LAMPS WG P. Kampanakis
Internet-Draft Cisco Systems
Intended status: Standards Track Q. Dang
Expires: August 4, 2019 NIST
January 31, 2019

Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure: Additional Algorithm Identifiers for RSASSA-PSS and ECDSA using SHAKEs
draft-ietf-lamps-pkix-shake-08

Abstract

Digital signatures are used to sign messages, X.509 certificates and CRLs (Certificate Revocation Lists). This document describes the conventions for using the SHAKE function family in Internet X.509 certificates and CRLs as one-way hash functions with the RSA Probabilistic signature and ECDSA signature algorithms. The conventions for the associated subject public keys are also described.

Status of This Memo

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This Internet-Draft will expire on August 4, 2019.

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Table of Contents

1. Change Log

[ EDNOTE: Remove this section before publication. ]

2. Introduction

This document describes cryptographic algorithm identifiers for several cryptographic algorithms which use variable length output SHAKE functions introduced in [SHA3] which can be used with the Internet X.509 Certificate and CRL profile [RFC5280].

In the SHA-3 family, two extendable-output functions (SHAKEs), SHAKE128 and SHAKE256, are defined. Four other hash function instances, SHA3-224, SHA3-256, SHA3-384, and SHA3-512 are also defined but are out of scope for this document. A SHAKE is a variable length hash function defined as SHAKE(M, d) where the output is a d-bits long digest of message M. The corresponding collision and second preimage resistance strengths for SHAKE128 are min(d/2,128) and min(d,128) bits respectively. And, the corresponding collision and second preimage resistance strengths for SHAKE256 are min(d/2,256) and min(d,256) bits respectively.

A SHAKE can be used as the message digest function (to hash the message to be signed) in RSASSA-PSS and ECDSA and as the hash in the mask generating function in RSASSA-PSS. This specification describes the identifiers for SHAKEs to be used in X.509 and their meaning.

3. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

4. Identifiers

This section defines four new object identifiers (OIDs), for RSASSA-PSS and ECDSA with each of SHAKE-128 and SHAKE-256. The same algorithm identifiers can be used for identifying a public key in RSASSA-PSS.

The new identifiers for RSASSA-PSS signatures using SHAKEs are below.

  id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128  OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::=  { TBD }

  id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256  OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::=  { TBD }
   
  [ EDNOTE: "TBD" will be specified by NIST later. ]

The new algorithm identifiers of ECDSA signatures using SHAKEs are below.

  id-ecdsa-with-shake128 OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::=  { joint-iso-itu-t(2) 
            country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) 
            csor(3) algorithms(4) id-ecdsa-with-shake(3) 
            TBD }
  id-ecdsa-with-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::=  { joint-iso-itu-t(2) 
            country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) 
            csor(3) algorithms(4) id-ecdsa-with-shake(3) 
            TBD }

  [ EDNOTE: "TBD" will be specified by NIST later. ]

The parameters for the four identifiers above MUST be absent. That is, the identifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, the OID.

Section 5.1.1 and Section 5.1.2 specify the required output length for each use of SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 in RSASSA-PSS and ECDSA. In summary, when hashing messages to be signed, output lengths of SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 are 256 and 512 bits respectively. When the SHAKEs are used as mask generation functions RSASSA-PSS, their output length is (n - 264) or (n - 520) bits respectively, where n is the RSA modulus size in bits.

5. Use in PKIX

5.1. Signatures

Signatures are used in a number of different ASN.1 structures. In an X.509 certificate a signature is encoded with an algorithm identifier in the signatureAlgorithm attribute and a signatureValue that contains the actual signature.

   Certificate  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
      tbsCertificate       TBSCertificate,
      signatureAlgorithm   AlgorithmIdentifier,
      signatureValue       BIT STRING  }

The identifiers defined in Section 4 can be used as the AlgorithmIdentifier in the signatureAlgorithm field in the sequence Certificate and the signature field in the sequence tbsCertificate in X.509 [RFC5280]. The parameters of these signature algorithms are absent as explained in Section 4.

Conforming CA implementations MUST specify the algorithms explicitly by using the OIDs specified in Section 4 when encoding RSASSA-PSS or ECDSA with SHAKE signatures in certificates and CRLs. Conforming client implementations that process RSASSA-PSS or ECDSA with SHAKE signatures when processing certificates and CRLs MUST recognize the corresponding OIDs. Encoding rules for RSASSA-PSS and ECDSA signature values are specified in [RFC4055] and [RFC5480] respectively.

5.1.1. RSASSA-PSS Signatures

The RSASSA-PSS algorithm is defined in [RFC8017]. When id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 or id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256 specified in Section 4 is used, the encoding MUST omit the parameters field. That is, the AlgorithmIdentifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 or id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256. [RFC4055] defines RSASSA-PSS-params that are used to define the algorithms and inputs to the algorithm. This specification does not use parameters because the hash and mask generating algorithsm and trailer and salt are embedded in the OID definition.

The hash algorithm to hash a message being signed and the hash algorithm as the mask generation function used in RSASSA-PSS MUST be the same, SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 respectively. The output-length of the hash algorithm which hashes the message SHALL be 32 or 64 bytes respectively.

The mask generation function takes an octet string of variable length and a desired output length as input, and outputs an octet string of the desired length. In RSASSA-PSS with SHAKES, the SHAKEs MUST be used natively as the MGF function, instead of the MGF1 algorithm that uses the hash function in multiple iterations as specified in Section B.2.1 of [RFC8017]. In other words, the MGF is defined as the SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 output of the mgfSeed for id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 and id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256 respectively. The mgfSeed is the seed from which mask is generated, an octet string [RFC8017]. As explained in Step 9 of section 9.1.1 of [RFC8017], the output length of the MGF is emLen - hLen - 1 bytes. emLen is the maximum message length ceil((n-1)/8), where n is the RSA modulus in bits. hLen is 32 and 64-bytes for id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 and id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256 respectively. Thus when SHAKE is used as the MGF, the SHAKE output length maskLen is (n - 264) or (n - 520) bits respectively. For example, when RSA modulus n is 2048, the output length of SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 as the MGF will be 1784 or 1528-bits when id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 or id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256 is used respectively.

The RSASSA-PSS saltLength MUST be 32 or 64 bytes respectively. Finally, the trailerField MUST be 1, which represents the trailer field with hexadecimal value 0xBC [RFC8017].

5.1.2. ECDSA Signatures

The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is defined in [X9.62]. When the id-ecdsa-with-SHAKE128 or id-ecdsa-with-SHAKE256 (specified in Section 4) algorithm identifier appears, the respective SHAKE function (SHAKE128 or SHAKE256) is used as the hash. The encoding MUST omit the parameters field. That is, the AlgorithmIdentifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, the OID id-ecdsa-with-SHAKE128 or id-ecdsa-with-SHAKE256.

For simplicity and compliance with the ECDSA standard specification, the output length of the hash function must be explicitly determined. The output length, d, for SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 used in ECDSA MUST be 256 or 512 bits respectively.

It is RECOMMENDED that conforming CA implementations that generate ECDSA with SHAKE signatures in certificates or CRLs generate such signatures with a deterministically generated, non-random k in accordance with all the requirements specified in [RFC6979]. They MAY also generate such signatures in accordance with all other recommendations in [X9.62] or [SEC1] if they have a stated policy that requires conformance to these standards. These standards may have not specified SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 as hash algorithm options. However, SHAKE128 and SHAKE256 with output length being 32 and 64 octets respectively are subtitutions for 256 and 512-bit output hash algorithms such as SHA256 and SHA512 used in the standards.

5.2. Public Keys

Certificates conforming to [RFC5280] can convey a public key for any public key algorithm. The certificate indicates the public key algorithm through an algorithm identifier. This algorithm identifier is an OID and optionally associated parameters. The conventions and encoding for RSASSA-PSS and ECDSA public keys algorithm identifiers are as specified in Section 2.3 of [RFC3279], Section 3.1 of [RFC4055] and Section 2.1 of [RFC5480].

Traditionally, the rsaEncryption object identifier is used to identify RSA public keys. The rsaEncryption object identifier continues to identify the subject public key when the RSA private key owner does not wish to limit the use of the public key exclusively to RSASSA-PSS with SHAKEs. When the RSA private key owner wishes to limit the use of the public key exclusively to RSASSA-PSS with SHAKEs, the AlgorithmIdentifiers for RSASSA-PSS defined in Section 4 SHOULD be used as the algorithm field in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo sequence [RFC5280]. Conforming client implementations that process RSASSA-PSS with SHAKE public keys when processing certificates and CRLs MUST recognize the corresponding OIDs.

Conforming CA implementations MUST specify the X.509 public key algorithm explicitly by using the OIDs specified in Section 4 when encoding ECDSA with SHAKE public keys in certificates and CRLs. Conforming client implementations that process ECDSA with SHAKE public keys when processing certificates and CRLs MUST recognize the corresponding OIDs.

The identifier parameters, as explained in section Section 4, MUST be absent.

6. IANA Considerations

One object identifier for the ASN.1 module in Appendix A was assigned in the SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifiers (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0) registry:

   PKIXAlgsForSHAKE-2019 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
      internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
      id-mod-pkix1-shakes-2019(TBD) }   

7. Security Considerations

The SHAKEs are deterministic functions. Like any other deterministic function, executing multiple times with the same input will produce the same output. Therefore, users should not expect unrelated outputs (with the same or different output lengths) from running a SHAKE function with the same input multiple times. The shorter of any two outputs produced from a SHAKE with the same input is a prefix of the longer one. It is a similar situation as truncating a 512-bit output of SHA-512 by taking its 256 left-most bits. These 256 left-most bits are a prefix of the 512-bit output.

When using ECDSA with SHAKEs, the ECDSA curve order SHOULD be chosen in line with the SHAKE output length. NIST has defined appropriate use of the hash functions in terms of the algorithm strengths and expected time frames for secure use in Special Publications (SPs) [SP800-78-4] and [SP800-107]. These documents can be used as guides to choose appropriate key sizes for various security scenarios. In the context of this document id-ecdsa-with-shake128 is RECOMMENDED for curves with group order of 256-bits. id-ecdsa-with-shake256 is RECOMMENDED for curves with group order of 384-bits or more.

8. Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Sean Turner, Jim Schaad and Eric Rescorla for their valuable contributions to this document.

The authors would like to thank Russ Housley for his guidance and very valuable contributions with the ASN.1 module.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.
[RFC4055] Schaad, J., Kaliski, B. and R. Housley, "Additional Algorithms and Identifiers for RSA Cryptography for use in the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 4055, DOI 10.17487/RFC4055, June 2005.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R. and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008.
[RFC5480] Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R. and T. Polk, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key Information", RFC 5480, DOI 10.17487/RFC5480, March 2009.
[RFC8017] Moriarty, K., Kaliski, B., Jonsson, J. and A. Rusch, "PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.2", RFC 8017, DOI 10.17487/RFC8017, November 2016.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017.
[SHA3] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "SHA-3 Standard - Permutation-Based Hash and Extendable-Output Functions FIPS PUB 202", August 2015.

9.2. Informative References

[RFC3279] Bassham, L., Polk, W. and R. Housley, "Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, DOI 10.17487/RFC3279, April 2002.
[RFC5912] Hoffman, P. and J. Schaad, "New ASN.1 Modules for the Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 5912, DOI 10.17487/RFC5912, June 2010.
[RFC6979] Pornin, T., "Deterministic Usage of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)", RFC 6979, DOI 10.17487/RFC6979, August 2013.
[SEC1] Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, "SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography", May 2009.
[SP800-107] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "SP800-107: Recommendation for Applications Using Approved Hash Algorithms", May 2014.
[SP800-78-4] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "SP800-78-4: Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Sizes for Personal Identity Verification", May 2014.
[X9.62] American National Standard for Financial Services (ANSI), "X9.62-2005: Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Standard (ECDSA)", November 2005.

Appendix A. ASN.1 module

This appendix includes the ASN.1 module for SHAKEs in X.509. This module does not come from any existing RFC.

 
    PKIXAlgsForSHAKE-2019 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
      internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
      id-mod-pkix1-shakes-2019(TBD) }

    DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::=

    BEGIN

    -- EXPORTS ALL;

    IMPORTS

    -- FROM [RFC5912]

    PUBLIC-KEY, SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM, DIGEST-ALGORITHM, SMIME-CAPS
    FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009
      { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
        mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
        id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) }

    -- FROM [RFC5912]

    RSAPublicKey, rsaEncryption, pk-rsa, pk-ec,
    CURVE, id-ecPublicKey, ECPoint, ECParameters, ECDSA-Sig-Value
    FROM PKIXAlgs-2009 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
         internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
         id-mod-pkix1-algorithms2008-02(56) }
   ;

    --
    -- Message Digest Algorithms (mda-)
    --
    DigestAlgorithms DIGEST-ALGORITHM ::= {
      -- This expands DigestAlgorithms from [RFC5912]
      mda-shake128   |
      mda-shake256,
      ...
    }

    --
    -- One-Way Hash Functions
    --

    -- SHAKE128
    mda-shake128 DIGEST-ALGORITHM ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-shake128  -- with output length 32 bytes.
    }
    id-shake128 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16)
                                        us(840) organization(1) gov(101)
                                        csor(3) nistAlgorithm(4)
                                        hashAlgs(2) 11 }

    -- SHAKE-256
    mda-shake256 DIGEST-ALGORITHM ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-shake256  -- with output length 64 bytes.
    }
    id-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16)
                                        us(840) organization(1) gov(101)
                                        csor(3) nistAlgorithm(4)
                                        hashAlgs(2) 12 }

    --
    -- Public Key (pk-) Algorithms
    --
    PublicKeys PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      -- This expands PublicKeys from [RFC5912]
      pk-rsaSSA-PSS-SHAKE128 |
      pk-rsaSSA-PSS-SHAKE256,
      ...
    }

    -- The hashAlgorithm is mda-shake128
    -- The maskGenAlgorithm is id-shake128
    -- Mask Gen Algorithm is SHAKE128 with output length
    -- (n - 264) bits, where n is the RSA modulus in bits.
    -- the saltLength is 32
    -- the trailerField is 1
    pk-rsaSSA-PSS-SHAKE128 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128
      KEY RSAPublicKey
      PARAMS ARE absent
      -- Private key format not in this module --
      CERT-KEY-USAGE { nonRepudiation, digitalSignature,
                       keyCertSign, cRLSign }
    }

    -- The hashAlgorithm is mda-shake256
    -- The maskGenAlgorithm is id-shake256
    -- Mask Gen Algorithm is SHAKE256 with output length
    -- (n - 520)-bits, where n is the RSA modulus in bits.
    -- the saltLength is 64
    -- the trailerField is 1
    pk-rsaSSA-PSS-SHAKE256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256
      KEY RSAPublicKey
      PARAMS ARE absent
      -- Private key format not in this module --
      CERT-KEY-USAGE { nonRepudiation, digitalSignature,
                       keyCertSign, cRLSign }
    }

    --
    -- Signature Algorithms (sa-)
    --
    SignatureAlgs SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
      -- This expands SignatureAlgorithms from [RFC5912]
      sa-rsassapssWithSHAKE128 |
      sa-rsassapssWithSHAKE256 |
      sa-ecdsaWithSHAKE128 |
      sa-ecdsaWithSHAKE256,
      ...
    }

    --
    -- SMIME Capabilities (sa-)
    --
    SMimeCaps SMIME-CAPS ::= {
      -- The expands SMimeCaps from [RFC5912]
      sa-rsassapssWithSHAKE128.&smimeCaps |
      sa-rsassapssWithSHAKE256.&smimeCaps |
      sa-ecdsaWithSHAKE128.&smimeCaps |
      sa-ecdsaWithSHAKE256.&smimeCaps,
      ...
    }

    -- RSASSA-PSS with SHAKE128
    sa-rsassapssWithSHAKE128 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128
      PARAMS ARE absent
          -- The hashAlgorithm is mda-shake128
          -- The maskGenAlgorithm is id-shake128
          -- Mask Gen Algorithm is SHAKE128 with output length
          -- (n - 264) bits, where n is the RSA modulus in bits.
          -- the saltLength is 32
          -- the trailerField is 1
      HASHES { mda-shake128 }
      PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-rsa | pk-rsaSSA-PSS-SHAKE128 }
      SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128 }
    }
    id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE128  OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::=  { TBD }

    -- RSASSA-PSS with SHAKE256
    sa-rsassapssWithSHAKE256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256
      PARAMS ARE absent
          -- The hashAlgorithm is mda-shake256
          -- The maskGenAlgorithm is id-shake256
          -- Mask Gen Algorithm is SHAKE256 with output length
          -- (n - 520)-bits, where n is the RSA modulus in bits.
          -- the saltLength is 64
          -- the trailerField is 1
     HASHES { mda-shake256 }
     PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-rsa | pk-rsaSSA-PSS-SHAKE256 }
     SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256 }
    }
    id-RSASSA-PSS-SHAKE256  OBJECT IDENTIFIER  ::=  { TBD }

    -- Determinstic ECDSA with SHAKE128
    sa-ecdsaWithSHAKE128 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-ecdsa-with-shake128
      VALUE ECDSA-Sig-Value
      PARAMS ARE absent
      HASHES { mda-shake128 }
      PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ec }
      SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-ecdsa-with-shake128 }
    }
    id-ecdsa-with-shake128 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) 
                                 country(16) us(840) organization(1) 
                                 gov(101) csor(3) nistAlgorithm(4)
                                 sigAlgs(3) TBD }

    -- Determinstic ECDSA with SHAKE256
    sa-ecdsaWithSHAKE256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
      IDENTIFIER id-ecdsa-with-shake256
      VALUE ECDSA-Sig-Value
      PARAMS ARE absent
      HASHES { mda-shake256 }
      PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ec }
      SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-ecdsa-with-shake256 }
    }
    id-ecdsa-with-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) 
                                 country(16) us(840) organization(1) 
                                 gov(101) csor(3) nistAlgorithm(4)
                                 sigAlgs(3) TBD }

    END
	

Authors' Addresses

Panos Kampanakis Cisco Systems EMail: pkampana@cisco.com
Quynh Dang NIST 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8930 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 USA EMail: quynh.dang@nist.gov