NTP Working Group D. Sibold
Internet-Draft PTB
Intended status: Standards Track S. Röttger
Expires: January 5, 2015
K. Teichel
PTB
July 04, 2014

Network Time Security
draft-ietf-ntp-network-time-security-04.txt

Abstract

This document describes the Network Time Security (NTS) protocol that enables secure authentication of time servers using Network Time Protocol (NTP) or Precision Time Protocol (PTP). Its design considers the special requirements of precise timekeeping, which are described in Security Requirements of Time Protocols in Packet Switched Networks [I-D.ietf-tictoc-security-requirements].

Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on January 5, 2015.

Copyright Notice

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Time synchronization protocols are increasingly utilized to synchronize clocks in networked infrastructures. The reliable performance of such infrastructures can be degraded seriously by successful attacks against the time synchronization protocol. Therefore, time synchronization protocols applied in critical infrastructures have to provide security measures to defeat possible adversaries. Consequently, the widespread Network Time Protocol (NTP) [RFC5905] was supplemented by the autokey protocol [RFC5906] which shall ensure authenticity of the NTP server and integrity of the protocol packets. Unfortunately, the autokey protocol exhibits various severe security vulnerabilities as revealed in a thorough analysis of the protocol [Roettger]. For the Precision Time Protocol (PTP), Annex K of the standard document IEEE 1588 [IEEE1588] defines an informative security protocol that is still in experimental state.

Because of autokey's security vulnerabilities and the absence of a standardized security protocol for PTP, these protocols cannot be applied in environments in which compliance requirements demand authenticity and integrity protection. This document specifies a security protocol which ensures authenticity of the time server via a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and integrity of the time synchronization protocol packets and which therefore enables the usage of NTP and PTP in such environments.

The protocol is specified with the prerequisite in mind that precise timekeeping can only be accomplished with stateless time synchronization communication, which excludes the utilization of standard security protocols like IPsec or TLS for time synchronization messages. This prerequisite corresponds with the requirement that a security mechanism for timekeeping must be designed in such a way that it does not degrade the quality of the time transfer [I-D.ietf-tictoc-security-requirements].

Note:

The intent is to formulate the protocol to be applicable to NTP and also PTP. In the current state the draft focuses on the application to NTP.

2. Security Threats

A profound analysis of security threats and requirements for NTP and PTP can be found in the "Security Requirements of Time Protocols in Packet Switched Networks" [I-D.ietf-tictoc-security-requirements].

3. Objectives

The objectives of the NTS specification are as follows:

4. Terms and Abbreviations

MITM
Man In The Middle
NTP
Network Time Protocol
NTS
Network Time Security
PTP
Precision Time Protocol
TESLA
Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant Authentication

5. NTS Overview

5.1. Symmetric and Client/Server Mode

NTS applies X.509 certificates to verify the authenticity of the time server and to exchange a symmetric key, the so-called cookie. This cookie is then used to protect authenticity and integrity of the subsequent time synchronization packets by means of a Message Authentication Code (MAC), which is attached to each time synchronization packet. The calculation of the MAC includes the whole time synchronization packet and the cookie which is shared between client and server. It is calculated according to:[I-D.ietf-tictoc-security-requirements]. See Section 8 for details on the seed refresh and Section 7.1.1 for the client's reaction to it.

cookie = MSB_128 (HMAC(server seed, H(certificate of client))),

with the server seed as key, where H is a hash function, and where the function MSB_128 cuts off the 128 most significant bits of the result of the HMAC function. The server seed is a 128 bit random value of the server, which has to be kept secret. The cookie never changes as long as the server seed stays the same, but the server seed has to be refreshed periodically in order to provide key freshness as required in

The server does not keep a state of the client. Therefore it has to recalculate the cookie each time it receives a request from the client. To this end, the client has to attach the hash value of its certificate to each request (see Section 6.4).

5.2. Broadcast Mode

Just as in the case of the client server mode and symmetric mode, authenticity and integrity of the NTP packets are ensured by a MAC, which is attached to the NTP packet by the sender. The verification of the authenticity is based on the TESLA protocol, in particular on its "Not Re-using Keys" scheme, see section 3.7.2 of [RFC4082]. TESLA is based on a one-way chain of keys, where each key is the output of a one-way function applied on the previous key in the chain. The last element of the chain is shared securely with all clients. The server splits time into intervals of uniform duration and assigns each key to an interval in reverse order, starting with the penultimate. At each time interval, the server sends an NTP broadcast packet appended by a MAC, calculated using the corresponding key, and the key of the previous disclosure interval. The client verifies the MAC by buffering the packet until the disclosure of the key in its associated disclosure interval. In order to be able to verify the validity of the key, the client has to be loosely time synchronized to the server. This has to be accomplished during the initial client server exchange between broadcast client and server. For a more detailed description of the TESLA protocol see Appendix D.

6. Protocol Messages

Note that this section currently describes the realization of the message format of NTS only for its utilization for NTP, in which the NTS specific data are enclosed in extension fields on top of NTP packets. A specification of NTS messages for PTP would have to be developed accordingly.

The steps described in Section 6.1 - Section 6.4 belong to the unicast mode, while Section 6.5 and Section 6.6 explain the steps involved in the broadcast mode of NTS.

6.1. Association Messages

In this message exchange, the hash and signature algorithms that are used throughout the protocol are negotiated.

6.1.1. Message Type: "client_assoc"

The protocol sequence starts with the client sending an association message, called client_assoc. This message contains

For NTP, this message is realized as a packet with an extension field of type "association", which contains all this data.

6.1.2. Message Type: "server_assoc"

This message is sent by the server upon receipt of client_assoc. It contains

In the case of NTP, the data is enclosed in a packet's extension field, also of type "association".

6.2. Certificate Messages

In this message exchange, the client receives the certification chain up to a trusted anchor. With the established certification chain the client is able to verify the server's signatures and, hence, authenticity of future NTS messages from the server is ensured.

Discussion:

Note that in this step the client validates the authenticity of its immediate NTP server only. It does not recursively validate the authenticity of each NTP server on the time synchronization chain. Recursive authentication (and authorization) as formulated in [I-D.ietf-tictoc-security-requirements] depends on the chosen trust anchor.

6.2.1. Message Type: "client_cert"

This message is sent by the client, after it successfully verified the content of the received server_assoc message (see Section 7.1.1). It contains

In the case of NTP, the data is enclosed in a packet's extension field of type "certificate request".

6.2.2. Message Type: "server_cert"

This message is sent by the server, upon receipt of a client_cert message, if the version number and choice of methods communicated in that message are actually supported by the server. It contains

This message is realized for NTP as a packet with extension field of type "certificate" which holds all of the data listed above.

6.3. Cookie Messages

During this message exchange, the server transmits a secret cookie to the client securely. The cookie will be used for integrity protection during unicast time synchronization.

6.3.1. Message Type: "client_cook"

This message is sent by the client, upon successful authentication of the server. In this message, the client requests a cookie from the server. The message contains

For NTP, an extension field of type "cookie request" holds the listed data.

6.3.2. Message Type: "server_cook"

This message is sent by the server, upon receipt of a client_cook message. The server generates the hash of the client's certificate, as conveyed during client_cook, in order to calculate the cookie according to Section 5.1. This message contains a concatenated datum, which is encrypted with the client's public key, according to the encryption algorithm transmitted in the client_cook message. The concatenated datum contains

In the case of NTP, this is a packet with an extension field of type "cookie transmit".

6.4. Unicast Time Synchronisation Messages

In this message exchange, the usual time synchronization process is executed, with the addition of integrity protection for all messages that the server sends. This message can be repeatedly exchanged as often as the client desires and as long as the integrity of the server's time responses is verified successfully.

6.4.1. Message Type: "time_request"

This message is sent by the client when it requests time exchange. It contains

In the case of NTP the data is enclosed in the packet's extension field of type "time request".

6.4.2. Message Type: "time_response"

This message is sent by the server, after it received a time_request message. Prior to this the server MUST recalculate the client's cookie by using the hash of the client's certificate and the transmitted hash algorithm. The message contains

In the case of NTP, this is a packet with the necessary time synchronization data and a new extension field of type "time response". This packet has an appended MAC that is generated over the time synchronization data and the extension field, with the cookie as the key.

6.5. Broadcast Parameter Messages

In this message exchange, the client receives the necessary information to execute the TESLA protocol in a secured broadcast association. The client can only initiate a secure broadcast association after a successful unicast run, see Section 7.1.2.

See Appendix D for more details on TESLA.

6.5.1. Message Type: "client_bpar"

This message is sent by the client in order to establish a secured time broadcast association with the server. It contains

For NTP, this message is realized as a packet with an extension field of type "broadcast request".

6.5.2. Message Type: "server_bpar"

This message is sent by the server upon receipt of a client_bpar message during the broadcast loop of the server. It contains

It is realized for NTP as a packet with an extension field of type "broadcast parameters", which contains all the given data.

6.6. Broadcast Message

Via this message, the server keeps sending broadcast time synchronization messages to all participating clients.

6.6.1. Message Type: "server_broad"

This message is sent by the server over the course of its broadcast schedule. It is part of any broadcast association. It contains

For NTP, this message is realized as an NTP broadcast packet with the time broadcast data and with an extension field of type "broadcast message", which contains the rest of the listed data. The NTP packet is then appended by a MAC verifying its contents.

7. Protocol Sequence

7.1. The Client

7.1.1. The Client in Unicast Mode

For a unicast run, the client performs the following steps: Figure 1.

  1. It sends a client_assoc message to the server. It MUST keep the transmitted values for version number and algorithms available for later checks.
  2. It waits for a reply in the form of a server_assoc message. After receipt of the message it performs the following checks:

    If one of the checks fails, the client MUST abort the run.

  3. The client then sends a client_cert message to the server. Again, it MUST remember the transmitted values for version number and algorithms for later checks.
  4. It awaits a reply in the form of a server_cert message and performs authenticity checks on the certificate chain and the signature for the version number. If one of these checks fails, the client MUST abort the run.
  5. Next, it sends a client_cook message to the server. The client MUST save the included nonce until the reply has been processed.
  6. It awaits a reply in the form of a server_cook message; upon receipt it executes the following actions:

    If one of those checks fails, the client MUST abort the run.

  7. The client sends a time_request message to the server. The client MUST save the included nonce and the transmit_timestamp (from the time synchronization data) as a correlated pair for later verification steps.
  8. It awaits a reply in the form of a time_response message. Upon receipt, it checks:

    If at least one of the first three checks fails (i.e. if the version number does not match, if the client has never used the nonce transmitted in the time_response message or if it has used the nonce with initial time synchronization data different from that in the response), then the client MUST ignore this time_response message. If the MAC is invalid, the client MUST do one of the following: abort the run or go back to step 5 (because the cookie might have changed due to a server seed refresh). If both checks are successful, the client SHOULD continue time synchronization by going back to step 7.

The client's behavior in unicast mode is also expressed in

7.1.2. The Client in Broadcast Mode

To establish a secure broadcast association with a broadcast server, the client MUST initially authenticate the broadcast server and securely synchronize its time to it up to an upper bound for its time offset in unicast mode. After that, the client performs the following steps: Section 6.5.1 if the one-way key chain expires.

  1. It sends a client_bpar message to the server. It MUST remember the transmitted values for version number and signature algorithm.
  2. It waits for a reply in the form of a server_bpar message after which it performs the following checks:

    If any information is missing or the server's signature cannot be verified, the client MUST abort the broadcast run. If all checks are successful, the client MUST remember all the broadcast parameters received for later checks.

  3. The client awaits time synchronization data in the form of a server_broadcast message. Upon receipt, it performs the following checks:
    1. Proof that the MAC is based on a key that is not yet disclosed. This is achieved via a disclosure schedule and requires the loose time synchronization. If verified, the packet will be buffered for later authentication. Otherwise, the client MUST discard it. Note that the time information included in the packet will not be used for synchronization until its authenticity could be verified.
    2. The client checks whether it already knows the disclosed key. If so, the client SHOULD discard the packet to avoid a buffer overrun. If not, the client verifies that the disclosed key belongs to the one-way key chain by applying the one-way function until equality with a previous disclosed key is verified. If falsified, the client MUST discard the packet.
    3. If the disclosed key is legitimate the client verifies the authenticity of any packet that it received during the corresponding time interval. If authenticity of a packet is verified it is released from the buffer and the packet's time information can be utilized. If the verification fails authenticity is no longer given. In this case the client MUST request authentic time from the server by means of a unicast time request message.

    See RFC 4082

    [RFC4082] for a detailed description of the packet verification process.

The client MUST restart the broadcast sequence with a client_bpar message

The client's behavior in broadcast mode can also be seen in Figure 2.

7.2. The Server

7.2.1. The Server in Unicast Mode

To support unicast mode, the server MUST be ready to perform the following actions: Section 8.1).

The server MUST refresh its server seed periodically (see

7.2.2. The Server in Broadcast Mode

A broadcast server MUST also support unicast mode, in order to provide the initial time synchronization which is a precondition for any broadcast association. To support NTS broadcast, the server MUST additionally be ready to perform the following actions:

It is also the server's responsibility to watch for the expiration date of the one-way key chain and generate a new key chain accordingly.

8. Server Seed Considerations

The server has to calculate a random seed which has to be kept secret. The server MUST generate a seed for each supported hash algorithm, see Section 9.1.

8.1. Server Seed Refresh

According to the requirements in [I-D.ietf-tictoc-security-requirements] the server MUST refresh each server seed periodically. As a consequence, the cookie memorized by the client becomes obsolete. In this case the client cannot verify the MAC attachted to subsequent time response messages and has to respond accordingly by re-initiating the protocol with a cookie request (Section 6.3).

8.2. Server Seed Algorithm

8.3. Server Seed Lifetime

9. Hash Algorithms and MAC Generation

9.1. Hash Algorithms

Hash algorithms are used at different points: calculation of the cookie and the MAC, and hashing of the client's certificate. Client and server negotiate a hash algorithm H during the association message exchange (Section 6.1) at the beginning of a unicast run. The selected algorithm H is used for all hashing processes in that run.

In broadcast mode, hash algorithms are used as pseudo random functions to construct the one-way key chain. Here, the utilized hash algorithm is communicated by the server and non-negotiable.

The list of the hash algorithms supported by the server has to fulfill the following requirements:

Note

Any hash algorithm is prone to be compromised in the future. A successful attack on a hash algorithm would enable any NTS client to derive the server seed from their own cookie. Therefore, the server MUST have separate seed values for its different supported hash algorithms. This way, knowledge gained from an attack on a hash algorithm H can at least only be used to compromise such clients who use hash algorithm H as well.

9.2. MAC Calculation

For the calculation of the MAC, client and server are using a Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) approach [RFC2104]. The HMAC is generated with the hash algorithm specified by the client (see Section 9.1).

10. IANA Considerations

11. Security Considerations

11.1. Initial Verification of the Server Certificates

The client has to verify the validity of the certificates during the certification message exchange (Section 6.2). Since it generally has no reliable time during this initial communication phase, it is impossible to verify the period of validity of the certificates. Therefore, the client MUST use one of the following approaches:

11.2. Revocation of Server Certificates

According to Section 8.1, it is the client's responsibility to initiate a new association with the server after the server's certificate expires. To this end the client reads the expiration date of the certificate during the certificate message exchange (Section 6.2). Besides, certificates may also be revoked prior to the normal expiration date. To increase security the client MAY verify the state of the server's certificate via OCSP periodically.

11.3. Usage of NTP Pools

The certification based authentication scheme described in Section 6 is not applicable to the concept of NTP pools. Therefore, NTS is not able to provide secure usage of NTP pools.

11.4. Denial-of-Service in Broadcast Mode

TESLA authentication buffers packets for delayed authentication. This makes the protocol vulnerable to flooding attacks, causing the client to buffer excessive numbers of packets. To add stronger DoS protection to the protocol, client and server use the "Not Re-using Keys" scheme of TESLA as pointed out in section 3.7.2 of RFC 4082 [RFC4082]. In this scheme the server never uses a key for the MAC generation more than once. Therefore the client can discard any packet that contains a disclosed key it knows already, thus preventing memory flooding attacks.

Note, an alternative approach to enhance TESLA's resistance against DoS attacks involves the addition of a group MAC to each packet. This requires the exchange of an additional shared key common to the whole group. This adds additional complexity to the protocol and hence is currently not considered in this document.

11.5. Delay Attack

In a packet delay attack, an adversary with the ability to act as a MITM delays time synchronization packets between client and server asymmetrically [I-D.ietf-tictoc-security-requirements]. This prevents the client to measure the network delay, and hence its time offset to the server, accurately [Mizrahi]. The delay attack does not modifiy the content of the exchanged synchronization packets. Therefore cryptographic means are not feasible to mitigate this attack. However, serveral non-cryptographic precautions can be taken in order to detect this attack.

12. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Steven Bellovin, David Mills and Kurt Roeckx for discussions and comments on the design of NTS. Also, thanks to Harlan Stenn for his technical review and specific text contributions to this document.

13. References

13.1. Normative References

[IEEE1588] IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society. TC-9 Sensor Technology, "IEEE standard for a precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems", 2008.
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M. and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3161] Adams, C., Cain, P., Pinkas, D. and R. Zuccherato, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Time-Stamp Protocol (TSP)", RFC 3161, August 2001.
[RFC4082] Perrig, A., Song, D., Canetti, R., Tygar, J. and B. Briscoe, "Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant Authentication (TESLA): Multicast Source Authentication Transform Introduction", RFC 4082, June 2005.
[RFC5905] Mills, D., Martin, J., Burbank, J. and W. Kasch, "Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification", RFC 5905, June 2010.
[RFC5906] Haberman, B. and D. Mills, "Network Time Protocol Version 4: Autokey Specification", RFC 5906, June 2010.
[RFC6277] Santesson, S. and P. Hallam-Baker, "Online Certificate Status Protocol Algorithm Agility", RFC 6277, June 2011.

13.2. Informative References

[I-D.ietf-tictoc-security-requirements] Mizrahi, T., "Security Requirements of Time Protocols in Packet Switched Networks", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tictoc-security-requirements-10, July 2014.
[I-D.shpiner-multi-path-synchronization] Shpiner, A., Tse, R., Schelp, C. and T. Mizrahi, "Multi-Path Time Synchronization", Internet-Draft draft-shpiner-multi-path-synchronization-03, February 2014.
[Mizrahi] Mizrahi, T., "A game theoretic analysis of delay attacks against time synchronization protocols", in Proceedings of Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement Control and Communication, ISPCS 2012, pp. 1-6, September 2012.
[RFC4086] Eastlake, D., Schiller, J. and S. Crocker, "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.
[Roettger] Röttger, S., "Analysis of the NTP Autokey Procedures", February 2012.
[Shpiner] Shpiner, A., Revah, Y. and T. Mizrahi, "Multi-path Time Protocols", in Proceedings of Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement Control and Communication, ISPCS 2013, pp. 1-6, September 2013.

Appendix A. Flow Diagrams of Client Behaviour

                     +---------------------+
                     |Association Messages |
                     +----------+----------+
                                |
                                v
                     +---------------------+
                     |Certificate Messages |
                     +----------+----------+
                                |
+------------------------------>o
|                               |
|                               v
|                       +---------------+
|                       |Cookie Messages|
|                       +-------+-------+
|                               |
|                               o<------------------------------+
|                               |                               |
|                               v                               |
|                     +-------------------+                     |
|                     |Time Sync. Messages|                     |
|                     +---------+---------+                     |
|                               |                               |
|                               v                               |
|                            +-----+                            |
|                            |Check|                            |
|                            +--+--+                            |
|                               |                               |
|            /------------------+------------------\            |
|           v                   v                   v           |
|     .-----------.      .-------------.        .-------.       |
|    ( MAC Failure )    ( Nonce Failure )      ( Success )      |
|     '-----+-----'      '------+------'        '---+---'       |
|           |                   |                   |           |
|           v                   v                   v           |
|    +-------------+     +-------------+     +--------------+   |
|    |Discard Data |     |Discard Data |     |Sync. Process |   |
|    +-------------+     +------+------+     +------+-------+   |
|           |                   |                   |           |
|           |                   |                   v           |
+-----------+                   +------------------>o-----------+

Figure 1: The client's behavior in NTS unicast mode.

                         +-----------------------------+
                         |Broadcast Parameter Messages |
                         +--------------+--------------+
                                        |
                                        o<--------------------------+
                                        |                           |
                                        v                           |
                         +-----------------------------+            |
                         |Broadcast Time Sync. Message |            |
                         +--------------+--------------+            |
                                        |                           |
+-------------------------------------->o                           |
|                                       |                           |
|                                       v                           |
|                             +-------------------+                 |
|                             |Key and Auth. Check|                 |
|                             +---------+---------+                 |
|                                       |                           |
|                      /----------------*----------------\          |
|                     v                                   v         |
|                .---------.                         .---------.    |
|               ( Verified  )                       ( Falsified )   |
|                '----+----'                         '----+----'    |
|                     |                                   |         |
|                     v                                   v         |
|              +-------------+                        +-------+     |
|              |Store Message|                        |Discard|     |
|              +------+------+                        +---+---+     |
|                     |                                   |         |
|                     v                                   +---------o
|             +---------------+                                     |
|             |Check Previous |                                     |
|             +-------+-------+                                     |
|                     |                                             |
|            /--------*--------\                                    |
|           v                   v                                   |
|      .---------.         .---------.                              |
|     ( Verified  )       ( Falsified )                             |
|      '----+----'         '----+----'                              |
|           |                   |                                   |
|           v                   v                                   |
|    +-------------+   +-----------------+                          |
|    |Sync. Process|   |Discard Previous |                          |
|    +------+------+   +--------+--------+                          |
|           |                   |                                   |
+-----------+                   +-----------------------------------+

Figure 2: The client's behaviour in NTS broadcast mode.

Appendix B. Extension Fields

In Section 6, some new extension fields for NTP packets are introduced. They are listed here again, for reference.

name used in
"association" client_assoc
server_assoc
"certificate request" client_cert
"certificate" server_cert
"cookie request" client_cook
"cookie transmit" server_cook
"time request" time_request
"time response" time_response
"broadcast request" client_bpar
"broadcast parameters" server_bpar
"broadcast message" server_broad

Appendix C. TICTOC Security Requirements

The following table compares the NTS specifications against the TICTOC security requirements [I-D.ietf-tictoc-security-requirements].

Comparison of NTS sepecification against TICTOC security requirements.
Section Requirement from I-D tictoc security-requirements-05 Requirement level NTS
5.1.1 Authentication of Servers MUST OK
5.1.1 Authorization of Servers MUST OK
5.1.2 Recursive Authentication of Servers (Stratum 1) MUST OK
5.1.2 Recursive Authorization of Servers (Stratum 1) MUST OK
5.1.3 Authentication and Authorization of Slaves MAY -
5.2 Integrity protection. MUST OK
5.4 Protection against DoS attacks SHOULD OK
5.5 Replay protection MUST OK
5.6 Key freshness. MUST OK
Security association. SHOULD OK
Unicast and multicast associations. SHOULD OK
5.7 Performance: no degradation in quality of time transfer. MUST OK
Performance: lightweight computation SHOULD OK
Performance: storage, bandwidth SHOULD OK
5.7 Confidentiality protection MAY NO
5.9 Protection against Packet Delay and Interception Attacks SHOULD NA*)
5.10 Secure mode MUST -
Hybrid mode SHOULD -

*) See discussion in section Section 11.5.

Appendix D. Broadcast Mode

For the broadcast mode, NTS adopts the TESLA protocol, which is based on a one-way key chain. This appendix provides details on the generation and usage of the one-way key chain collected and assembled from [RFC4082]. Note that NTS is using the "not re-using keys" scheme of TESLA as described in section 3.7.2. of [RFC4082].

D.1. Server Preparations

Server setup:

  1. The server determines a reasonable upper bound B on the network delay between itself and an arbitrary client, measured in milliseconds.
  2. It determines the number n+1 of keys in the one-way key chain. This yields the number n of keys that are usable to authenticate broadcast packets. This number n is therefore also the number of time intervals during which the server can send authenticated broadcast messages before it has to calculate a new key chain.
  3. It divides time into n uniform intervals I_1, I_2, ..., I_n. Each of these time intervals has length L, measured in milliseconds. In order to fulfill the requirement 3.7.2. of RFC 4082 the time interval L has to be smaller than the time interval between the broadcast messages.
  4. The server generates a random key K_n.
  5. Using a one-way function F, the server generates a one-way chain of n+1 keys K_0, K_1, ..., K_{n} according to
    K_i = F(K_{i+1}).
  6. Using another one-way function F', it generates a sequence of n+1 MAC keys K'_0, K'_1, ..., K'_{n-1} according to
    K'_i = F'(K_i).
  7. Each MAC key K'_i is assigned to the time interval I_i.
  8. The server determines the key disclosure delay d, which is the number of intervals between using a key and disclosing it. Note that although security is still provided for all choices d>0, the choice still makes a difference:
    • If d is chosen too short, the client might discards packets because it fails to verify that the key used for their MAC has not been yet disclosed.
    • If d is chosen too long, the received packets have to be buffered for a unnecessarily long time before they can be verified by the client and subsequently be utilized for time synchronization.

    The server SHOULD calculate d according to

    d = ceil( 2*B / L) + 1,

    where ceil gives the smallest integer greater than or equal to its argument.

< - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
                      Generation of Keys

          F              F               F                 F
 K_0  <-------- K_1  <--------  ...  <-------- K_{n-1} <-------- K_n
  |              |                              |                 |
  |              |                              |                 |
  | F'           | F'                           | F'              | F'
  |              |                              |                 |
  v              v                              v                 v
 K'_0           K'_1            ...           K'_{n-1}          K'_n
          [______________|____       ____|_________________|__________]
                I_1             ...            I_{n-1}           I_n

                  Course of Time/Usage of Keys
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - >

A Schematic explanation on the TESLA protocol's one-way key chain

D.2. Client Preparation

A client needs the following information in order to participate in a TESLA broadcast.

  • One key K_i from the one-way key chain, which has to be authenticated as belonging to the server. Typically, this will be K_0.
  • The disclosure schedule of the keys. This consists of:
    • the length n of the one-way key chain,
    • the length L of the time intervals I_1, I_2, ..., I_n,
    • the starting time T_i of an interval I_i. Typically this is the starting time T_1 of the first interval;
    • the disclosure delay d.
  • The one-way function F used to recursively derive the keys in the one-way key chain,
  • The second one-way function F' used to derive the MAC keys K'_0, K'_1, ... , K'_n from the keys in the one-way chain.
  • An upper bound D_t on how far its own clock is "behind" that of the server.

Note that if D_t is greater than (d - 1) * L, then some authentic packets might be discarded. If D_t is greater than d * L, then all authentic packets will be discarded. In the latter case, the client should not participate in the broadcast, since there will be no benefit in doing so.

D.3. Sending Authenticated Broadcast Packets

During each time interval I_i, the server sends one authenticated broadcast packet P_i. This packet consists of:

  • a message M_i,
  • the index i (in case a packet arrives late),
  • a MAC authenticating the message M_i, with K'_i used as key,
  • the key K_{i-d}, which is included for disclosure.

D.4. Authentication of Received Packets

When a client receives a packet P_i as described above, it first checks that it has not received a packet with associated index i before. This is done to avoid replay/flooding attacks. A packet that fails this test is discarded.

Next, the client checks that, according to the disclosure schedule and with respect to the upper bound D_t determined above, the server cannot have disclosed the key K_i yet. Specifically, it needs to check that the server's clock cannot read a time that is in time interval I_{i+d} or later. Since it works under the assumption that the server's clock is not more than D_t "ahead" of the client's clock, the client can calculate an upper bound t_i for the server's clock at the time when P_i arrived by

t_i = R + D_t,

where R is the client's clock at the arrival of P_i. This implies that at the time of arrival of P_i, the server could have been in interval I_x at most, with[RFC4082]). If falsified, it is discarded.

x = floor((t_i - T_1) / L),

where floor gives the greatest integer less than or equal to its argument. The client now needs to verify that

x < i+d

is valid (see also section 3.5 of

Next the client verifies that a newly disclosed key K_{i-d} belongs to the one-way key chain. To this end it verifies identity with some earlier disclosed key by recursively applies the one-way function F to K_{i-d} (see Clause 3.5 in RFC 4082, item 3).

If a packet P_i passes all tests listed above, it is stored for later authentication. Also, if at this time there is a package with index i-d already buffered, then the client uses the disclosed key K_{i-d} to derive K'_{i-d} and uses that to check the MAC included in package P_{i-d}. On success, it regards M_{i-d} as authenticated.

Appendix E. Random Number Generation

At various points of the protocol, the generation of random numbers is required. The employed methods of generation need to be cryptographically secure. See [RFC4086] for guidelines concerning this topic.

Authors' Addresses

Dieter Sibold Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Bundesallee 100 Braunschweig, D-38116 Germany Phone: +49-(0)531-592-8420 Fax: +49-531-592-698420 EMail: dieter.sibold@ptb.de
Stephen Röttger EMail: stephen.roettger@googlemail.com
Kristof Teichel Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Bundesallee 100 Braunschweig, D-38116 Germany Phone: +49-(0)531-592-8421 EMail: kristof.teichel@ptb.de