Network Work group N. Kumar
Internet-Draft G. Swallow
Intended status: Standards Track C. Pignataro
Expires: November 14, 2016 Cisco Systems, Inc.
N. Akiya
Big Switch Networks
S. Kini
Individual
H. Gredler
Juniper Networks
M. Chen
Huawei
May 13, 2016

Label Switched Path (LSP) Ping/Trace for Segment Routing Networks Using MPLS Dataplane
draft-ietf-mpls-spring-lsp-ping-00

Abstract

Segment Routing architecture leverages the source routing and tunneling paradigms and can be directly applied to MPLS data plane. A node steers a packet through a controlled set of instructions called segments, by prepending the packet with a Segment Routing header.

The segment assignment and forwarding semantic nature of Segment Routing raises additional consideration for connectivity verification and fault isolation in LSP with Segment Routing architecture. This document illustrates the problem and describe a mechanism to perform LSP Ping and Traceroute on Segment Routing network over MPLS data plane.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on November 14, 2016.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

[I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing] introduces and explains Segment Routing architecture that leverages the source routing and tunneling paradigms. A node steers a packet through a controlled set of instructions called segments, by prepending the packet with Segment Routing header. A detailed definition about Segment Routing architecture is available in [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing]

As defined in [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing-mpls], the Segment Routing architecture can be directly applied to MPLS data plane in a way that, the Segment identifier (Segment ID) will be of 20-bits size and Segment Routing header is the label stack.

"Detecting Multi-Protocol Label Switched (MPLS) Data Plane Failures" [RFC4379] defines a simple and efficient mechanism to detect data plane failures in Label Switched Paths (LSP) by specifying information to be carried in an MPLS "echo request" and "echo reply" for the purposes of fault detection and isolation. Mechanisms for reliably sending the echo reply are defined. The functionality defined in [RFC4379]is modeled after the ping/traceroute paradigm (ICMP echo request [RFC0792]) and is typically referred to as LSP ping and LSP traceroute. [RFC6424] updates [RFC4379] to support hierarchal and stitching LSPs.

Unlike LDP or RSVP which are the other well-known MPLS control plane protocols, segment assignment in Segment Routing architecture is not hop-by-hop basis.

This nature of Segment Routing raises additional consideration for fault detection and isolation in Segment Routing network. This document illustrates the problem and describe a mechanism to perform LSP Ping and Traceroute on Segment Routing network over MPLS data plane.

2. Requirements notation

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3. Terminology

This document uses the terminologies defined in [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing], [RFC4379], and so the readers are expected to be familiar with the same.

4. Challenges with Existing mechanism

This document defines sub-TLVs for the Target FEC Stack TLV and explains how they can be used to tackle below challenges.

4.1. Path validation in Segment Routing networks

[RFC4379] defines the OAM machinery that helps with fault detection and isolation in MPLS dataplane path with the use of various Target FEC Stack Sub-TLV that are carried in MPLS Echo Request packets and used by the responder for FEC validation. While it is obvious that new Sub-TLVs need to be assigned, the unique nature of Segment Routing architecture raises a need for additional machinery for path validation. This section discuss the challenges as below:

				
                      L1
                  +--------+
                  |   L2   |
                  R3-------R6
                 /           \
                /             \
        R1----R2               R7----R8
                \             /  
                 \           /
                  R4-------R5

          Figure 1: Segment Routing network

 The Node segment IDs for R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are 5001, 5002, 5003, 5004, 5005, 5006, 5007, 5008 respectively.
 
    9136 --> Adjacency Segment ID from R3 to R6 over link L1.
    9236 --> Adjacency Segment ID from R3 to R6 over link L2.
    9124 --> Adjacency segment ID from R2 to R4.
    9123 --> Adjacency Segment ID from R2 to R3.

			

The forwarding semantic of Adjacency Segment ID is to pop the segment ID and send the packet to a specific neighbor over a specific link. A malfunctioning node may forward packets using Adjacency Segment ID to incorrect neighbor or over incorrect link. Exposed segment ID (after incorrectly forwarded Adjacency Segment ID) might still allow such packet to reach the intended destination, although the intended strict traversal has been broken.

Assume in above topology, R1 sends traffic with segment stack as {9124, 5008} so that the path taken will be R1-R2-R4-R5-R7-R8. If the Adjacency Segment ID 9124 is misprogrammed in R2 to send the packet to R1 or R3, it will still be delivered to R8 but is not via the expected path.

MPLS traceroute may help with detecting such deviation in above mentioned scenario. However, in a different example, it may not be helpful. For example if R3, due to misprogramming, forwards packet with Adjacency Segment ID 9236 via link L1 while it is expected to be forwarded over Link L2.

4.2. Service Label

A Segment ID can represent a service based instruction. An Segment Routing header can have label stack entries where the label represents a service to be applied along the path. Since these labels are part of the label stack, they can influence the path taken by a packet and consequently have implications on MPLS OAM. Service Label is left for future study.

5. Segment ID sub-TLV

The format of the following Segment ID sub-TLVs follows the philosophy of Target FEC Stack TLV carrying FECs corresponding to each label in the label stack. When operated with the procedures defined in [RFC4379], this allows LSP ping/traceroute operations to function when Target FEC Stack TLV contains more FECs than received label stack at responder nodes.

Three new sub-TLVs are defined for Target FEC Stack TLVs (Type 1), Reverse-Path Target FEC Stack TLV (Type 16) and Reply Path TLV (Type 21).

	sub-Type    Value Field
	--------  ---------------
	TBD1      IPv4 IGP-Prefix Segment ID
	TBD2      IPv6 IGP-Prefix Segment ID
	TBD3      IGP-Adjacency Segment ID
	
											

Service Segments and FRR will be considered in future version.

5.1. IPv4 IGP-Prefix Segment ID

The format is as below:


   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |                         IPv4 Prefix                           |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |Prefix Length  |    Protocol   |         Reserved              |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               

  
	  

IPv4 Prefix

Prefix Length

Protocol

5.2. IPv6 IGP-Prefix Segment ID

The format is as below:


   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |                                                               |
  |                         IPv6 Prefix                           |
  |                                                               |
  |                                                               |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |Prefix Length  |    Protocol   |              Reserved         |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  

	  

IPv6 Prefix

Prefix Length

Protocol

5.3. IGP-Adjacency Segment ID

The format is as below:

						
   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |   Adj. Type   |    Protocol   |          Reserved             |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |                Local Interface ID (4 or 16 octets)            |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |                Remote Interface ID (4 or 16 octets)           |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  ~                                                               ~
  |          Advertising Node Identifier (4 or 6 octets)          |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
  ~                                                               ~
  |             Receiving Node Identifier (4 or 6 octets)         |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 
	  

Adj. Type (Adjacency Type)

Protocol

Local Interface ID

Remote Interface ID

Advertising Node Identifier

Receiving Node Identifier

6. Extension to Downstream Mapping TLV

In an echo reply, the Downstream Mapping TLV [RFC4379] is used to report for each interface over which a FEC could be forwarded. For a FEC, there are multiple protocols that may be used to distribute label mapping. The "Protocol" field of the Downstream Mapping TLV is used to return the protocol that is used to distribute a specific a label. The following protocols are defined in section 3.2 of [RFC4379]:

   Protocol #        Signaling Protocol
   ----------        ------------------
            0        Unknown
            1        Static
            2        BGP
            3        LDP
            4        RSVP-TE
					  

With segment routing, OSPF or ISIS can be used for label distribution, this document adds two new protocols as follows:

   Protocol #        Signaling Protocol
   ----------        ------------------
       TBD5                  OSPF
       TBD6                  ISIS
					  

7. Procedures

This section describes aspects of LSP Ping and traceroute operations that require further considerations beyond [RFC4379].

7.1. FECs in Target FEC Stack TLV

When LSP echo request packets are generated by an initiator, FECs carried in Target FEC Stack TLV may need to have deviating contents. This document outlines expected Target FEC Stack TLV construction mechanics by initiator for known scenarios.

7.2. FEC Stack Change sub-TLV

Section 3.3.1.3 of [RFC6424] defines FEC Stack Change sub-TLV that a router must include when the FEC stack changes.

The network node which advertised the Node Segment ID is responsible for generating FEC Stack Change sub-TLV of &pop& operation for Node Segment ID, regardless of if PHP is enabled or not.

The network node that is immediate downstream of the node which advertised the Adjacency Segment ID is responsible for generating FEC Stack Change sub-TLV of &pop& operation for Adjacency Segment ID.

7.3. Segment ID POP Operation

The forwarding semantic of Node Segment ID with PHP flag is equivalent to usage of implicit Null in MPLS protocols. Adjacency Segment ID is also similar in a sense that it can be thought as next hop destined locally allocated segment that has PHP enabled. Procedures described in Section 4.4 of [RFC4379] relies on Stack-D and Stack-R explicitly having Implicit Null value. It may simplify implementations to reuse Implicit Null for Node Segment ID PHP and Adjacency Segment ID cases.

7.4. Segment ID Check

This section updates the procedure defined in Step 6 of section 4.4. of [RFC4379]

7.5. TTL Consideration for traceroute

LSP Traceroute operation can properly traverse every hop of Segment Routing network in Uniform Model described in [RFC3443]. If one or more LSRs employ Short Pipe Model described in [RFC3443], then LSP Traceroute may not be able to properly traverse every hop of Segment Routing network due to absence of TTL copy operation when outer label is popped. Short Pipe being the most commonly used model. The following TTL manipulation technique MAY be used when Short Pipe model is used.

When tracing a LSP according to the procedures in [RFC4379] the TTL is incremented by one in order to trace the path sequentially along the LSP. However when a source routed LSP has to be traced there are as many TTLs as there are labels in the stack. The LSR that initiates the traceroute SHOULD start by setting the TTL to 1 for the tunnel in the LSP's label stack it wants to start the tracing from, the TTL of all outer labels in the stack to the max value, and the TTL of all the inner labels in the stack to zero. Thus a typical start to the traceroute would have a TTL of 1 for the outermost label and all the inner labels would have TTL 0. If the FEC Stack TLV is included it should contain only those for the inner stacked tunnels. The Return Code/Subcode and FEC Stack Change TLV should be used to diagnose the tunnel as described in [RFC4379] and [RFC6424]. When the tracing of a tunnel in the stack is complete, then the next tunnel in the stack should be traced. The end of a tunnel can be detected from the "Return Code" when it indicates that the responding LSR is an egress for the stack at depth 1. Thus the traceroute procedures in [RFC4379] can be recursively applied to traceroute a source routed LSP.

8. Issues with non-forwarding labels

Source stacking can be optionally used to apply services on the packet at a LSR along the path, where a label in the stack is used to trigger service application. A data plane failure detection and isolation mechanism should provide its functionality without applying these services. This is mandatory for services that are stateful, though for stateless services [RFC4379] could be used as-is. It MAY also provide a mechanism to detect and isolate faults within the service function itself.

How a node treats Service label is outside the scope of this document and will be included in this or a different document later.

9. Backward Compatibility with non Segment Routing devices

[I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing-ldp-interop] describes how Segment Routing operates in network where SR-capable and non-SR-capable nodes coexist. In such networks, there may not be any FEC mapping in the responder when the Initiator is SR-capable while the responder is not (or vice-versa). But this is not different from RSVP and LDP interop scenarios. When LSP Ping is triggered, the responder will set the FEC-return-code to Return 4, "Replying router has no mapping for the FEC at stack-depth".

Similarly when SR-capable node assigns Adj-SID for non-SR-capable node, LSP trace may fail as the non-SR-capable node is not aware of "IGP Adjacency Segment ID" sub-TLV and may not reply with FEC Stack change. This may result in any further downstream nodes to reply back with Return-code as 4, "Replying router has no mapping for the FEC at stack-depth".

10. IANA Considerations

10.1. New Target FEC Stack Sub-TLVs

IANA is requested to assign 3 new Sub-TLVs from "Sub-TLVs for TLV Types 1, 16 and 21" sub-registry.

     Sub-Type          Sub-TLV Name             Reference
   ----------        -----------------         ------------
      TBD1        IPv4 IGP-Prefix Segment ID  Section 4.1 (this document)
      TBD2        IPv6 IGP-Prefix Segment ID  Section 4.2 (this document)
      TBD3        IGP-Adjacency Segment ID    Section 4.3 (this document)
				  

11. Security Considerations

This document defines additional Sub-TLVs and follows the mechanism defined in [RFC4379]. So all the security consideration defined in [RFC4379] will be applicable for this document and in addition it does not impose any security challenges to be considered.

12. Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Stefano Previdi, Les Ginsberg, Balaji Rajagopalan, Harish Sitaraman, Curtis Villamizar, Pranjal Dutta and Lizhong Jin for their review and comments.

The authors wold like to thank Loa Andersson for his comments and recommendation to merge drafts.

13. Contributing Authors

Tarek Saad
Cisco Systems
Email: tsaad@cisco.com

Siva Sivabalan
Cisco Systems
Email: msiva@cisco.com

Balaji Rajagopalan
Juniper Networks
Email: balajir@juniper.net

Faisal Iqbal
Cisco Systems
Email: faiqbal@cisco.com

14. References

14.1. Normative References

[I-D.ietf-isis-segment-routing-extensions] Previdi, S., Filsfils, C., Bashandy, A., Gredler, H., Litkowski, S., Decraene, B. and J. Tantsura, "IS-IS Extensions for Segment Routing", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-isis-segment-routing-extensions-06, December 2015.
[I-D.ietf-ospf-segment-routing-extensions] Psenak, P., Previdi, S., Filsfils, C., Gredler, H., Shakir, R., Henderickx, W. and J. Tantsura, "OSPF Extensions for Segment Routing", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-ospf-segment-routing-extensions-08, April 2016.
[I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing] Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Decraene, B., Litkowski, S. and R. Shakir, "Segment Routing Architecture", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-spring-segment-routing-08, May 2016.
[I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing-ldp-interop] Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Bashandy, A., Decraene, B. and S. Litkowski, "Segment Routing interworking with LDP", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-spring-segment-routing-ldp-interop-02, May 2016.
[I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing-mpls] Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Bashandy, A., Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., Horneffer, M., Shakir, R., Tantsura, J. and E. Crabbe, "Segment Routing with MPLS data plane", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-spring-segment-routing-mpls-04, March 2016.
[RFC0792] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5, RFC 792, DOI 10.17487/RFC0792, September 1981.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.
[RFC3443] Agarwal, P. and B. Akyol, "Time To Live (TTL) Processing in Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Networks", RFC 3443, DOI 10.17487/RFC3443, January 2003.
[RFC4203] Kompella, K. and Y. Rekhter, "OSPF Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)", RFC 4203, DOI 10.17487/RFC4203, October 2005.
[RFC4379] Kompella, K. and G. Swallow, "Detecting Multi-Protocol Label Switched (MPLS) Data Plane Failures", RFC 4379, DOI 10.17487/RFC4379, February 2006.
[RFC5307] Kompella, K. and Y. Rekhter, "IS-IS Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)", RFC 5307, DOI 10.17487/RFC5307, October 2008.
[RFC6424] Bahadur, N., Kompella, K. and G. Swallow, "Mechanism for Performing Label Switched Path Ping (LSP Ping) over MPLS Tunnels", RFC 6424, DOI 10.17487/RFC6424, November 2011.

14.2. Informative References

[RFC6291] Andersson, L., van Helvoort, H., Bonica, R., Romascanu, D. and S. Mansfield, "Guidelines for the Use of the "OAM" Acronym in the IETF", BCP 161, RFC 6291, DOI 10.17487/RFC6291, June 2011.
[RFC6425] Saxena, S., Swallow, G., Ali, Z., Farrel, A., Yasukawa, S. and T. Nadeau, "Detecting Data-Plane Failures in Point-to-Multipoint MPLS - Extensions to LSP Ping", RFC 6425, DOI 10.17487/RFC6425, November 2011.

Authors' Addresses

Nagendra Kumar Cisco Systems, Inc. 7200 Kit Creek Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 US EMail: naikumar@cisco.com
George Swallow Cisco Systems, Inc. 1414 Massachusetts Ave Boxborough, MA 01719 US EMail: swallow@cisco.com
Carlos Pignataro Cisco Systems, Inc. 7200 Kit Creek Road Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-4987 US EMail: cpignata@cisco.com
Nobo Akiya Big Switch Networks EMail: nobo.akiya.dev@gmail.com
Sriganesh Kini Individual EMail: sriganeshkini@gmail.com
Hannes Gredler Juniper Networks EMail: hannes@juniper.net
Mach(Guoyi) Chen Huawei EMail: mach.chen@huawei.com