Internet-Draft HSS and XMSS for X.509 September 2024
Van Geest, et al. Expires 29 March 2025 [Page]
Workgroup:
LAMPS - Limited Additional Mechanisms for PKIX and SMIME
Internet-Draft:
draft-ietf-lamps-x509-shbs-05
Published:
Intended Status:
Standards Track
Expires:
Authors:
D. Van Geest
CryptoNext Security
K. Bashiri
BSI
S. Fluhrer
Cisco Systems
S. Gazdag
genua GmbH
S. Kousidis
BSI

Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure: Algorithm Identifiers for HSS and XMSS

Abstract

This document specifies algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding formats for the Stateful Hash-Based Signature Schemes (S-HBS) Hierarchical Signature System (HSS), eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), and XMSS^MT, a multi-tree variant of XMSS. This specification applies to the Internet X.509 Public Key infrastructure (PKI) when those digital signatures are used in Internet X.509 certificates and certificate revocation lists.

About This Document

This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-lamps-x509-shbs/.

Discussion of this document takes place on the LAMPS Working Group mailing list (mailto:spasm@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/spasm/. Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/spasm/.

Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/x509-hbs/draft-x509-shbs.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on 29 March 2025.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Stateful Hash-Based Signature Schemes (S-HBS) such as HSS, XMSS and XMSS^MT combine Merkle trees with One Time Signatures (OTS) in order to provide digital signature schemes that remain secure even when quantum computers become available. Their theoretic security is well understood and depends only on the security of the underlying hash function. As such they can serve as an important building block for quantum computer resistant information and communication technology.

The private key of S-HBS is a finite collection of OTS keys, hence only a limited number of messages can be signed and the private key's state must be updated and persisted after signing to prevent reuse of OTS keys. While the right selection of algorithm parameters would allow a private key to sign a virtually unbounded number of messages (e.g. 2^60), this is at the cost of a larger signature size and longer signing time. Due to the statefulness of the private key and the limited number of signatures that can be created, S-HBS might not be appropriate for use in interactive protocols. However, in some use cases the deployment of S-HBS may be appropriate. Such use cases are described and discussed later in Section 3.

2. Conventions and Definitions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

3. Use Cases of S-HBS in X.509

As described in the Security Considerations of Section 10, it is imperative that S-HBS implementations do not reuse OTS signatures. This makes S-HBS algorithms inappropriate for general use cases. The exact conditions under which S-HBS certificates may be used is left to certificate policies [RFC3647]. However the intended use of S-HBS as described by [SP800208] can be used as a guideline:

1) it is necessary to implement a digital signature scheme in the near future;
2) the implementation will have a long lifetime; and
3) it would not be practical to transition to a different digital signature scheme once the implementation has been deployed.

In addition, since an S-HBS private key can only generate a finite number of signatures, use cases for S-HBS public keys in certificates should have a predictable range of the number of signatures that will be generated, falling safely below the maximum number of signatures that a private key can generate.

Use cases where S-HBS public keys in certificates may be appropriate due to the relatively small number of signatures generated and the signer's ability to enforce security restrictions on the signing environment include:

In each of these cases, the operator is able to control their signing environment such that signatures are generated in hardware cryptographic modules and audited before the signature is published, in order to prevent OTS key reuse.

Generally speaking, S-HBS public keys are not appropriate for use in end-entity certificates, however in the firmware and software signing cases signature generation will often be more tightly controlled. Some manufactures use common and well-established key formats like X.509 for their code signing and update mechanisms. Also there are multi-party IoT ecosystems where publicly trusted code signing certificates are useful.

In general, root CAs [RFC4949] generate signatures in a more secure environment and issue fewer certificates than subordinate CAs [RFC4949]. This makes the use of S-HBS public keys more appropriate in root CA certificates than in subordinate CA certificates. However, if a subordinate CA can match the security and signature count restrictions of a root CA, for example if the subordinate CA only issues code-signing certificates, then using an S-HBS public key in the subordinate CA certificate may be possible.

4. Algorithm Identifiers and Parameters

In this document, we define new OIDs for identifying the different stateful hash-based signature algorithms. An additional OID is defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-rfc8708bis] and repeated here for convenience. For all of the OIDs, the parameters MUST be absent.

4.1. HSS Algorithm Identifier

The object identifier and public key algorithm identifier for HSS is defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-rfc8708bis]. The definitions are repeated here for reference.

The object identifier for an HSS public key is id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig:

   id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
      iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
      smime(16) alg(3) 17 }

Note that the id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig algorithm identifier is also referred to as id-alg-mts-hashsig. This synonym is based on the terminology used in an early draft of the document that became [RFC8554].

The public key and signature values identify the hash function and the height used in the HSS/LMS tree. [RFC8554] and [SP800208] define these values, but an IANA registry [IANA-LMS] permits the registration of additional identifiers in the future.

4.2. XMSS Algorithm Identifier

The object identifier for an XMSS public key is id-alg-xmss-hashsig:

   id-alg-xmss-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
      iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
      security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 34 }

The public key and signature values identify the hash function and the height used in the XMSS tree. [RFC8391] and [SP800208] define these values, but an IANA registry [IANA-XMSS] permits the registration of additional identifiers in the future.

4.3. XMSS^MT Algorithm Identifier

The object identifier for an XMSS^MT public key is id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig:

   id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
      iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
      security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 35 }

The public key and signature values identify the hash function and the height used in the XMSS^MT tree. [RFC8391] and [SP800208] define these values, but an IANA registry [IANA-XMSS] permits the registration of additional identifiers in the future.

5. Public Key Identifiers

Certificates conforming to [RFC5280] can convey a public key for any public key algorithm. The certificate indicates the algorithm through an algorithm identifier. An algorithm identifier consists of an OID and optional parameters.

[RFC8554] and [RFC8391] define the raw octet string encodings of the public keys used in this document. When used in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo type, the subjectPublicKey BIT STRING contains the raw octet string encodings of the public keys.

This document defines ASN.1 OCTET STRING types for encoding the public keys when not used in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo. The OCTET STRING is mapped to a subjectPublicKey (a value of type BIT STRING) as follows: the most significant bit of the OCTET STRING value becomes the most significant bit of the BIT STRING value, and so on; the least significant bit of the OCTET STRING becomes the least significant bit of the BIT STRING.

5.1. HSS Public Keys

The HSS public key identifier is as follows:

   pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig
      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
      PARAMS ARE absent
      CERT-KEY-USAGE
         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

The HSS public key is defined as follows:

   HSS-LMS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

[RFC8554] defines the raw octet string encoding of an HSS public key using the hss_public_key structure. See [SP800208] and [RFC8554] for more information on the contents and format of an HSS public key. Note that the single-tree signature scheme LMS is instantiated as HSS with number of levels being equal to 1.

5.2. XMSS Public Keys

The XMSS public key identifier is as follows:

   pk-XMSS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
      PARAMS ARE absent
      CERT-KEY-USAGE
         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

The XMSS public key is defined as follows:

   XMSS-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

[RFC8391] defines the raw octet string encoding of an HSS public key using the xmss_public_key structure. See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more information on the contents and format of an XMSS public key.

5.3. XMSS^MT Public Keys

The XMSS^MT public key identifier is as follows:

   pk-XMSSMT-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
      -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
      PARAMS ARE absent
      CERT-KEY-USAGE
         { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

The XMSS^MT public key is defined as follows:

   XMSSMT-HashSig-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING

[RFC8391] defines the raw octet string encoding of an HSS public key using the xmssmt_public_key structure. See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more information on the contents and format of an XMSS^MT public key.

6. Key Usage Bits

The intended application for the key is indicated in the keyUsage certificate extension [RFC5280]. When id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig, id-alg-xmss-hashsig or id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig appears in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field of a CA X.509 certificate [RFC5280], the certificate key usage extension MUST contain at least one of the following values: digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, or cRLSign. However, it MUST NOT contain other values.

When id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig, id-alg-xmss-hashsig or id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig appears in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo field of an end entity X.509 certificate [RFC5280], the certificate key usage extension MUST contain at least one of the following values: digitalSignature, nonRepudiation or cRLSign. However, it MUST NOT contain other values.

7. Signature Algorithms

This section identifies OIDs for signing using HSS, XMSS, and XMSS^MT. When these algorithm identifiers appear in the algorithm field as an AlgorithmIdentifier, the encoding MUST omit the parameters field. That is, the AlgorithmIdentifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, one of the OIDs defined in the following subsections.

When the signature algorithm identifiers described in this document are used to create a signature on a message, no digest algorithm is applied to the message before signing. That is, the full data to be signed is signed rather than a digest of the data.

The format of an HSS signature is described in Section 6.2 of [RFC8554]. The format of an XMSS signature is described in Appendix B.2 of [RFC8391] and the format of an XMSS^MT signature is described in Appendix C.2 of [RFC8391]. The octet string representing the signature is encoded directly in a BIT STRING without adding any additional ASN.1 wrapping. For the Certificate and CertificateList structures, the octet string is encoded in the "signatureValue" BIT STRING field.

7.1. HSS Signature Algorithm

The HSS public key OID is also used to specify that an HSS signature was generated on the full message, i.e. the message was not hashed before being processed by the HSS signature algorithm.

   id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
      iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
      smime(16) alg(3) 17 }

See [SP800208] and [RFC8554] for more information on the contents and format of an HSS signature.

7.2. XMSS Signature Algorithm

The id-alg-xmss-hashsig public key OID is also used to specify that an XMSS signature was generated on the full message, i.e. the message was not hashed before being processed by the XMSS signature algorithm.

See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more information on the contents and format of an XMSS signature.

The signature generation MUST be performed according to 7.2 of [SP800208].

7.3. XMSS^MT Signature Algorithm

The id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig public key OID is also used to specify that an XMSS^MT signature was generated on the full message, i.e. the message was not hashed before being processed by the XMSS^MT signature algorithm.

See [SP800208] and [RFC8391] for more information on the contents and format of an XMSS^MT signature.

The signature generation MUST be performed according to 7.2 of [SP800208].

8. Key Generation

The key generation for XMSS and XMSS^MT MUST be performed according to 7.2 of [SP800208]

9. ASN.1 Module

For reference purposes, the ASN.1 syntax is presented as an ASN.1 module here. This ASN.1 Module builds upon the conventions established in [RFC5911].

X509-SHBS-2024
  { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
    mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-shbs-2024(TBD) }

DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN

EXPORTS ALL;

IMPORTS
  PUBLIC-KEY, SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM
    FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009  -- RFC 5911 [CMSASN1]
      { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
        security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
        id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) }

  sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig, pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig
    FROM MTS-HashSig-2013
      { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
        id-smime(16) id-mod(0) id-mod-mts-hashsig-2013(64) };

--
-- Object Identifiers
--

-- id-alg-hss-lms-hashsig is defined in {{I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-rfc8708bis}}

id-alg-xmss-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
   iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
   mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 34 }

id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig  OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
   iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
   mechanisms(5) pkix(7) algorithms(6) 35 }

--
-- Signature Algorithms and Public Keys
--

-- sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig is defined in {{I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-rfc8708bis}}

sa-XMSS-HashSig SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
   PARAMS ARE absent
   PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-XMSS-HashSig }
   SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-xmss-hashsig } }

sa-XMSSMT-HashSig SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
   PARAMS ARE absent
   PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-XMSSMT-HashSig }
   SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig } }

-- pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig is defined in {{I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-rfc8708bis}}

pk-XMSS-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmss-hashsig
   -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
   PARAMS ARE absent
   CERT-KEY-USAGE
      { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

pk-XMSSMT-HashSig PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
   IDENTIFIER id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig
   -- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
   PARAMS ARE absent
   CERT-KEY-USAGE
      { digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign } }

--
-- Public Key (pk-) Algorithms
--
PublicKeys PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
   -- This expands PublicKeys from RFC 5912
   pk-HSS-LMS-HashSig |
   pk-XMSS-HashSig |
   pk-XMSSMT-HashSig,
   ...
}

--
-- Signature Algorithms (sa-)
--
SignatureAlgs SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
   -- This expands SignatureAlgorithms from RFC 5912
   sa-HSS-LMS-HashSig |
   sa-XMSS-HashSig |
   sa-XMSSMT-HashSig,
   ...
}

END

10. Security Considerations

The security requirements of [SP800208] MUST be taken into account.

As S-HBS private keys can only generate a limited number of signatures, a user needs to be aware of the total number of signatures they intend to generate in their use case, otherwise they risk exhausting the number of OTS keys in the private key associated with the S-HBS public key in their certificate.

For S-HBS it is crucial to stress the importance of a correct state management. If an attacker were able to obtain signatures for two different messages created using the same OTS key, then it would become computationally feasible for that attacker to create forgeries [BH16]. As noted in [MCGREW] and [ETSI-TR-103-692], extreme care needs to be taken in order to avoid the risk that an OTS key will be reused accidentally. This is a new requirement that most developers will not be familiar with and requires careful handling.

Various strategies for a correct state management can be applied:

11. Backup and Restore Management

Certificate Authorities have high demands in order to ensure the availability of signature generation throughout the validity period of signing key pairs.

Usual backup and restore strategies when using a stateless signature scheme (e.g. SLH-DSA) are to duplicate private keying material and to operate redundant signing devices or to store and safeguard a copy of the private keying material such that it can be used to set up a new signing device in case of technical difficulties.

For S-HBS such straightforward backup and restore strategies will lead to OTS reuse with high probability as a correct state management is not guaranteed. Strategies for maintaining availability and keeping a correct state are described in Section 7 of [SP800208].

12. IANA Considerations

One object identifier for the ASN.1 module in Appendix A is requested for the SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifiers (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0) registry:

Table 1
Decimal Description References
TBD id-mod-pkix1-shbs-2024 [EDNOTE: THIS RFC]

IANA has updated the "SMI Security for PKIX Algorithms" (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.6) registry [SMI-PKIX] with two additional entries:

Table 2
Decimal Description References
34 id-alg-xmss-hashsig [EDNOTE: THIS RFC]
35 id-alg-xmssmt-hashsig [EDNOTE: THIS RFC]

13. References

13.1. Normative References

[I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-rfc8708bis]
Housley, R., "Use of the HSS/LMS Hash-Based Signature Algorithm in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 8708, DOI 10.17487/RFC8708, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8708>.
[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC5280]
Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5280>.
[RFC5911]
Hoffman, P. and J. Schaad, "New ASN.1 Modules for Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) and S/MIME", RFC 5911, DOI 10.17487/RFC5911, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5911>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[RFC8391]
Huelsing, A., Butin, D., Gazdag, S., Rijneveld, J., and A. Mohaisen, "XMSS: eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme", RFC 8391, DOI 10.17487/RFC8391, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8391>.
[RFC8554]
McGrew, D., Curcio, M., and S. Fluhrer, "Leighton-Micali Hash-Based Signatures", RFC 8554, DOI 10.17487/RFC8554, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8554>.
[SP800208]
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "Recommendation for Stateful Hash-Based Signature Schemes", , <https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-208>.

13.2. Informative References

[ANSSI]
Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d'information (ANSSI), "ANSSI views on the Post-Quantum Cryptography transition (2023 follow up)", , <https://cyber.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/document/follow_up_position_paper_on_post_quantum_cryptography.pdf>.
[BH16]
Bruinderink, L. and S. Hülsing, "Oops, I did it again – Security of One-Time Signatures under Two-Message Attacks.", , <https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1042.pdf>.
[BSI]
Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI), "Quantum-safe cryptography – fundamentals, current developments and recommendations", , <https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/BSI/Publications/Brochure/quantum-safe-cryptography.pdf>.
[CNSA2.0]
National Security Agency (NSA), "Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 (CNSA 2.0) Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA)", , <https://media.defense.gov/2022/Sep/07/2003071834/-1/-1/0/CSA_CNSA_2.0_ALGORITHMS_.PDF>.
[ETSI-TR-103-692]
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), "State management for stateful authentication mechanisms", , <https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_tr/103600_103699/103692/01.01.01_60/tr_103692v010101p.pdf>.
[IANA-LMS]
IANA, "Leighton-Micali Signatures (LMS)", n.d., <https://www.iana.org/assignments/leighton-micali-signatures/>.
[IANA-XMSS]
IANA, "XMSS: Extended Hash-Based Signatures", n.d., <https://iana.org/assignments/xmss-extended-hash-based-signatures/>.
[MCGREW]
McGrew, D., Kampanakis, P., Fluhrer, S., Gazdag, S., Butin, D., and J. Buchmann, "State Management for Hash-Based Signatures", , <https://tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/101633>.
[RFC3279]
Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, DOI 10.17487/RFC3279, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3279>.
[RFC3647]
Chokhani, S., Ford, W., Sabett, R., Merrill, C., and S. Wu, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Policy and Certification Practices Framework", RFC 3647, DOI 10.17487/RFC3647, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3647>.
[RFC4949]
Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2", FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4949>.
[RFC8410]
Josefsson, S. and J. Schaad, "Algorithm Identifiers for Ed25519, Ed448, X25519, and X448 for Use in the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure", RFC 8410, DOI 10.17487/RFC8410, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8410>.
[RFC8411]
Schaad, J. and R. Andrews, "IANA Registration for the Cryptographic Algorithm Object Identifier Range", RFC 8411, DOI 10.17487/RFC8411, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8411>.
[SMI-PKIX]
IANA, "SMI Security for PKIX Algorithms", n.d., <https://www.iana.org/assignments/smi-numbers/smi-numbers.xhtml#smi-numbers-1.3.6.1.5.5.7.6>.

Appendix A. HSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example

This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using HSS.

Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number:
            e8:91:d6:06:91:4f:ce:f3
        Signature Algorithm: hss
        Issuer: C = US, ST = VA, L = Herndon, O = Bogus CA
        Validity
            Not Before: May 14 08:58:11 2024 GMT
            Not After : May 14 08:58:11 2034 GMT
        Subject: C = US, ST = VA, L = Herndon, O = Bogus CA
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: hss
                hss public key:
                PQ key material:
                    00:00:00:01:00:00:00:05:00:00:00:04:c0:96:12:
                    8b:ea:38:30:78:eb:f6:fb:43:d7:7f:9f:9e:81:39:
                    e2:7c:b9:34:4e:6e:53:19:f0:ee:68:75:85:83:d3:
                    2b:e9:7b:14:46:9e:4e:c5:e3:5a:18:0b:30:e5:13
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                58:15:AB:F4:CF:03:69:02:60:7A:57:4D:C5:D5:B3:72:
                8A:19:21:68
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                58:15:AB:F4:CF:03:69:02:60:7A:57:4D:C5:D5:B3:72:
                8A:19:21:68
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
    Signature Algorithm: hss
    Signature Value:
        00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:04:9c:37:52:ff:b9:d7:
        df:f5:5b:01:ba:50:c2:50:cc:6f:f3:b1:73:df:0c:2a:ea:b3:
        ed:96:1e:ce:e7:58:05:da:8d:a7:77:21:42:32:d9:f9:4a:4d:
        f7:2b:18:2a:1c:5c:69:03:f3:1c:9c:95:6d:31:9a:c9:ca:84:
        4d:ae:b3:8b:c3:71:ac:3f:87:51:be:38:b4:bf:d9:dc:90:1f:
        1e:54:bd:f9:1a:65:70:d4:46:b6:ad:4d:6d:16:b9:fb:29:f4:
        e3:86:42:4a:3f:a4:8f:01:84:9b:44:0b:23:22:9c:97:6d:d5:
        b9:26:39:11:ab:46:82:bd:10:6c:b4:7a:64:ed:c7:40:b0:33:
        f0:b5:81:1c:b4:41:54:9c:30:d9:d2:93:ba:48:8c:4f:d0:25:
        41:60:7b:90:5e:12:20:b7:30:16:16:1e:b7:ee:d8:4b:ee:ed:
        3c:70:fc:ff:36:18:aa:24:23:87:91:65:a8:95:2d:b6:1c:d1:
        02:7b:70:81:8a:18:17:c0:45:62:fe:47:a1:3e:69:54:31:67:
        58:9a:e1:e3:c9:8d:ee:1e:2a:d1:46:75:e9:e4:90:67:01:57:
        92:54:db:b4:ea:de:8b:e7:eb:fc:27:80:9b:d5:da:e0:8e:b0:
        b3:08:ca:6f:a1:1c:f4:40:65:b0:f6:f8:c9:a7:97:04:c8:7c:
        9e:56:ec:2f:4b:cd:45:8b:d7:e6:a7:50:c7:e6:21:2c:17:31:
        23:11:7a:ae:9a:b5:84:5f:e6:5c:82:99:a8:3a:a9:91:87:9a:
        24:5c:83:01:91:7c:fc:cd:be:2e:92:50:fb:12:11:96:08:0d:
        c9:24:0d:bb:6f:fb:59:05:af:7f:96:bc:a3:f4:58:e2:fa:0a:
        4a:f2:4c:f7:b3:1b:81:dd:4a:41:a0:b1:dd:52:4c:bb:6d:c0:
        a8:d9:bb:29:c8:fc:e3:7e:f8:6a:e5:5e:c4:e4:e8:7c:0b:00:
        87:15:75:a2:06:50:97:c6:1f:14:52:79:04:a8:9c:ec:b1:c7:
        6a:46:33:98:b8:63:f7:a7:2c:d4:62:78:94:1c:5d:9d:4f:a6:
        0a:ae:39:50:85:b2:09:8d:62:c9:4c:11:9f:0c:91:a5:ac:2d:
        11:bd:71:b6:0c:ea:34:98:53:fc:2e:cc:7b:a4:9c:2e:7a:a4:
        8d:e2:e8:8c:01:a9:9c:3e:b5:34:77:33:82:01:d4:ef:72:04:
        d6:5b:e5:f6:2c:1b:ae:86:c4:73:02:44:85:d6:f7:ac:a3:e8:
        f6:a9:b5:5c:6d:46:88:da:55:b8:2b:7a:4c:0c:9a:e7:cd:5d:
        62:8a:ca:c8:96:ce:8d:71:7b:d2:c1:0d:9a:35:55:2b:84:3e:
        0e:a5:fa:d6:a0:76:8e:23:b3:df:c9:3b:4f:68:56:1e:e9:3c:
        79:5b:d3:25:54:11:ad:a6:ac:58:11:49:8f:4d:c4:c1:39:99:
        76:3a:a6:d1:2f:57:ad:bf:7c:9d:57:cc:37:0d:29:84:29:7b:
        cb:46:85:c3:81:c5:33:9a:65:c3:2f:01:48:ca:44:6c:f1:84:
        3d:d0:49:c2:c1:05:db:77:4c:b9:72:3d:6f:ce:69:f2:91:c6:
        15:25:8f:da:38:7e:ef:5b:3e:5f:35:ab:a6:78:16:28:42:c1:
        2c:2f:9e:11:53:2c:bd:c4:24:7b:e9:c4:ce:3d:d6:41:c7:5d:
        92:91:c3:37:cb:72:44:d7:0d:70:85:13:0b:ac:b3:0f:b0:e5:
        e3:2e:48:b9:9c:b8:d7:3e:7c:50:69:03:7a:5f:ae:f8:6c:09:
        61:97:6b:ce:cd:e5:f0:55:fe:05:f8:97:1d:9e:81:65:f5:ff:
        9a:7a:8c:96:d8:f8:cf:d8:dc:55:ce:67:7a:00:6b:fd:bb:3f:
        1b:3d:65:94:c1:5a:b6:a0:8e:be:a4:be:26:90:5f:1f:06:d4:
        ea:3f:a6:97:40:8e:bf:18:5c:92:0f:15:e3:05:4a:14:51:1e:
        23:81:ef:cf:f7:a8:88:75:f8:2d:28:37:26:87:27:63:5c:01:
        53:0e:5e:53:d2:a7:18:eb:2f:c0:82:49:05:b0:4d:33:6f:94:
        10:91:77:f8:90:9e:ca:fe:bb:3d:c4:42:d6:89:84:98:42:f4:
        24:b3:b4:db:5e:2b:66:a9:ff:6c:18:d4:79:f8:72:73:53:9b:
        02:ed:04:73:77:a4:68:cf:4b:be:4b:16:50:62:87:f9:49:99:
        e3:a1:0c:42:92:bc:a9:e3:2d:22:82:35:7f:71:15:88:70:6a:
        01:ab:44:64:ad:e5:52:d4:97:ee:bb:44:7b:6e:08:7f:dd:94:
        fd:c9:1c:6b:59:d1:92:51:29:03:ce:ec:bf:41:a5:14:69:54:
        3a:b4:39:d9:44:5d:f1:b2:f4:5c:6b:9f:c9:5f:bb:fc:c8:c7:
        a3:8b:e1:ec:e2:d0:69:5a:40:1c:9c:9d:8a:3d:77:3b:c1:5d:
        c0:72:61:4b:37:c5:96:8c:6d:8b:f8:56:da:ac:3e:3c:72:09:
        ce:f6:c3:fe:5d:cf:37:d9:68:cd:a7:dd:f7:96:63:da:8c:1d:
        df:b8:32:cf:eb:97:11:83:fe:6b:aa:b9:e2:4b:b2:ea:62:73:
        c3:1c:e9:40:90:56:4f:12:c3:ba:f4:2b:d9:1c:50:cc:e0:51:
        d8:eb:bf:67:28:0c:2d:13:8d:b3:6f:13:6a:1d:a7:54:20:ba:
        82:5b:b8:e5:1f:89:f1:67:26:c1:dc:1b:60:57:ed:a6:2c:f2:
        17:01:7f:a5:e7:5c:64:c9:3c:08:f2:cf:48:ec:88:84:ef:03:
        c2:f5:eb:05:31:7d:fe:7f:3c:71:41:28:17:64:5f:b9:ec:54:
        79:d0:b3:98:fb:84:9c:36:8b:43:0b:d4:c9:ec:09:4a:70:13:
        62:f2:36:c8:b4:75:cc:2a:77:08:a0:9d:ef:19:d6:88:dc:e2:
        b2:4e:40:61:71:cb:c7:c3:de:16:6f:49:7f:5e:d5:17:00:00:
        00:05:79:47:12:9f:ce:eb:1d:a8:fd:0d:b0:18:44:6a:ef:54:
        28:46:e4:19:f6:2d:3e:74:bb:9d:36:0a:ae:67:4a:28:7a:1b:
        80:39:a0:08:2a:28:a0:ec:55:ee:55:aa:a1:cc:94:d4:36:1a:
        b3:57:25:30:ad:2c:5e:63:ba:22:fc:aa:7a:59:64:f6:d8:03:
        20:28:71:f9:dc:09:fa:4c:81:b9:64:1b:ad:ea:cb:db:18:17:
        5d:d8:98:bd:d2:8d:c5:04:7c:5b:92:9a:89:f6:bc:d6:55:c7:
        08:5d:3c:58:8e:18:ac:6f:88:a8:d7:9e:d4:ee:5d:f5:21:4e:
        a5:8b:19:5f:e3:f4:66:f9:25:4d:f9:c6:60:62:31:72:5c:34:
        34:67:1a:a7:6a:7d:54:a3:d8:9b:1f:5b:f8:08:41:79:5b:43
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Appendix B. XMSS X.509 v3 Certificate Example

This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using XMSS.

Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number:
            54:7e:64:70:29:9e:03:c5:7a:a5:5c:78:d1:27:87:8c:
            54:35:17:5d
        Signature Algorithm: xmss
        Issuer: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSS CA
        Validity
            Not Before: Jul 10 08:27:24 2024 GMT
            Not After : Jul  8 08:27:24 2034 GMT
        Subject: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSS CA
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: xmss
                xmss public key:
                PQ key material:
                    00:00:00:01:2b:eb:bf:66:14:de:6f:96:5b:4d:2a:
                    50:00:7b:ad:5c:22:b0:13:79:72:02:14:a9:5f:fc:
                    96:e0:9b:78:8e:d6:be:8c:1c:70:3c:d8:dd:78:b2:
                    1a:14:47:be:1f:0d:74:72:3f:36:76:c2:cb:19:ad:
                    29:90:0b:82:de:9b:7f:df
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                62:CE:35:A5:47:77:FF:21:87:2E:BC:2D:27:E7:8E:F4:
                35:6B:CF:D8
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                62:CE:35:A5:47:77:FF:21:87:2E:BC:2D:27:E7:8E:F4:
                35:6B:CF:D8
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
    Signature Algorithm: xmss
    Signature Value:
        00:00:00:00:e5:88:a8:b8:73:ad:4d:92:f8:5c:81:c5:8a:63:
        57:6a:a7:3b:54:aa:b6:06:8a:d9:f1:c2:0b:c8:27:1e:4b:a2:
        cf:e2:da:44:ea:e8:f2:40:a8:b9:54:9c:49:36:12:24:df:74:
        ad:e5:29:ef:4f:da:88:0d:21:5d:3b:64:63:27:d0:84:b5:95:
        7a:30:18:37:cd:34:17:dd:ac:9d:9e:48:db:74:07:79:84:21:
        5a:f0:26:cd:21:64:7b:77:33:48:58:67:9b:2c:b2:85:6d:cc:
        ec:31:4b:2f:51:55:3a:85:e1:ca:04:15:ce:6e:47:39:f5:e9:
        31:45:41:ed:71:c6:4f:96:f5:ae:64:6a:bd:72:d0:8c:17:02:
        99:10:1d:14:34:ca:e5:47:e3:f7:66:96:96:11:d5:97:76:76:
        83:f1:84:a5:b6:00:5e:3e:67:97:7a:32:dc:c8:eb:4c:29:46:
        77:99:d6:da:45:e6:7b:8c:45:6d:b5:29:6b:fd:98:a2:89:8d:
        0c:30:42:f5:0b:7c:97:c5:b1:1d:e2:da:67:a9:48:a4:9e:29:
        f4:60:3f:4d:1d:48:83:82:38:ef:fa:cb:1d:86:11:a1:15:94:
        fb:d5:ee:68:f9:44:b9:3d:54:70:f3:be:17:8d:d7:2e:85:2d:
        5c:d0:a0:c5:99:52:cc:79:e7:1c:18:d9:6e:3d:0f:6c:05:51:
        33:28:35:e2:02:59:5f:1f:ed:78:0a:c6:62:f0:7d:fe:73:96:
        03:4c:b4:42:e3:00:c2:d7:cb:eb:51:10:c4:0c:64:b8:37:fe:
        85:d0:8e:11:6d:a6:16:77:b1:1e:01:d9:1e:f3:10:9c:dd:01:
        bc:38:75:5e:8f:58:9e:5b:6c:7b:0a:41:08:59:35:a9:3a:83:
        19:e0:7d:a1:f5:cf:a3:1c:4e:07:e1:ad:03:95:f2:d3:8b:79:
        33:f8:52:22:53:1b:1e:32:9a:61:3f:c4:7c:9a:e8:d5:b5:28:
        f1:84:65:d5:c1:fc:4d:16:93:88:93:69:ca:fa:94:a0:95:4e:
        23:ae:1e:60:e0:e8:b4:bf:ff:16:95:71:0f:31:74:bb:be:b8:
        5a:eb:24:95:8b:95:28:13:cd:e3:a9:65:f7:f5:6e:9b:a9:a9:
        7a:05:ce:ab:f0:54:62:d9:12:f8:a1:1a:68:df:af:15:8f:8a:
        df:67:27:c9:ed:bd:e1:81:a6:8d:9a:84:f3:91:36:d9:89:74:
        8e:ef:84:dc:5c:03:1a:08:e4:d7:f0:72:fc:6d:8a:01:34:94:
        e5:ff:08:51:1b:80:5f:e7:07:d8:9f:25:e4:1d:c3:f8:e5:d0:
        9c:50:cf:66:71:f9:cc:f7:c0:a7:d0:66:01:b7:17:a0:5f:66:
        97:a4:ff:62:ac:1c:a0:63:0d:30:28:e9:90:d5:59:a4:48:d8:
        07:87:02:4b:3f:68:23:a5:04:dc:b3:d7:45:f6:dc:b0:ec:c6:
        90:a6:1c:a1:f8:7e:84:ba:63:7e:5a:64:14:78:58:f5:75:c0:
        f5:e1:1d:bd:49:57:c0:40:08:07:99:7f:43:2e:e2:25:d8:ed:
        a3:1a:e3:78:f1:78:af:02:49:54:36:59:8e:d3:72:a5:0b:52:
        32:bd:17:a2:cf:e1:47:21:28:3d:ba:b6:24:d9:18:f9:44:73:
        35:ed:29:a4:18:bc:ed:68:cd:4a:9a:34:cb:1a:2f:b3:5f:ba:
        73:9b:18:ee:7a:a8:92:25:65:25:81:04:63:1c:22:2b:b8:ba:
        81:21:bc:f9:9d:a8:78:98:75:bc:ed:4a:c6:b7:6f:c0:91:24:
        eb:1d:f9:5d:e0:e3:78:4e:05:f6:34:0f:7b:41:54:49:20:a2:
        30:66:94:f1:da:c1:6c:3f:5e:10:92:92:a3:0c:7e:e8:8b:26:
        11:1c:d7:68:c9:31:79:b3:a4:d5:63:00:68:c3:e3:86:2d:09:
        92:4b:2d:63:7d:b8:03:a4:4c:60:b4:2c:12:d5:0b:9f:16:28:
        ea:88:2f:bb:1c:19:0b:0f:40:3d:67:e8:0b:fa:c6:e3:39:44:
        b2:bd:8a:3f:21:dd:aa:ec:a3:8c:48:dd:4c:99:43:86:d7:48:
        81:6b:e5:b9:bb:59:9f:1c:0f:3f:11:f7:7c:4b:67:a8:95:c2:
        7c:cb:3b:66:b0:79:a6:55:6f:6d:b0:29:8a:5e:7b:ee:30:68:
        f3:dd:41:29:91:f6:79:71:ae:8d:21:70:78:1d:5d:d2:f7:cf:
        e7:42:38:d1:8c:52:a6:a6:f6:b1:38:b1:2b:23:81:e1:1f:21:
        6d:99:3f:10:eb:b1:a9:73:b8:3e:31:99:cc:dd:2b:df:58:27:
        db:0b:5a:29:99:8f:b1:9f:e9:31:42:d0:26:db:53:b7:7e:30:
        41:95:c3:f0:07:83:bb:b0:63:b5:16:48:f2:a6:60:2f:32:5d:
        22:a1:da:76:4e:37:26:53:0d:95:7b:2d:b9:05:2f:93:2b:d4:
        df:c1:02:5b:f7:a5:a2:4f:11:5c:80:f4:f0:bd:c7:ea:3c:db:
        6f:e2:eb:6c:7f:c3:58:d9:31:77:4b:4d:f7:ce:bb:d6:c8:64:
        a3:01:d5:f9:a4:8d:e8:f0:ee:09:06:2c:0b:3c:ac:0a:57:d8:
        e4:81:79:ea:4a:bd:51:03:88:4c:d0:4c:0b:c4:0c:7e:2d:e7:
        df:1b:67:62:c0:d1:9c:ad:bb:d3:f0:75:dd:83:aa:70:99:2c:
        19:78:3d:26:2b:47:6f:24:c1:60:02:1e:4b:75:04:91:1f:08:
        1c:b3:79:a0:9b:db:fb:5d:3f:c7:e3:09:1f:41:3e:64:bb:ad:
        19:3d:35:e1:a6:f4:69:0b:a2:04:37:42:95:c6:c7:e5:f4:56:
        0e:67:5b:78:34:bb:07:f1:8f:e7:73:5b:87:d7:df:c9:2d:8d:
        8c:42:76:87:15:85:4b:23:03:20:34:e1:1b:f6:0c:1e:84:53:
        d9:1b:4e:d9:31:43:38:3b:88:12:84:d8:2a:38:b1:ce:0f:c7:
        07:d4:63:2d:97:89:1c:b3:44:99:eb:d4:df:32:74:be:0d:63:
        11:22:fd:fa:8e:e2:0b:56:12:56:0c:46:16:ad:44:10:26:98:
        dc:cf:c9:95:67:3e:11:c1:76:fa:b8:12:ea:96:f6:d9:91:ac:
        bf:49:b9:1c:8e:15:05:53:ac:9e:04:d2:5b:b8:87:bf:81:50:
        f7:02:a4:c0:9c:18:0f:45:ac:7a:82:cf:46:15:42:40:09:32:
        89:a5:ea:90:a5:99:68:f9:93:0c:7b:d6:7a:a8:e9:51:e2:90:
        9e:b9:ed:21:db:d9:7e:de:dc:62:6b:44:6b:9f:81:c5:77:39:
        8e:1d:78:30:de:dc:53:80:e0:c3:fa:fa:94:68:28:91:98:86:
        ff:86:04:a9:bd:58:7c:31:37:1f:db:9a:29:f3:c1:48:10:20:
        71:5f:fc:35:13:eb:7b:12:e2:7d:1c:cc:97:fe:8f:5c:a2:dd:
        f6:d2:a3:b2:ea:51:b3:ef:b1:1e:79:0b:00:53:f4:f2:52:75:
        5a:d7:17:c5:31:a0:54:4e:2b:28:2c:4f:6b:7a:27:3a:2c:04:
        da:b3:1d:04:4e:a4:4e:94:5c:a8:91:70:ab:c0:4b:75:9f:b3:
        6a:a9:4e:8a:22:e9:7f:fd:ec:53:e7:6a:6d:32:0b:8b:ab:4c:
        e7:7d:72:ec:04:62:1c:1a:45:1e:33:8e:37:ae:6a:2f:c8:fb:
        f3:69:ed:11:01:f3:f4:57:e9:29:d5:3b:0c:9c:0c:c4:cb:c3:
        38:5c:01:e7:d6:31:c3:d8:ce:24:d7:be:71:9b:c8:96:13:ca:
        5c:5d:e4:92:40:af:86:a0:4b:ff:a7:55:39:70:fd:ac:0a:e1:
        87:c7:01:4b:c3:41:36:c6:c6:33:8f:4f:25:4a:8d:70:92:ac:
        7c:95:cc:49:a9:dc:d6:6a:67:52:a5:5b:7f:2f:bb:91:e3:be:
        d6:28:fc:22:d0:72:66:e8:09:73:a7:23:c6:a6:89:38:0b:e5:
        d0:b3:f1:40:38:9c:4d:17:96:11:17:44:ef:e3:94:51:91:4c:
        5d:fe:d9:ed:c3:76:a0:2d:3b:dc:8d:b9:31:15:f6:75:58:74:
        2f:57:b4:29:21:29:6d:5f:eb:06:71:0a:f4:db:ff:c6:2f:16:
        73:a7:76:6b:d0:5b:a7:21:5c:fd:f0:11:e8:6f:9b:d0:c9:c9:
        fe:35:76:4a:4a:63:9b:ba:48:ac:af:4f:91:67:9c:5c:47:d8:
        e3:2d:03:12:5e:f1:cb:56:34:75:69:95:ad:68:96:6c:e7:4a:
        91:72:fb:9b:ba:e8:92:56:fb:9a:5b:5d:3b:9d:d3:c5:c4:52:
        42:1b:f9:4a:47:42:dd:77:49:da:2b:bd:d7:94:5f:7b:b8:64:
        b9:06:32:7c:ea:d1:36:f6:95:b8:57:41:1b:6e:66:31:2c:ee:
        87:7a:5c:19:2f:d8:95:4a:16:93:48:f3:97:25:3d:24:61:1e:
        d0:63:37:ee:3a:c9:a3:46:c5:94:a0:7e:24:cc:7f:72:8d:14:
        9e:3c:33:ec:cd:9a:dd:b5:08:90:98:19:95:85:38:ff:ff:d2:
        1e:bf:a6:c4:97:13:2b:3d:47:e9:57:59:d3:7d:99:01:6e:53:
        4d:c0:82:97:fb:89:d6:7c:b7:23:0e:7d:6e:23:88:53:06:8f:
        16:ff:40:0a:1b:cd:d5:1e:91:01:3e:77:3a:5f:c1:57:3a:7b:
        c6:d5:51:d7:e2:ec:89:12:6b:9d:03:e4:9d:bb:7d:4e:02:bf:
        67:8d:03:ca:90:56:f0:9a:97:4b:02:2d:4c:31:89:82:76:97:
        fe:2f:d5:0a:3d:ea:0d:38:6c:30:75:5f:ae:91:53:d7:45:64:
        df:ba:0b:22:80:44:85:6d:0e:5c:29:7f:82:9e:54:a3:7a:95:
        be:96:79:66:9d:5b:a2:d6:2e:47:c6:99:7d:2b:32:dc:f2:b6:
        02:91:6d:63:d4:93:45:60:c4:42:71:10:9e:fb:90:2f:e6:75:
        71:ce:78:70:c1:da:ff:e1:47:fe:79:2b:8e:9a:81:bf:dd:02:
        e3:78:39:71:17:b3:23:14:11:9d:29:8e:21:a1:98:b0:ac:03:
        5a:6c:9e:62:64:ef:4f:03:ca:37:a6:ed:e4:78:d5:0d:99:29:
        f5:5c:61:e6:48:cb:97:0e:5e:f9:2c:f6:b6:c7:7c:0c:a4:f7:
        1a:f7:67:b5:5c:03:bf:bf:7a:e2:4d:a2:9b:5d:5d:5f:51:d0:
        d6:52:8f:2a:20:68:08:bb:f0:9c:05:0e:ef:b3:49:0c:2a:1d:
        8f:f9:03:b7:61:09:71:88:7d:e2:8c:e4:b8:ac:98:1b:c3:80:
        55:a1:6b:dd:13:a2:29:4f:93:93:d3:d5:01:31:3f:7b:39:0e:
        3a:57:6c:eb:5c:6a:5f:1b:ad:97:bd:97:23:18:91:05:0e:2b:
        b4:b1:11:ee:f8:58:c7:08:d0:de:a2:3e:ba:54:8d:3d:63:da:
        91:50:3a:24:8d:19:18:23:2e:cf:30:8d:5d:e3:e7:02:93:fa:
        c8:f8:ea:05:e6:eb:06:80:90:4d:15:58:3d:26:98:13:4b:b0:
        ac:dd:90:2e:d0:e1:eb:71:32:83:5d:2a:a9:b9:b5:24:fc:e9:
        ec:18:ca:c9:a1:05:59:3e:fa:af:ed:4e:86:b1:fe:40:47:9b:
        42:77:af:9c:2b:a0:e2:3e:fd:51:ab:02:77:e8:f1:39:45:aa:
        54:b6:14:d4:14:20:fc:36:81:e6:04:98:8a:a0:c0:8a:cf:ae:
        f6:b5:dc:b7:eb:26:86:d3:cf:1c:38:65:54:04:b1:b5:09:48:
        f5:2d:07:ba:f8:eb:49:bd:d9:b1:54:ea:ac:c2:0d:20:10:79:
        c1:cb:e9:dc:2d:ff:55:50:4f:f6:05:02:78:31:33:6f:15:7e:
        24:5a:66:23:70:b3:b2:0c:17:39:ce:15:38:c5:ff:60:16:38:
        60:74:72:c9:70:d8:59:b7:80:7f:da:f6:67:3f:d0:ba:be:1b:
        a1:87:da:92:2d:a3:6c:99:29:57:aa:cb:d1:8d:66:f1:2d:c9:
        56:60:24:56:4b:19:9f:f5:65:84:89:86:7d:4d:8b:f8:5b:60:
        dd:af:2d:66:76:6c:66:d9:c6:f5:39:25:6c:e5:7b:43:97:64:
        5c:c5:20:1e:3d:b5:dc:92:b2:9c:d8:1b:1b:e0:bc:44:7b:9c:
        95:c5:53:48:91:b2:a5:46:16:bf:50:af:a5:44:cc:54:78:3f:
        ed:20:d8:2e:0b:41:3d:f1:04:9d:df:3c:4a:d7:81:04:ff:8c:
        b7:79:f8:51:8d:b7:2e:ac:2c:54:e6:fc:43:76:8e:f9:be:8c:
        b8:5c:ad:c4:13:af:b0:6e:3b:d1:82:57:1e:f5:52:84:ca:cc:
        d2:68:f3:2d:04:ff:27:0a:e6:a2:fa:c0:a9:97:d6:64:45:18:
        5c:6f:9e:c1:64:22:66:db:56:02:c3:a8:57:fc:87:1b:5c:43:
        15:8e:58:fc:f2:00:0b:4f:6a:4b:a0:5c:da:f2:e5:1b:82:4a:
        6b:ef:db:63:d7:7d:93:1d:2f:20:78:37:17:22:82:cd:6b:c1:
        83:61:05:81:99:0c:25:29:d6:5f:22:bc:06:67:7d:67
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Appendix C. XMSS^MT X.509 v3 Certificate Example

This section shows a self-signed X.509 v3 certificate using XMSS^MT.

Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number:
            5c:22:ad:8a:06:51:9e:67:02:6a:2d:43:3e:8b:c7:23:
            43:77:80:c8
        Signature Algorithm: xmssmt
        Issuer: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSSMT CA
        Validity
            Not Before: Jul 10 08:28:04 2024 GMT
            Not After : Jul  8 08:28:04 2034 GMT
        Subject: C = FR, L = Paris, O = Bogus XMSSMT CA
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: xmssmt
                xmssmt public key:
                PQ key material:
                    00:00:00:01:4b:a7:89:11:6f:fc:1d:fb:d3:e7:71:
                    73:b8:a2:48:ef:53:b9:9d:1f:c6:8a:7c:be:4f:8a:
                    29:fa:41:fd:bd:da:20:7f:f6:3b:b0:c5:b8:a7:c2:
                    f2:5a:f2:26:14:eb:36:f0:26:2f:87:74:fb:0e:d5:
                    7e:17:a0:d1:4d:b6:cf:51
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                7C:7D:59:B8:95:61:D5:03:6A:1E:3D:F1:24:AB:1D:ED:
                04:CD:DB:5F
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                7C:7D:59:B8:95:61:D5:03:6A:1E:3D:F1:24:AB:1D:ED:
                04:CD:DB:5F
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
    Signature Algorithm: xmssmt
    Signature Value:
        00:00:00:57:c4:98:89:ff:d9:0a:8e:6e:6f:16:95:8c:ec:35:
        42:21:c2:ca:56:ed:f8:81:f1:b2:4f:2b:6d:73:f4:37:55:fc:
        f4:4e:15:eb:6b:90:de:34:fe:d6:96:70:94:8d:c1:e7:4a:32:
        49:30:3a:40:a4:67:d2:fb:da:f8:d8:a1:7a:48:22:1c:e3:98:
        bc:d0:68:85:29:c9:e5:f7:5c:56:d8:9c:80:be:68:ed:11:eb:
        39:0f:ef:cb:09:b2:28:30:a6:2b:05:bc:de:11:22:be:c4:dc:
        08:9a:3d:b4:49:37:1f:54:5e:5f:2d:93:62:b0:95:c5:5d:23:
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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Acknowledgments

Thanks for Russ Housley, Panos Kampanakis, Michael StJohns and Corey Bonnell for helpful suggestions and reviews.

This document uses a lot of text from similar documents [SP800208], ([RFC3279] and [RFC8410]) as well as [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-rfc8708bis]. Thanks go to the authors of those documents. "Copying always makes things easier and less error prone" - [RFC8411].

Authors' Addresses

Daniel Van Geest
CryptoNext Security
Kaveh Bashiri
BSI
Scott Fluhrer
Cisco Systems
Stefan Gazdag
genua GmbH
Stavros Kousidis
BSI