE, 3G and 4G radio access technologies. Looking at the specifications of such radio technologies it is evident that only 3G and 4G radio technologies can support the high bandwidth requirements from real-time interactive video applications. The future real-time interactive application will impose even greater demand on cellular network performance which makes 4G (and beyond radio technologies) more suitable access technology for such genre of application.

The key factors to define test cases for cellular network are

[LTE-simulator].

However, for cellular network it is very hard to separate such events from one another as these events are heavily related. Hence instead of devising separate test cases for all those important events we have divided the test case in two categories. It should be noted that in the following test cases the goal is to evaluate the performance of candidate algorithms over radio interface of the cellular network. Hence it is assumed that the radio interface is the bottleneck link between the communicating peers and that the core network does not add any extra congestion in the path. Also the combination of multiple access technologies such as one user has LTE connection and another has Wi-Fi connection is kept out of the scope of this document. However, later those additional scenarios can also be added in this list of test cases. While defining the test cases we assumed a typical real-time telephony scenario over cellular networks where one real-time session consists of one voice stream and one video stream. We recommend that an LTE network simulator is used for the test cases defined in this document, for example-NS-3 LTE simulator

3.1. Varying Network Load

The goal of this test is to evaluate the performance of the candidate congestion control algorithm under varying network load. The network load variation is created by adding and removing network users a.k.a. User Equipments (UEs) during the simulation. In this test case, each of the user/UE in the media session is an RMCAT compliant endpoint. The arrival of users follows a Poisson distribution, which is proportional to the length of the call, so that the number of users per cell is kept fairly constant during the evaluation period. At the beginning of the simulation there should be enough amount of time to warm-up the network. This is to avoid running the evaluation in an empty network where network nodes are having empty buffers, low interference at the beginning of the simulation. This network initialization period is therefore excluded from the evaluation period.

This test case also includes user mobility and competing traffic. The competing traffics includes both same kind of flows (with same adaptation algorithms) and different kind of flows (with different service and congestion control). The investigated congestion control algorithms should show maximum possible network utilization and stability in terms of rate variations, lowest possible end to end frame latency, network latency and Packet Loss Rate (PLR) at different cell load level.

3.1.1. Network Connection

Each mobile user is connected to a fixed user. The connection between the mobile user and fixed user consists of a LTE radio access, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and an Internet connection. The mobile user is connected to the EPC using LTE radio access technology which is further connected to the Internet. The fixed user is connected to the Internet via wired connection with no bottleneck (practically infinite bandwidth). The Internet and wired connection in this setup does not add any network impairments to the test, it only adds 10ms of one-way transport propagation delay.

                       
                 uplink                     
++)))        +-------------------------->         
++-+      ((o))                                   
|  |       / \     +-------+     +------+    +---+
+--+      /   \----+       +-----+      +----+   |
         /     \   +-------+     +------+    +---+
 UE         BS        EPC        Internet    fixed
             <--------------------------+          
                      downlink                    

Figure 1: Simulation Topology

The path from the fixed user to mobile user is defines as "Downlink" and the path from mobile user to the fixed user is defined as "Uplink". We assume that only uplink or downlink is congested for the mobile users. Hence, we recommend that the uplink and downlink simulations are run separately.

3.1.2. Simulation Setup

The values enclosed within " [ ] " for the following simulation attributes follow the notion set in [I-D.ietf-rmcat-eval-test]. The desired simulation setup as follows-

  1. Radio environment
    1. Deployment and propagation model : 3GPP case 1[Deployment]
    2. Antenna: Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO), [2D, 3D]
    3. Mobility: [3km/h, 30km/h]
    4. Transmission bandwidth: 10Mhz
    5. Number of cells: multi cell deployment (3 Cells per Base Station (BS) * 7 BS) = 21 cells
    6. Cell radius: 166.666 Meters
    7. Scheduler: Proportional fair with no priority
    8. Bearer: Default bearer for all traffic.
    9. Active Queue Management (AQM) settings: AQM [on,off]
  2. End to end Round Trip Time (RTT): [ 40, 150]
  3. User arrival model: Poisson arrival model
  4. User intensity:
    • Downlink user intensity: {0.7, 1.4, 2.1, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2, 4.9, 5.6, 6.3, 7.0, 7.7, 8.4, 9,1, 9.8, 10.5}
    • Uplink user intercity : {0.7, 1.4, 2.1, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2, 4.9, 5.6, 6.3, 7.0}
  5. Simulation duration: 91s
  6. Evaluation period : 30s-60s
  7. Media traffic
    1. Media type: Video
      1. Media direction: [Uplink, Downlink]
      2. Number of Media source per user: One (1)
      3. Media duration per user: 30s
      4. Media source: same as define in section 4.3 of [I-D.ietf-rmcat-eval-test]
    2. Media Type : Audio
      1. Media direction: Uplink and Downlink
      2. Number of Media source per user: One (1)
      3. Media duration per user: 30s
      4. Media codec: Constant BitRate (CBR)
      5. Media bitrate : 20 Kbps
      6. Adaptation: off
  8. Other traffic model:
    • Downlink simulation: Maximum of 4Mbps/cell (web browsing or FTP traffic)
    • Unlink simulation: Maximum of 2Mbps/cell (web browsing or FTP traffic)

3.2. Bad Radio Coverage

The goal of this test is to evaluate the performance of candidate congestion control algorithm when users visit part of the network with bad radio coverage. The scenario is created by using larger cell radius than previous test case. In this test case each of the user/UE in the media session is an RMCAT compliant endpoint. The arrival of users follows a Poisson distribution, which is proportional to the length of the call, so that the number of users per cell is kept fairly constant during the evaluation period. At the beginning of the simulation there should be enough amount of time to warm-up the network. This is to avoid running the evaluation in an empty network where network nodes are having empty buffers, low interference at the beginning of the simulation. This network initialization period is therefore excluded from the evaluation period.

This test case also includes user mobility and competing traffic. The competing traffics includes same kind of flows (with same adaptation algorithms) . The investigated congestion control algorithms should show maximum possible network utilization and stability in terms of rate variations, lowest possible end to end frame latency, network latency and Packet Loss Rate (PLR) at different cell load level.

3.2.1. Network connection

Same as defined in Section 3.1.1

3.2.2. Simulation Setup

The desired simulation setup is same as Varying Network Load test case defined in Section 3.1 except following changes-

  1. Radio environment : Same as defined in Section 3.1.2 except followings
    1. Deployment and propagation model : 3GPP case 3[Deployment]
    2. Cell radius: 577.3333 Meters
    3. Mobility: 3km/h
  2. User intensity = {0.7, 1.4, 2.1, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2, 4.9, 5.6, 6.3, 7.0}
  3. Media traffic model: Same as defined in Section 3.1.2
  4. Other traffic model: None

3.3. Desired Evaluation Metrics for cellular test cases

RMCAT evaluation criteria document [I-D.ietf-rmcat-eval-criteria] defines metrics to be used to evaluate candidate algorithms. However, looking at the nature and distinction of cellular networks we recommend at minimum following metrics to be used to evaluate the performance of the candidate algorithms for the test cases defined in this document.

The desired metrics are-

4. Wi-Fi Networks Specific Test Cases

Given the prevalence of Internet access links over Wi-Fi, it is important to evaluate candidate RMCAT congestion control solutions over Wi-Fi test cases. Such evaluations should also highlight the inherent different characteristics of Wi-Fi networks in contrast to Wired networks:

As we can see here, presence of Wi-Fi network in different network topologies and traffic arrival can exert different impact on the network performance in terms of video transport rate, packet loss and delay that, in turn, effect end-to-end real-time multimedia congestion control.

Throughout this draft, unless otherwise mentioned, test cases are described using 802.11n due to its wide availability in real-world networks. Statistics collected from enterprise Wi-Fi networks show that the dominant physical modes are 802.11n and 802.11ac, accounting for 73.6% and 22.5% of enterprise network users, respectively.

Since Wi-Fi network normally connects to a wired infrastructure, either the wired network or the Wi-Fi network could be the bottleneck. In the following section, we describe basic test cases for both scenarios separately. The same set of performance metrics as in [I-D.ietf-rmcat-eval-test]) should be collected for each test case.

While all test cases described below can be carried out using simulations, e.g. based on [ns-2] or [ns-3], it is also recommended to perform testbed-based evaluations using Wi-Fi access points and endpoints running up-to-date IEEE 802.11 protocols. [Editor's Note: need to add some more discussions on the pros and cons of simulation-based vs. testbed-based evaluations. Will be good to provide recommended testbed configurations. ]

4.1. Bottleneck in Wired Network

The test scenarios below are intended to mimic the set up of video conferencing over Wi-Fi connections from the home. Typically, the Wi-Fi home network is not congested and the bottleneck is present over the wired home access link. Although it is expected that test evaluation results from this section are similar to those from test cases defined for wired networks (see [I-D.ietf-rmcat-eval-test]), it is worthwhile to run through these tests as sanity checks.

4.1.1. Network topology

                             uplink
                       +----------------->+
      +------+                                       +------+
      | MN_1 |))))                             /=====| FN_1 |
      +------+    ))                          //     +------+
          .        ))                        //         .    
          .         ))                      //          .    
          .          ))                    //           .    
      +------+         +----+         +-----+        +------+
      | MN_N | ))))))) |    |         |     |========| FN_N |
      +------+         |    |         |     |        +------+
                       | AP |=========| FN0 |
     +----------+      |    |         |     |      +----------+
     | MN_tcp_1 | )))) |    |         |     |======| MN_tcp_1 |
     +----------+      +----+         +-----+      +----------+
           .          ))                 \\             .    
           .         ))                   \\            .    
           .        ))                     \\           .    
     +----------+  ))                       \\     +----------+
     | MN_tcp_M |)))                         \=====| MN_tcp_M |
     +----------+                                  +----------+
                      +<-----------------+
                              downlink
	

Figure 2: Network topology for Wi-Fi test cases

Figure 2 shows topology of the network for Wi-Fi test cases. The test contains multiple mobile nodes (MNs) connected to a common Wi-Fi access point (AP) and their corresponding wired clients on fixed nodes (FNs). Each connection carries either RMCAT or TCP traffic flow. Directions of the flows can be uplink, downlink, or bi-directional.

4.1.2. Test setup

  • Test duration: 120s
  • Wi-Fi network characteristics:
    • Radio propagation model: Log-distance path loss propagation model [NS3WiFi]
    • PHY- and MAC-layer configuration: IEEE 802.11n
    • MCS Index at 11: 16-QAM 1/2, Raw Data Rate@52Mbps
  • Wired path characteristics:
    • Path capacity: 1Mbps
    • One-Way propagation delay: 50ms.
    • Maximum end-to-end jitter: 30ms
    • Bottleneck queue type: Drop tail.
    • Bottleneck queue size: 300ms.
    • Path loss ratio: 0%.
  • Application characteristics:
    • Media Traffic:
      • Media type: Video
      • Media direction: See Section 4.1.3
      • Number of media sources (N): See Section 4.1.3
      • Media timeline:
        • Start time: 0s.
        • End time: 119s.
    • Competing traffic:
      • Type of sources: long-lived TCP or CBR over UDP
      • Traffic direction: See Section 4.1.3
      • Number of sources (M): See Section 4.1.3
      • Congestion control: Default TCP congestion control [TBD] or CBR over UDP
      • Traffic timeline: See Section 4.1.3

4.1.3. Typical test scenarios

  • Single uplink RMCAT flow: N=1 with uplink direction and M=0.
  • One pair of bi-directional RMCAT flows: N=2 (with one uplink flow and one downlink flow); M=0.
  • One pair of bi-directional RMCAT flows, one on-off CBR over UDP flow on uplink : N=2 (with one uplink flow and one downlink flow); M=1 (uplink). CBR flow on time at 0s-60s, off time at 60s-119s
  • One pair of bi-directional RMCAT flows, one off-on CBR over UDP flow on uplink : N=2 (with one uplink flow and one downlink flow); M=1 (uplink). UDP off time: 0s-60s, on time: 60s-119s
  • One RMCAT flow competing against one long-live TCP flow over uplink: N=1 (uplink) and M = 1(uplink), TCP start time: 0s, end time: 119s.

4.1.4. Expected behavior

  • Single uplink RMCAT flow: the candidate algorithm is expected to detect the path capacity constraint, converges to bottleneck link's capacity and adapt the flow to avoid unwanted oscillation when the sending bit rate is approaching the bottleneck link's capacity. No excessivie rate oscillations.
  • Bi-directional RMCAT flows: It is expected that the candidate algorithms is able to converge to the bottleneck capacity of the wired path on both directions despite presense of measurment noise over the Wi-Fi connection. In the presence of background TCP or CBR over UDP traffic, the rate of RMCAT flows should adapt in a timely manner to changes in the available bottleneck bandwidth.
  • One RMCAT flow competing with long-live TCP flow over uplink: the candidate algorithm should be able to avoid congestion collapse, and stablize at a fair share of the bottleneck capacity over the wired path.

4.2. Bottleneck in Wi-Fi Network

These test cases assume that the wired portion along the media path are well-provisioned. The bottleneck is in the Wi-Fi network over wireless. This is to mimic the enterprise/coffee-house scenarios.

4.2.1. Network topology

Same as defined in Section 4.1.1

4.2.2. Test setup

  • Test duration: 120s
  • Wi-Fi network characteristics:
    • Radio propagation model: Log-distance path loss propagation model [NS3WiFi]
    • PHY- and MAC-layer configuration: IEEE 802.11n
    • MCS Index at 11: 16-QAM 1/2, Raw Data Rate at 52Mbps
  • Wired path characteristics:
    • Path capacity: 100Mbps
    • One-Way propagation delay: 50ms.
    • Maximum end-to-end jitter: 30ms
    • Bottleneck queue type: Drop tail.
    • Bottleneck queue size: 300ms.
    • Path loss ratio: 0%.
  • Application characteristics:
    • Media Traffic:
      • Media type: Video
      • Media direction: See Section 4.2.3
      • Number of media sources (N): See Section 4.2.3
      • Media timeline:
        • Start time: 0s.
        • End time: 119s.
    • Competing traffic:
      • Type of sources: long-lived TCP or CBR over UDP
      • Number of sources (M): See Section 4.2.3
      • Traffic direction: See Section 4.2.3
      • Congestion control: Default TCP congestion control [TBD] or CBR over UDP
      • Traffic timeline: See Section 4.2.3

4.2.3. Typical test scenarios

This sections describes a few specific test scenarios that are deemed as important for understanding behavior of a RMCAT candidate solution over a Wi-Fi network.

  • Multiple RMCAT Flows Sharing the Wireless Downlink: N=16 (all downlink); M = 0; This test case is for studying the impact of contention on competing RMCAT flows. Specifications for IEEE 802.11n, MCS Index at 11: 16-QAM 1/2, Raw Data Rate at 52Mbps is chosen. Note that retransmissions, MAC-layer headers, and control packets may be sent at a lower link speed. The total application-layer throughput (reasonable distance, low interference and small number of contention stations) for 802.11n is around 20 Mbps. Consequently, a total of N=16 RMCAT flows are needed for saturating the wireless interface in this experiment. Evaluation of a given candidate solution should focus on whether downlink RMCAT flows can stablize at a fair share of bandwidth.
  • Multiple RMCAT Flows Sharing the Wireless Uplink: N = 16 (all downlink); M = 0; When multiple clients attempt to transmit video packets uplink over the wireless interface, they introduce more frequent contentions and potentially collisions. Per-flow throughput is expected to be lower than that in the previous downlink-only scenario. Evaluation of a given candidate solution should focus on whether uplink flows can stablize at a fair share of bandwidth.
  • Multiple Bi-directional RMCAT Flows: N = 16 (8 uplink and 8 downlink); M = 0. the goal of this test is to evaluate performance of the candidate solution in terms of bandwidth fairness between uplink and downlink flow.
  • Multiple Bi-directional RMCAT Flows with on-off CBR traffic: N = 16 (8 uplink and 8 downlink); M = 5(uplink). The goal of this test is to evaluate upgrading performance of the candidate solution in terms of available bandwidth changes caused by the CBR uplink flow over UDP. CBR over UDP background flows have on time 0s-60s, and off time 60s-119s
  • Multiple Bi-directional RMCAT Flows with off-on CBR traffic: N = 16 (8 uplink and 8 downlink); M = 5(uplink). The goal of this test is to evaluate upgrading performance of the candidate solution in terms of available bandwidth changes caused by the CBR uplink flow over UDP. CBR over UDP background flows have off time 0s-60s, and on time 60s-119s.
  • Multiple RMCAT flows in the presence of background TCP traffic: the goal of this test is to evaluate how RMCAT flows compete against TCP over a congested Wi-Fi network for a given candidate solution. TCP start time: 0s, end time: 119s. [Editor's Note: more detailed description will be added in the next version in terms of directoin/number of RMCAT and TCP flows. ]
  • Varying number of RMCAT flows: the goal of this test is to evaluate how a candidate RMCAT solution responds to varying traffic load/demand over a congested Wi-Fi network. [Editor's Note: more detailed description will be added in the next version in terms of arrival/departure pattern of the flows.]

4.2.4. Expected behavior

  • Multiple downlink RMCAT flows: All RMCAT flows should get fair share of the bandwidth. Overall bandwidth usage should be no less than same case with TCP flows (using TCP as performance benchmark). The delay and loss should be within acceptable range for real-time multimedia flow.
  • Multiple uplink RMCAT flows: overall bandwidth usage shared by all RMCAT flows should be no less than those shared by the same number of TCP flows (i.e., benchmark performance using TCP flows).
  • Multiple bi-directional RMCAT flows with CBR over UDP traffic: RMCAT flows should adapt to the changes in available bandwidth.
  • Multiple bi-directional RMCAT flows with TCP traffic: overall bandwidth usage shared by all RMCAT flows should be no less than those shared by the same number of TCP flows (i.e., benchmark performance using TCP flows). All downlink RMCAT flows are expected to obtain similar bandwidth with respect to each other.

4.3. Potential Potential Test Cases

4.3.1. EDCA/WMM usage

EDCA/WMM is prioritized QoS with four traffic classes (or Access Categories) with differing priorities. RMCAT flow should have better performance (lower delay, less loss) with EDCA/WMM enabled when competing against non-interactive background traffic (e.g., file transfers). When most of the traffic over Wi-Fi is dominated by media, however, turning on WMM may actually degrade performance. This is a topic worthy of further investigation.

4.3.2. Legacy 802.11b Effects

When there is 802.11b devices connected to modern 802.11 network, it may affect the performance of the whole network. Additional test cases can be added to evaluate the affects of legancy devices on the performance of RMCAT congestion control algorithm.

5. Conclusion

This document defines a collection of test cases that are considered important for cellular and Wi-Fi networks. Moreover, this document also provides a framework for defining additional test cases over wireless cellular/Wi-Fi networks.

6. Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Tomas Frankkila, Magnus Westerlund, Kristofer Sandlund for their valuable comments while writing this draft.

7. IANA Considerations

This memo includes no request to IANA.

8. Security Considerations

Security issues have not been discussed in this memo.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

, "
[Deployment] TS 25.814, 3GPP., "Physical layer aspects for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)", October 2006.
[HO-def-3GPP] TR 21.905, 3GPP., "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications", December 2009.
[HO-LTE-3GPP] TS 36.331, 3GPP., "E-UTRA- Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification", December 2011.
[HO-UMTS-3GPP] TS 25.331, 3GPP., Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification", December 2011.
[I-D.ietf-rmcat-eval-criteria] Varun, V., Ott, J. and S. Holmer, "Evaluating Congestion Control for Interactive Real-time Media", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-rmcat-eval-criteria-05, March 2016.
[NS3WiFi]Wi-Fi Channel Model in NS3 Simulator"
[QoS-3GPP] TS 23.203, 3GPP., "Policy and charging control architecture", June 2011.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.

9.2. Informative References

, ", ", ", "
[I-D.ietf-rmcat-cc-requirements] Jesup, R. and Z. Sarker, "Congestion Control Requirements for Interactive Real-Time Media", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-rmcat-cc-requirements-09, December 2014.
[I-D.ietf-rmcat-eval-test] Sarker, Z., Varun, V., Zhu, X. and M. Ramalho, Test Cases for Evaluating RMCAT Proposals", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-rmcat-eval-test-03, March 2016.
[IEEE802.11]Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications", 2012.
[LTE-simulator]NS-3, A discrete-Event Network Simulator"
[ns-2]The Network Simulator - ns-2"
[ns-3]The Network Simulator - ns-3"

Authors' Addresses

Zaheduzzaman Sarker Ericsson AB Laboratoriegränd 11 Luleå, 97753 Sweden Phone: +46 107173743 EMail: zaheduzzaman.sarker@ericsson.com
Ingemar Johansson Ericsson AB Laboratoriegränd 11 Luleå, 97753 Sweden Phone: +46 10 7143042 EMail: ingemar.s.johansson@ericsson.com
Xiaoqing Zhu Cisco Systems 12515 Research Blvd., Building 4 Austin, TX 78759 USA EMail: xiaoqzhu@cisco.com
Jiantao Fu Cisco Systems 707 Tasman Drive Milpitas, CA 95035 USA EMail: jianfu@cisco.com
Wei-Tian Tan Cisco Systems 725 Alder Drive Milpitas, CA 95035 USA EMail: dtan2@cisco.com
Michael A. Ramalho Cisco Systems 8000 Hawkins Road Sarasota, FL 34241 USA Phone: +1 919 476 2038 EMail: mramalho@cisco.com