JOSE Working Group M.B. Jones
Internet-Draft Microsoft
Intended status: Standards Track E. Rescorla
Expires: January 30, 2014 RTFM
J. Hildebrand
Cisco
July 29, 2013

JSON Web Encryption (JWE)
draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption-14

Abstract

JSON Web Encryption (JWE) is a means of representing encrypted content using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) based data structures. Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this specification are described in the separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification. Related digital signature and MAC capabilities are described in the separate JSON Web Signature (JWS) specification.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 30, 2014.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

JSON Web Encryption (JWE) is a means of representing encrypted content using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC4627] based data structures. The JWE cryptographic mechanisms encrypt and provide integrity protection for arbitrary sequences of octets.

Two closely related representations for JWE objects are defined. The JWE Compact Serialization is a compact, URL-safe representation intended for space constrained environments such as HTTP Authorization headers and URI query parameters. The JWE JSON Serialization represents JWE objects as JSON objects and enables the same content to be encrypted to multiple parties. Both share the same cryptographic underpinnings.

Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this specification are described in the separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification. Related digital signature and MAC capabilities are described in the separate JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS] specification.

1.1. Notational Conventions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels [RFC2119].

2. Terminology

JSON Web Encryption (JWE)
A data structure representing an encrypted message. The structure represents five values: the JWE Header, the JWE Encrypted Key, the JWE Initialization Vector, the JWE Ciphertext, and the JWE Authentication Tag.
Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD)
An AEAD algorithm is one that encrypts the Plaintext, allows Additional Authenticated Data to be specified, and provides an integrated content integrity check over the Ciphertext and Additional Authenticated Data. AEAD algorithms accept two inputs, the Plaintext and the Additional Authenticated Data value, and produce two outputs, the Ciphertext and the Authentication Tag value. AES Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is one such algorithm.
Plaintext
The sequence of octets to be encrypted -- a.k.a., the message. The plaintext can contain an arbitrary sequence of octets.
Ciphertext
An encrypted representation of the Plaintext.
Additional Authenticated Data (AAD)
An input to an AEAD operation that is integrity protected but not encrypted.
Authentication Tag
An output of an AEAD operation that ensures the integrity of the Ciphertext and the Additional Authenticated Data. Note that some algorithms may not use an Authentication Tag, in which case this value is the empty octet sequence.
Content Encryption Key (CEK)
A symmetric key for the AEAD algorithm used to encrypt the Plaintext for the recipient to produce the Ciphertext and the Authentication Tag.
JSON Text Object
A UTF-8 [RFC3629] encoded text string representing a JSON object; the syntax of JSON objects is defined in Section 2.2 of [RFC4627].
JWE Header
A JSON Text Object (or JSON Text Objects, when using the JWE JSON Serialization) that describes the encryption operations applied to create the JWE Encrypted Key, the JWE Ciphertext, and the JWE Authentication Tag. The members of the JWE Header object(s) are Header Parameters.
JWE Encrypted Key
The result of encrypting the Content Encryption Key (CEK) with the intended recipient's key using the specified algorithm. Note that for some algorithms, the JWE Encrypted Key value is specified as being the empty octet sequence.
JWE Initialization Vector
A sequence of octets containing the Initialization Vector used when encrypting the Plaintext. Note that some algorithms may not use an Initialization Vector, in which case this value is the empty octet sequence.
JWE Ciphertext
A sequence of octets containing the Ciphertext for a JWE.
JWE Authentication Tag
A sequence of octets containing the Authentication Tag for a JWE.
JWE Protected Header
A JSON Text Object that contains the portion of the JWE Header that is integrity protected. For the JWE Compact Serialization, this comprises the entire JWE Header. For the JWE JSON Serialization, this is one component of the JWE Header.
Header Parameter
A name/value pair that is member of the JWE Header.
Header Parameter Name
The name of a member of the JWE Header.
Header Parameter Value
The value of a member of the JWE Header.
Base64url Encoding
The URL- and filename-safe Base64 encoding described in RFC 4648 [RFC4648], Section 5, with the (non URL-safe) '=' padding characters omitted, as permitted by Section 3.2. (See Appendix C of [JWS] for notes on implementing base64url encoding without padding.)
Encoded JWE Header
Base64url encoding of the JWE Protected Header.
Encoded JWE Encrypted Key
Base64url encoding of the JWE Encrypted Key.
Encoded JWE Initialization Vector
Base64url encoding of the JWE Initialization Vector.
Encoded JWE Ciphertext
Base64url encoding of the JWE Ciphertext.
Encoded JWE Authentication Tag
Base64url encoding of the JWE Authentication Tag.
JWE Compact Serialization
A representation of the JWE as the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order, with the five strings being separated by four period ('.') characters. This representation is compact and URL-safe.
JWE JSON Serialization
A representation of the JWE as a JSON structure containing JWE Header, Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and Encoded JWE Authentication Tag values. Unlike the JWE Compact Serialization, the JWE JSON Serialization enables the same content to be encrypted to multiple parties. This representation is neither compact nor URL-safe.
Collision Resistant Namespace
A namespace that allows names to be allocated in a manner such that they are highly unlikely to collide with other names. For instance, collision resistance can be achieved through administrative delegation of portions of the namespace or through use of collision-resistant name allocation functions. Examples of Collision Resistant Namespaces include: Domain Names, Object Identifiers (OIDs) as defined in the ITU-T X.660 and X.670 Recommendation series, and Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs) [RFC4122]. When using an administratively delegated namespace, the definer of a name needs to take reasonable precautions to ensure they are in control of the portion of the namespace they use to define the name.
StringOrURI
A JSON string value, with the additional requirement that while arbitrary string values MAY be used, any value containing a ":" character MUST be a URI [RFC3986]. StringOrURI values are compared as case-sensitive strings with no transformations or canonicalizations applied.
Key Management Mode
A method of determining the Content Encryption Key (CEK) value to use. Each algorithm used for determining the CEK value uses a specific Key Management Mode. Key Management Modes employed by this specification are Key Encryption, Key Wrapping, Direct Key Agreement, Key Agreement with Key Wrapping, and Direct Encryption.
Key Encryption
A Key Management Mode in which the Content Encryption Key (CEK) value is encrypted to the intended recipient using an asymmetric encryption algorithm.
Key Wrapping
A Key Management Mode in which the Content Encryption Key (CEK) value is encrypted to the intended recipient using a symmetric key wrapping algorithm.
Direct Key Agreement
A Key Management Mode in which a key agreement algorithm is used to agree upon the Content Encryption Key (CEK) value.
Key Agreement with Key Wrapping
A Key Management Mode in which a key agreement algorithm is used to agree upon a symmetric key used to encrypt the Content Encryption Key (CEK) value to the intended recipient using a symmetric key wrapping algorithm.
Direct Encryption
A Key Management Mode in which the Content Encryption Key (CEK) value used is the secret symmetric key value shared between the parties.

3. JSON Web Encryption (JWE) Overview

JWE represents encrypted content using JSON data structures and base64url encoding. Five values are represented in a JWE: the JWE Header, the JWE Encrypted Key, the JWE Initialization Vector, the JWE Ciphertext, and the JWE Authentication Tag. In the Compact Serialization, the five values are base64url-encoded for transmission, and represented as the concatenation of the encoded strings in that order, with the five strings being separated by four period ('.') characters. A JSON Serialization for this information is also defined in Section 7.2.

JWE utilizes authenticated encryption to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of the Plaintext and the integrity of the JWE Protected Header.

3.1. Example JWE

This example encrypts the plaintext "The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination." to the recipient using RSAES OAEP for key encryption and AES GCM for content encryption.

The following example JWE Header declares that:

  {"alg":"RSA-OAEP","enc":"A256GCM"}

Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:

  eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQ

The remaining steps to finish creating this JWE are:

The final result in this example (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:

  eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQ.
  OKOawDo13gRp2ojaHV7LFpZcgV7T6DVZKTyKOMTYUmKoTCVJRgckCL9kiMT03JGe
  ipsEdY3mx_etLbbWSrFr05kLzcSr4qKAq7YN7e9jwQRb23nfa6c9d-StnImGyFDb
  Sv04uVuxIp5Zms1gNxKKK2Da14B8S4rzVRltdYwam_lDp5XnZAYpQdb76FdIKLaV
  mqgfwX7XWRxv2322i-vDxRfqNzo_tETKzpVLzfiwQyeyPGLBIO56YJ7eObdv0je8
  1860ppamavo35UgoRdbYaBcoh9QcfylQr66oc6vFWXRcZ_ZT2LawVCWTIy3brGPi
  6UklfCpIMfIjf7iGdXKHzg.
  48V1_ALb6US04U3b.
  5eym8TW_c8SuK0ltJ3rpYIzOeDQz7TALvtu6UG9oMo4vpzs9tX_EFShS8iB7j6ji
  SdiwkIr3ajwQzaBtQD_A.
  XFBoMYUZodetZdvTiFvSkQ

See Appendix A.1 for the complete details of computing this JWE. See Appendix A for additional examples.

4. JWE Header

The members of the JSON object(s) representing the JWE Header describe the encryption applied to the Plaintext and optionally additional properties of the JWE. The Header Parameter Names within the JWE Header MUST be unique; recipients MUST either reject JWEs with duplicate Header Parameter Names or use a JSON parser that returns only the lexically last duplicate member name, as specified in Section 15.12 (The JSON Object) of ECMAScript 5.1 [ECMAScript].

Implementations are required to understand the specific header parameters defined by this specification that are designated as "MUST be understood" and process them in the manner defined in this specification. All other header parameters defined by this specification that are not so designated MUST be ignored when not understood. Unless listed as a critical header parameter, per Section 4.1.12, all header parameters not defined by this specification MUST be ignored when not understood.

There are three classes of Header Parameter Names: Reserved Header Parameter Names, Public Header Parameter Names, and Private Header Parameter Names.

4.1. Reserved Header Parameter Names

The following Header Parameter Names are reserved with meanings as defined below. All the names are short because a core goal of this specification is for the resulting representations using the JWE Compact Serialization to be compact.

Additional reserved Header Parameter Names can be defined via the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry [JWS]. As indicated by the common registry, JWSs and JWEs share a common header parameter space; when a parameter is used by both specifications, its usage must be compatible between the specifications.

4.1.1. "alg" (Algorithm) Header Parameter

The alg (algorithm) header parameter identifies a cryptographic algorithm used to encrypt or determine the value of the Content Encryption Key (CEK). The recipient MUST reject the JWE if the alg value does not represent a supported algorithm, or if the recipient does not have a key that can be used with that algorithm. alg values SHOULD either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry [JWA] or be a value that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace. The alg value is a case sensitive string containing a StringOrURI value. Use of this header parameter is REQUIRED. This header parameter MUST be understood by implementations.

A list of defined alg values can be found in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry [JWA]; the initial contents of this registry are the values defined in Section 4.1 of the JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification.

4.1.2. "enc" (Encryption Method) Header Parameter

The enc (encryption method) header parameter identifies the content encryption algorithm used to encrypt the Plaintext to produce the Ciphertext. This algorithm MUST be an AEAD algorithm with a specified key length. The recipient MUST reject the JWE if the enc value does not represent a supported algorithm. enc values SHOULD either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry [JWA] or be a value that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace. The enc value is a case sensitive string containing a StringOrURI value. Use of this header parameter is REQUIRED. This header parameter MUST be understood by implementations.

A list of defined enc values can be found in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry [JWA]; the initial contents of this registry are the values defined in Section 4.2 of the JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification.

4.1.3. "zip" (Compression Algorithm) Header Parameter

The zip (compression algorithm) applied to the Plaintext before encryption, if any. If present, the value of the zip header parameter MUST be the case sensitive string "DEF". Compression is performed with the DEFLATE [RFC1951] algorithm. If no zip parameter is present, no compression is applied to the Plaintext before encryption. This header parameter MUST be integrity protected, and therefore MUST occur only with the JWE Protected Header, when used. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. This header parameter MUST be understood by implementations.

4.1.4. "jku" (JWK Set URL) Header Parameter

The jku (JWK Set URL) header parameter is a URI [RFC3986] that refers to a resource for a set of JSON-encoded public keys, one of which is the key to which the JWE was encrypted; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE. The keys MUST be encoded as a JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) [JWK]. The protocol used to acquire the resource MUST provide integrity protection; an HTTP GET request to retrieve the JWK Set MUST use TLS [RFC2818] [RFC5246]; the identity of the server MUST be validated, as per Section 3.1 of HTTP Over TLS [RFC2818]. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

4.1.5. "jwk" (JSON Web Key) Header Parameter

The jwk (JSON Web Key) header parameter is the public key to which the JWE was encrypted; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE. This key is represented as a JSON Web Key [JWK]. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

4.1.6. "x5u" (X.509 URL) Header Parameter

The x5u (X.509 URL) header parameter is a URI [RFC3986] that refers to a resource for the X.509 public key certificate or certificate chain [RFC5280] containing the key to which the JWE was encrypted; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE. The identified resource MUST provide a representation of the certificate or certificate chain that conforms to RFC 5280 [RFC5280] in PEM encoded form [RFC1421]. The certificate containing the public key to which the JWE was encrypted MUST be the first certificate. This MAY be followed by additional certificates, with each subsequent certificate being the one used to certify the previous one. The protocol used to acquire the resource MUST provide integrity protection; an HTTP GET request to retrieve the certificate MUST use TLS [RFC2818] [RFC5246]; the identity of the server MUST be validated, as per Section 3.1 of HTTP Over TLS [RFC2818]. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

4.1.7. "x5t" (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint) Header Parameter

The x5t (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint) header parameter is a base64url encoded SHA-1 thumbprint (a.k.a. digest) of the DER encoding of the X.509 certificate [RFC5280] containing the key to which the JWE was encrypted; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

If, in the future, certificate thumbprints need to be computed using hash functions other than SHA-1, it is suggested that additional related header parameters be defined for that purpose. For example, it is suggested that a new x5t#S256 (X.509 Certificate Thumbprint using SHA-256) header parameter could be defined by registering it in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry [JWS].

4.1.8. "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Header Parameter

The x5c (X.509 Certificate Chain) header parameter contains the X.509 public key certificate or certificate chain [RFC5280] containing the key to which the JWE was encrypted; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE. The certificate or certificate chain is represented as a JSON array of certificate value strings. Each string in the array is a base64 encoded ([RFC4648] Section 4 -- not base64url encoded) DER [ITU.X690.1994] PKIX certificate value. The certificate containing the public key to which the JWE was encrypted MUST be the first certificate. This MAY be followed by additional certificates, with each subsequent certificate being the one used to certify the previous one. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

See Appendix B of [JWS] for an example x5c value.

4.1.9. "kid" (Key ID) Header Parameter

The kid (key ID) header parameter is a hint indicating which key to which the JWE was encrypted; this can be used to determine the private key needed to decrypt the JWE. This parameter allows originators to explicitly signal a change of key to recipients. Should the recipient be unable to locate a key corresponding to the kid value, they SHOULD treat that condition as an error. The interpretation of the kid value is unspecified. Its value MUST be a string. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

When used with a JWK, the kid value can be used to match a JWK kid parameter value.

4.1.10. "typ" (Type) Header Parameter

The typ (type) header parameter MAY be used to declare the type of this complete JWE object in an application-specific manner in contexts where this is useful to the application. This parameter has no effect upon the JWE processing. The type value JOSE MAY be used by applications to indicate that this object is a JWS or JWE using the JWS Compact Serialization or the JWE Compact Serialization. The type value JOSE+JSON MAY be used by applications to indicate that this object is a JWS or JWE using the JWS JSON Serialization or the JWE JSON Serialization. Other type values MAY be used, and if not understood, SHOULD be ignored. The typ value is a case sensitive string. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

MIME Media Type [RFC2046] values MAY be used as typ values.

typ values SHOULD either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Type Values registry [JWS] or be a value that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace.

4.1.11. "cty" (Content Type) Header Parameter

The cty (content type) header parameter MAY be used to declare the type of the encrypted content (the Plaintext) in an application-specific manner in contexts where this is useful to the application. This parameter has no effect upon the JWE processing. Content type values that are not understood SHOULD be ignored. The cty value is a case sensitive string. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL.

The values used for the cty header parameter come from the same value space as the typ header parameter, with the same rules applying.

4.1.12. "crit" (Critical) Header Parameter

The crit (critical) header parameter indicates that extensions to [[ this specification ]] are being used that MUST be understood and processed. Its value is an array listing the header parameter names defined by those extensions that are used in the JWE Header. If any of the listed extension header parameters are not understood and supported by the receiver, it MUST reject the JWE. Senders MUST NOT include header parameter names defined by [[ this specification ]] or by [JWA] for use with JWE, duplicate names, or names that do not occur as header parameter names within the JWE Header in the crit list. Senders MUST not use the empty list [] as the crit value. Recipients MAY reject the JWE if the critical list contains any header parameter names defined by [[ this specification ]] or by [JWA] for use with JWE, or any other constraints on its use are violated. This header parameter MUST be integrity protected, and therefore MUST occur only with the JWE Protected Header, when used. Use of this header parameter is OPTIONAL. This header parameter MUST be understood by implementations.

An example use, along with a hypothetical exp (expiration-time) field is:

  {"alg":"RSA-OAEP",
   "enc":"A256GCM",
   "crit":["exp"],
   "exp":1363284000
  }

4.2. Public Header Parameter Names

Additional Header Parameter Names can be defined by those using JWEs. However, in order to prevent collisions, any new Header Parameter Name SHOULD either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry [JWS] or be a Public Name: a value that contains a Collision Resistant Namespace. In each case, the definer of the name or value needs to take reasonable precautions to make sure they are in control of the part of the namespace they use to define the Header Parameter Name.

New header parameters should be introduced sparingly, as they can result in non-interoperable JWEs.

4.3. Private Header Parameter Names

A producer and consumer of a JWE may agree to use Header Parameter Names that are Private Names: names that are not Reserved Names Section 4.1 or Public Names Section 4.2. Unlike Public Names, Private Names are subject to collision and should be used with caution.

5. Producing and Consuming JWEs

5.1. Message Encryption

The message encryption process is as follows. The order of the steps is not significant in cases where there are no dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the steps.

  1. Determine the Key Management Mode employed by the algorithm used to determine the Content Encryption Key (CEK) value. (This is the algorithm recorded in the alg (algorithm) header parameter of the resulting JWE.)
  2. When Key Wrapping, Key Encryption, or Key Agreement with Key Wrapping are employed, generate a random Content Encryption Key (CEK) value. See RFC 4086 [RFC4086] for considerations on generating random values. The CEK MUST have a length equal to that required for the content encryption algorithm.
  3. When Direct Key Agreement or Key Agreement with Key Wrapping are employed, use the key agreement algorithm to compute the value of the agreed upon key. When Direct Key Agreement is employed, let the Content Encryption Key (CEK) be the agreed upon key. When Key Agreement with Key Wrapping is employed, the agreed upon key will be used to wrap the CEK.
  4. When Key Wrapping, Key Encryption, or Key Agreement with Key Wrapping are employed, encrypt the CEK to the recipient and let the result be the JWE Encrypted Key.
  5. Otherwise, when Direct Key Agreement or Direct Encryption are employed, let the JWE Encrypted Key be the empty octet sequence.
  6. When Direct Encryption is employed, let the Content Encryption Key (CEK) be the shared symmetric key.
  7. Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to create the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key.
  8. If the JWE JSON Serialization is being used, repeat this process for each recipient.
  9. Generate a random JWE Initialization Vector of the correct size for the content encryption algorithm (if required for the algorithm); otherwise, let the JWE Initialization Vector be the empty octet sequence.
  10. Base64url encode the JWE Initialization Vector to create the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector.
  11. Compress the Plaintext if a zip parameter was included.
  12. Serialize the (compressed) Plaintext into an octet sequence M.
  13. Create a JWE Header containing the encryption parameters used. Note that white space is explicitly allowed in the representation and no canonicalization need be performed before encoding.
  14. Base64url encode the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE Protected Header to create the Encoded JWE Header. If the JWE Protected Header is not present (which can only happen when using the JWE JSON Serialization and no protected member is present), let the Encoded JWE Header be the empty string.
  15. Let the Additional Authenticated Data encryption parameter be the octets of the ASCII representation of the Encoded JWE Header value.
  16. Encrypt M using the CEK, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the Additional Authenticated Data value using the specified content encryption algorithm to create the JWE Ciphertext value and the JWE Authentication Tag (which is the Authentication Tag output from the encryption operation).
  17. Base64url encode the JWE Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext.
  18. Base64url encode the JWE Authentication Tag to create the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag.
  19. The five encoded parts are result values used in both the JWE Compact Serialization and the JWE JSON Serialization representations.
  20. Create the desired serialized output. The JWE Compact Serialization of this result is the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order, with the five strings being separated by four period ('.') characters. The JWE JSON Serialization is described in Section 7.2.

5.2. Message Decryption

The message decryption process is the reverse of the encryption process. The order of the steps is not significant in cases where there are no dependencies between the inputs and outputs of the steps. If any of these steps fails, the JWE MUST be rejected.

  1. Parse the serialized input to determine the values of the JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag. When using the JWE Compact Serialization, the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag are represented as text strings in that order, separated by four period ('.') characters. The JWE JSON Serialization is described in Section 7.2.
  2. The Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag MUST be successfully base64url decoded following the restriction that no padding characters have been used.
  3. The resulting JWE Protected Header MUST be a completely valid JSON object conforming to RFC 4627 [RFC4627].
  4. If using the JWE Compact Serialization, let the JWE Header be the JWE Protected Header; otherwise, when using the JWE JSON Serialization, let the JWE Header be the union of the members of the JWE Protected Header, the members of the unprotected value, and the members of the corresponding header value, all of which must be completely valid JSON objects.
  5. The resulting JWE Header MUST NOT contain duplicate Header Parameter Names. When using the JWE JSON Serialization, this restriction includes that the same Header Parameter Name also MUST NOT occur in distinct JSON Text Object values that together comprise the JWE Header.
  6. The resulting JWE Header MUST be validated to only include parameters and values whose syntax and semantics are both understood and supported or that are specified as being ignored when not understood.
  7. Determine the Key Management Mode employed by the algorithm specified by the alg (algorithm) header parameter.
  8. Verify that the JWE uses a key known to the recipient.
  9. When Direct Key Agreement or Key Agreement with Key Wrapping are employed, use the key agreement algorithm to compute the value of the agreed upon key. When Direct Key Agreement is employed, let the Content Encryption Key (CEK) be the agreed upon key. When Key Agreement with Key Wrapping is employed, the agreed upon key will be used to decrypt the JWE Encrypted Key.
  10. When Key Wrapping, Key Encryption, or Key Agreement with Key Wrapping are employed, decrypt the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Content Encryption Key (CEK). The CEK MUST have a length equal to that required for the content encryption algorithm. Note that when there are multiple recipients, each recipient will only be able decrypt any JWE Encrypted Key values that were encrypted to a key in that recipient's possession. It is therefore normal to only be able to decrypt one of the per-recipient JWE Encrypted Key values to obtain the CEK value. To mitigate the attacks described in RFC 3218 [RFC3218], the recipient MUST NOT distinguish between format, padding, and length errors of encrypted keys. It is strongly recommended, in the event of receiving an improperly formatted key, that the receiver substitute a randomly generated CEK and proceed to the next step, to mitigate timing attacks.
  11. Otherwise, when Direct Key Agreement or Direct Encryption are employed, verify that the JWE Encrypted Key value is empty octet sequence.
  12. When Direct Encryption is employed, let the Content Encryption Key (CEK) be the shared symmetric key.
  13. If the JWE JSON Serialization is being used, repeat this process for each recipient contained in the representation until the CEK value has been determined.
  14. Let the Additional Authenticated Data encryption parameter be the octets of the ASCII representation of the Encoded JWE Header value. However if a top-level aad member is present when using the JWE JSON Serialization, instead let the Additional Authenticated Data encryption parameter be the octets of the ASCII representation of the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header value, a period ('.') character, and the aad field value.
  15. Decrypt the JWE Ciphertext using the CEK, the JWE Initialization Vector, the Additional Authenticated Data value, and the JWE Authentication Tag (which is the Authentication Tag input to the calculation) using the specified content encryption algorithm, returning the decrypted plaintext and verifying the JWE Authentication Tag in the manner specified for the algorithm, rejecting the input without emitting any decrypted output if the JWE Authentication Tag is incorrect.
  16. Uncompress the decrypted plaintext if a zip parameter was included.
  17. Output the resulting Plaintext.

5.3. String Comparison Rules

Processing a JWE inevitably requires comparing known strings to values in JSON objects. For example, in checking what the encryption method is, the Unicode string encoding enc will be checked against the member names in the JWE Header to see if there is a matching Header Parameter Name.

Comparisons between JSON strings and other Unicode strings MUST be performed by comparing Unicode code points without normalization as specified in the String Comparison Rules in Section 5.3 of [JWS].

6. Key Identification

It is necessary for the recipient of a JWE to be able to determine the key that was employed for the encryption operation. The key employed can be identified using the Header Parameter methods described in Section 4.1 or can be identified using methods that are outside the scope of this specification. Specifically, the Header Parameters jku, jwk, x5u, x5t, x5c, and kid can be used to identify the key used. The sender SHOULD include sufficient information in the Header Parameters to identify the key used, unless the application uses another means or convention to determine the key used. Recipients MUST reject the input when the key used cannot be determined.

7. Serializations

JWE objects use one of two serializations, the JWE Compact Serialization or the JWE JSON Serialization. The JWE Compact Serialization is mandatory to implement. Implementation of the JWE JSON Serialization is OPTIONAL.

7.1. JWE Compact Serialization

The JWE Compact Serialization represents encrypted content as a compact URL-safe string. This string is the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order, with the five strings being separated by four period ('.') characters. Only one recipient is supported by the JWE Compact Serialization.

7.2. JWE JSON Serialization

The JWE JSON Serialization represents encrypted content as a JSON object. Unlike the JWE Compact Serialization, content using the JWE JSON Serialization can be encrypted to more than one recipient.

The representation is closely related to that used in the JWE Compact Serialization, with the following differences for the JWE JSON Serialization:

The syntax of a JWE using the JWE JSON Serialization is as follows:

  {"protected":<integrity-protected shared header contents>",
   "unprotected":<non-integrity-protected shared header contents>",
   "recipients":[
    {"header":"<per-recipient unprotected header 1 contents>",
     "encrypted_key":"<encrypted key 1 contents>"},
    ...
    {"header":"<per-recipient unprotected header N contents>",
     "encrypted_key":"<encrypted key N contents>"}],
   "aad":"<additional authenticated data contents>",
   "iv":"<initialization vector contents>",
   "ciphertext":"<ciphertext contents>",
   "tag":"<authentication tag contents>"
  }

Of these members, only the ciphertext member MUST be present. The iv, tag, and encrypted_key members MUST be present when corresponding JWE Initialization Vector, JWE Authentication Tag, and JWE Encrypted Key values are non-empty. The recipients member MUST be present when any header or encrypted_key members are needed for recipients. At least one of the header, protected, and unprotected members MUST be present so that alg and enc header parameter values are conveyed for each recipient computation.

The contents of the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and Encoded JWE Authentication Tag values are exactly as defined in the rest of this specification. They are interpreted and validated in the same manner, with each corresponding Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, Encoded JWE Ciphertext, Encoded JWE Authentication Tag, and set of header parameter values being created and validated together. The JWE Header values used are the union of the header parameters in the protected, unprotected, and corresponding header members, as described earlier.

Each JWE Encrypted Key value is computed using the parameters of the corresponding JWE Header value in the same manner as for the JWE Compact Serialization. This has the desirable property that each Encoded JWE Encrypted Key value in the recipients array is identical to the value that would have been computed for the same parameter in the JWE Compact Serialization. Likewise, the JWE Ciphertext and JWE Authentication Tag values match those produced for the JWE Compact Serialization, provided that the Encoded JWE Header value (which represents the integrity-protected header parameter values) matches that used in the JWE Compact Serialization.

All recipients use the same JWE Protected Header, JWE Initialization Vector, JWE Ciphertext, and JWE Authentication Tag values, resulting in potentially significant space savings if the message is large. Therefore, all header parameters that specify the treatment of the Plaintext value MUST be the same for all recipients. This primarily means that the enc (encryption method) header parameter value in the JWE Header for each recipient and any parameters of that algorithm MUST be the same.

See Appendix A.4 for an example of computing a JWE using the JWE JSON Serialization.

8. Distinguishing Between JWS and JWE Objects

There are several ways of distinguishing whether an object is a JWS or JWE object. All these methods will yield the same result for all legal input values.

9. IANA Considerations

9.1. Registration of JWE Header Parameter Names

This specification registers the Header Parameter Names defined in Section 4.1 in the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry [JWS].

9.1.1. Registry Contents

10. Security Considerations

All of the security issues faced by any cryptographic application must be faced by a JWS/JWE/JWK agent. Among these issues are protecting the user's private and symmetric keys, preventing various attacks, and helping the user avoid mistakes such as inadvertently encrypting a message for the wrong recipient. The entire list of security considerations is beyond the scope of this document.

All the security considerations in the JWS specification also apply to this specification. Likewise, all the security considerations in XML Encryption 1.1 [W3C.CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313] also apply, other than those that are XML specific.

When decrypting, particular care must be taken not to allow the JWE recipient to be used as an oracle for decrypting messages. RFC 3218 [RFC3218] should be consulted for specific countermeasures to attacks on RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5. An attacker might modify the contents of the alg parameter from RSA-OAEP to RSA1_5 in order to generate a formatting error that can be detected and used to recover the CEK even if RSAES OAEP was used to encrypt the CEK. It is therefore particularly important to report all formatting errors to the CEK, Additional Authenticated Data, or ciphertext as a single error when the JWE is rejected.

11. References

11.1. Normative References

[RFC1421] Linn, J., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication Procedures", RFC 1421, February 1993.
[RFC1951] Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3", RFC 1951, May 1996.
[RFC2046] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046, November 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005.
[RFC4086] Eastlake, D., Schiller, J. and S. Crocker, "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.
[RFC4627] Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006.
[RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R. and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.
[ITU.X690.1994] International Telecommunications Union, "Information Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, 1994.
[W3C.CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313] Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Roessler, T. and F. Hirsch, "XML Encryption Syntax and Processing Version 1.1", World Wide Web Consortium CR CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313, March 2012.
[JWS] Jones, M.B., Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Signature (JWS)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature, July 2013.
[JWK] Jones, M.B., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-jose-json-web-key, July 2013.
[JWA] Jones, M.B., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms, July 2013.
[ECMAScript] Ecma International, "ECMAScript Language Specification, 5.1 Edition", ECMA 262, June 2011.

11.2. Informative References

[RFC3218] Rescorla, E., "Preventing the Million Message Attack on Cryptographic Message Syntax", RFC 3218, January 2002.
[RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M. and R. Salz, "A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, July 2005.
[RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70, RFC 5652, September 2009.
[I-D.rescorla-jsms] Rescorla, E. and J. Hildebrand, "JavaScript Message Security Format", Internet-Draft draft-rescorla-jsms-00, March 2011.
[I-D.mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2] McGrew, D. and K. Paterson, "Authenticated Encryption with AES-CBC and HMAC-SHA", Internet-Draft draft-mcgrew-aead-aes-cbc-hmac-sha2-01, October 2012.
[JSE] Bradley, J. and N. Sakimura (editor), "JSON Simple Encryption", September 2010.

Appendix A. JWE Examples

This section provides examples of JWE computations.

A.1. Example JWE using RSAES OAEP and AES GCM

This example encrypts the plaintext "The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination." to the recipient using RSAES OAEP for key encryption and AES GCM for content encryption. The representation of this plaintext is:

[84, 104, 101, 32, 116, 114, 117, 101, 32, 115, 105, 103, 110, 32, 111, 102, 32, 105, 110, 116, 101, 108, 108, 105, 103, 101, 110, 99, 101, 32, 105, 115, 32, 110, 111, 116, 32, 107, 110, 111, 119, 108, 101, 100, 103, 101, 32, 98, 117, 116, 32, 105, 109, 97, 103, 105, 110, 97, 116, 105, 111, 110, 46]

A.1.1. JWE Header

The following example JWE Header declares that:

  {"alg":"RSA-OAEP","enc":"A256GCM"}

A.1.2. Encoded JWE Header

Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:

  eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQ

A.1.3. Content Encryption Key (CEK)

Generate a 256 bit random Content Encryption Key (CEK). In this example, the value is:

[177, 161, 244, 128, 84, 143, 225, 115, 63, 180, 3, 255, 107, 154, 212, 246, 138, 7, 110, 91, 112, 46, 34, 105, 47, 130, 203, 46, 122, 234, 64, 252]

A.1.4. Key Encryption

Encrypt the CEK with the recipient's public key using the RSAES OAEP algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key. This example uses the RSA key represented in JSON Web Key [JWK] format below (with line breaks for display purposes only):

  {"kty":"RSA",
   "n":"oahUIoWw0K0usKNuOR6H4wkf4oBUXHTxRvgb48E-BVvxkeDNjbC4he8rUW
        cJoZmds2h7M70imEVhRU5djINXtqllXI4DFqcI1DgjT9LewND8MW2Krf3S
        psk_ZkoFnilakGygTwpZ3uesH-PFABNIUYpOiN15dsQRkgr0vEhxN92i2a
        sbOenSZeyaxziK72UwxrrKoExv6kc5twXTq4h-QChLOln0_mtUZwfsRaMS
        tPs6mS6XrgxnxbWhojf663tuEQueGC-FCMfra36C9knDFGzKsNa7LZK2dj
        YgyD3JR_MB_4NUJW_TqOQtwHYbxevoJArm-L5StowjzGy-_bq6Gw",
   "e":"AQAB",
   "d":"kLdtIj6GbDks_ApCSTYQtelcNttlKiOyPzMrXHeI-yk1F7-kpDxY4-WY5N
        WV5KntaEeXS1j82E375xxhWMHXyvjYecPT9fpwR_M9gV8n9Hrh2anTpTD9
        3Dt62ypW3yDsJzBnTnrYu1iwWRgBKrEYY46qAZIrA2xAwnm2X7uGR1hghk
        qDp0Vqj3kbSCz1XyfCs6_LehBwtxHIyh8Ripy40p24moOAbgxVw3rxT_vl
        t3UVe4WO3JkJOzlpUf-KTVI2Ptgm-dARxTEtE-id-4OJr0h-K-VFs3VSnd
        VTIznSxfyrj8ILL6MG_Uv8YAu7VILSB3lOW085-4qE3DzgrTjgyQ"
  }

The resulting JWE Encrypted Key value is:

[56, 163, 154, 192, 58, 53, 222, 4, 105, 218, 136, 218, 29, 94, 203, 22, 150, 92, 129, 94, 211, 232, 53, 89, 41, 60, 138, 56, 196, 216, 82, 98, 168, 76, 37, 73, 70, 7, 36, 8, 191, 100, 136, 196, 244, 220, 145, 158, 138, 155, 4, 117, 141, 230, 199, 247, 173, 45, 182, 214, 74, 177, 107, 211, 153, 11, 205, 196, 171, 226, 162, 128, 171, 182, 13, 237, 239, 99, 193, 4, 91, 219, 121, 223, 107, 167, 61, 119, 228, 173, 156, 137, 134, 200, 80, 219, 74, 253, 56, 185, 91, 177, 34, 158, 89, 154, 205, 96, 55, 18, 138, 43, 96, 218, 215, 128, 124, 75, 138, 243, 85, 25, 109, 117, 140, 26, 155, 249, 67, 167, 149, 231, 100, 6, 41, 65, 214, 251, 232, 87, 72, 40, 182, 149, 154, 168, 31, 193, 126, 215, 89, 28, 111, 219, 125, 182, 139, 235, 195, 197, 23, 234, 55, 58, 63, 180, 68, 202, 206, 149, 75, 205, 248, 176, 67, 39, 178, 60, 98, 193, 32, 238, 122, 96, 158, 222, 57, 183, 111, 210, 55, 188, 215, 206, 180, 166, 150, 166, 106, 250, 55, 229, 72, 40, 69, 214, 216, 104, 23, 40, 135, 212, 28, 127, 41, 80, 175, 174, 168, 115, 171, 197, 89, 116, 92, 103, 246, 83, 216, 182, 176, 84, 37, 147, 35, 45, 219, 172, 99, 226, 233, 73, 37, 124, 42, 72, 49, 242, 35, 127, 184, 134, 117, 114, 135, 206]

A.1.5. Encoded JWE Encrypted Key

Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key. This result (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:

  OKOawDo13gRp2ojaHV7LFpZcgV7T6DVZKTyKOMTYUmKoTCVJRgckCL9kiMT03JGe
  ipsEdY3mx_etLbbWSrFr05kLzcSr4qKAq7YN7e9jwQRb23nfa6c9d-StnImGyFDb
  Sv04uVuxIp5Zms1gNxKKK2Da14B8S4rzVRltdYwam_lDp5XnZAYpQdb76FdIKLaV
  mqgfwX7XWRxv2322i-vDxRfqNzo_tETKzpVLzfiwQyeyPGLBIO56YJ7eObdv0je8
  1860ppamavo35UgoRdbYaBcoh9QcfylQr66oc6vFWXRcZ_ZT2LawVCWTIy3brGPi
  6UklfCpIMfIjf7iGdXKHzg

A.1.6. Initialization Vector

Generate a random 96 bit JWE Initialization Vector. In this example, the value is:

[227, 197, 117, 252, 2, 219, 233, 68, 180, 225, 77, 219]

Base64url encoding this value yields this Encoded JWE Initialization Vector value:

  48V1_ALb6US04U3b

A.1.7. Additional Authenticated Data

Let the Additional Authenticated Data encryption parameter be the octets of the ASCII representation of the Encoded JWE Header value. This AAD value is:

[101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 83, 85, 48, 69, 116, 84, 48, 70, 70, 85, 67, 73, 115, 73, 109, 86, 117, 89, 121, 73, 54, 73, 107, 69, 121, 78, 84, 90, 72, 81, 48, 48, 105, 102, 81]

A.1.8. Plaintext Encryption

Encrypt the Plaintext with AES GCM using the CEK as the encryption key, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the Additional Authenticated Data value above, requesting a 128 bit Authentication Tag output. The resulting Ciphertext is:

[229, 236, 166, 241, 53, 191, 115, 196, 174, 43, 73, 109, 39, 122, 233, 96, 140, 206, 120, 52, 51, 237, 48, 11, 190, 219, 186, 80, 111, 104, 50, 142, 47, 167, 59, 61, 181, 127, 196, 21, 40, 82, 242, 32, 123, 143, 168, 226, 73, 216, 176, 144, 138, 247, 106, 60, 16, 205, 160, 109, 64, 63, 192]

The resulting Authentication Tag value is:

[92, 80, 104, 49, 133, 25, 161, 215, 173, 101, 219, 211, 136, 91, 210, 145]

A.1.9. Encoded JWE Ciphertext

Base64url encode the Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext. This result (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:

  5eym8TW_c8SuK0ltJ3rpYIzOeDQz7TALvtu6UG9oMo4vpzs9tX_EFShS8iB7j6ji
  SdiwkIr3ajwQzaBtQD_A

A.1.10. Encoded JWE Authentication Tag

Base64url encode the Authentication Tag to create the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag. This result is:

  XFBoMYUZodetZdvTiFvSkQ

A.1.11. Complete Representation

Assemble the final representation: The Compact Serialization of this result is the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order, with the five strings being separated by four period ('.') characters.

The final result in this example (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:

  eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQ.
  OKOawDo13gRp2ojaHV7LFpZcgV7T6DVZKTyKOMTYUmKoTCVJRgckCL9kiMT03JGe
  ipsEdY3mx_etLbbWSrFr05kLzcSr4qKAq7YN7e9jwQRb23nfa6c9d-StnImGyFDb
  Sv04uVuxIp5Zms1gNxKKK2Da14B8S4rzVRltdYwam_lDp5XnZAYpQdb76FdIKLaV
  mqgfwX7XWRxv2322i-vDxRfqNzo_tETKzpVLzfiwQyeyPGLBIO56YJ7eObdv0je8
  1860ppamavo35UgoRdbYaBcoh9QcfylQr66oc6vFWXRcZ_ZT2LawVCWTIy3brGPi
  6UklfCpIMfIjf7iGdXKHzg.
  48V1_ALb6US04U3b.
  5eym8TW_c8SuK0ltJ3rpYIzOeDQz7TALvtu6UG9oMo4vpzs9tX_EFShS8iB7j6ji
  SdiwkIr3ajwQzaBtQD_A.
  XFBoMYUZodetZdvTiFvSkQ

A.1.12. Validation

This example illustrates the process of creating a JWE with RSAES OAEP for key encryption and AES GCM for content encryption. These results can be used to validate JWE decryption implementations for these algorithms. Note that since the RSAES OAEP computation includes random values, the encryption results above will not be completely reproducible. However, since the AES GCM computation is deterministic, the JWE Encrypted Ciphertext values will be the same for all encryptions performed using these inputs.

A.2. Example JWE using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 and AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256

This example encrypts the plaintext "Live long and prosper." to the recipient using RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 for key encryption and AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 for content encryption. The representation of this plaintext is:

[76, 105, 118, 101, 32, 108, 111, 110, 103, 32, 97, 110, 100, 32, 112, 114, 111, 115, 112, 101, 114, 46]

A.2.1. JWE Header

The following example JWE Header (with line breaks for display purposes only) declares that:

  {"alg":"RSA1_5","enc":"A128CBC-HS256"}

A.2.2. Encoded JWE Header

Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:

  eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0

A.2.3. Content Encryption Key (CEK)

Generate a 256 bit random Content Encryption Key (CEK). In this example, the key value is:

[4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106, 206, 107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156, 44, 207]

A.2.4. Key Encryption

Encrypt the CEK with the recipient's public key using the RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key. This example uses the RSA key represented in JSON Web Key [JWK] format below (with line breaks for display purposes only):

  {"kty":"RSA",
   "n":"sXchDaQebHnPiGvyDOAT4saGEUetSyo9MKLOoWFsueri23bOdgWp4Dy1Wl
        UzewbgBHod5pcM9H95GQRV3JDXboIRROSBigeC5yjU1hGzHHyXss8UDpre
        cbAYxknTcQkhslANGRUZmdTOQ5qTRsLAt6BTYuyvVRdhS8exSZEy_c4gs_
        7svlJJQ4H9_NxsiIoLwAEk7-Q3UXERGYw_75IDrGA84-lA_-Ct4eTlXHBI
        Y2EaV7t7LjJaynVJCpkv4LKjTTAumiGUIuQhrNhZLuF_RJLqHpM2kgWFLU
        7-VTdL1VbC2tejvcI2BlMkEpk1BzBZI0KQB0GaDWFLN-aEAw3vRw",
   "e":"AQAB",
   "d":"VFCWOqXr8nvZNyaaJLXdnNPXZKRaWCjkU5Q2egQQpTBMwhprMzWzpR8Sxq
        1OPThh_J6MUD8Z35wky9b8eEO0pwNS8xlh1lOFRRBoNqDIKVOku0aZb-ry
        nq8cxjDTLZQ6Fz7jSjR1Klop-YKaUHc9GsEofQqYruPhzSA-QgajZGPbE_
        0ZaVDJHfyd7UUBUKunFMScbflYAAOYJqVIVwaYR5zWEEceUjNnTNo_CVSj
        -VvXLO5VZfCUAVLgW4dpf1SrtZjSt34YLsRarSb127reG_DUwg9Ch-Kyvj
        T1SkHgUWRVGcyly7uvVGRSDwsXypdrNinPA4jlhoNdizK2zF2CWQ"
  }

The resulting JWE Encrypted Key value is:

[80, 104, 72, 58, 11, 130, 236, 139, 132, 189, 255, 205, 61, 86, 151, 176, 99, 40, 44, 233, 176, 189, 205, 70, 202, 169, 72, 40, 226, 181, 156, 223, 120, 156, 115, 232, 150, 209, 145, 133, 104, 112, 237, 156, 116, 250, 65, 102, 212, 210, 103, 240, 177, 61, 93, 40, 71, 231, 223, 226, 240, 157, 15, 31, 150, 89, 200, 215, 198, 203, 108, 70, 117, 66, 212, 238, 193, 205, 23, 161, 169, 218, 243, 203, 128, 214, 127, 253, 215, 139, 43, 17, 135, 103, 179, 220, 28, 2, 212, 206, 131, 158, 128, 66, 62, 240, 78, 186, 141, 125, 132, 227, 60, 137, 43, 31, 152, 199, 54, 72, 34, 212, 115, 11, 152, 101, 70, 42, 219, 233, 142, 66, 151, 250, 126, 146, 141, 216, 190, 73, 50, 177, 146, 5, 52, 247, 28, 197, 21, 59, 170, 247, 181, 89, 131, 241, 169, 182, 246, 99, 15, 36, 102, 166, 182, 172, 197, 136, 230, 120, 60, 58, 219, 243, 149, 94, 222, 150, 154, 194, 110, 227, 225, 112, 39, 89, 233, 112, 207, 211, 241, 124, 174, 69, 221, 179, 107, 196, 225, 127, 167, 112, 226, 12, 242, 16, 24, 28, 120, 182, 244, 213, 244, 153, 194, 162, 69, 160, 244, 248, 63, 165, 141, 4, 207, 249, 193, 79, 131, 0, 169, 233, 127, 167, 101, 151, 125, 56, 112, 111, 248, 29, 232, 90, 29, 147, 110, 169, 146, 114, 165, 204, 71, 136, 41, 252]

A.2.5. Encoded JWE Encrypted Key

Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key. This result (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:

  UGhIOguC7IuEvf_NPVaXsGMoLOmwvc1GyqlIKOK1nN94nHPoltGRhWhw7Zx0-kFm
  1NJn8LE9XShH59_i8J0PH5ZZyNfGy2xGdULU7sHNF6Gp2vPLgNZ__deLKxGHZ7Pc
  HALUzoOegEI-8E66jX2E4zyJKx-YxzZIItRzC5hlRirb6Y5Cl_p-ko3YvkkysZIF
  NPccxRU7qve1WYPxqbb2Yw8kZqa2rMWI5ng8OtvzlV7elprCbuPhcCdZ6XDP0_F8
  rkXds2vE4X-ncOIM8hAYHHi29NX0mcKiRaD0-D-ljQTP-cFPgwCp6X-nZZd9OHBv
  -B3oWh2TbqmScqXMR4gp_A

A.2.6. Initialization Vector

Generate a random 128 bit JWE Initialization Vector. In this example, the value is:

[3, 22, 60, 12, 43, 67, 104, 105, 108, 108, 105, 99, 111, 116, 104, 101]

Base64url encoding this value yields this Encoded JWE Initialization Vector value:

  AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ

A.2.7. Additional Authenticated Data

Let the Additional Authenticated Data encryption parameter be the octets of the ASCII representation of the Encoded JWE Header value. This AAD value is:

[101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 83, 85, 48, 69, 120, 88, 122, 85, 105, 76, 67, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52, 81, 48, 74, 68, 76, 85, 104, 84, 77, 106, 85, 50, 73, 110, 48]

A.2.8. Plaintext Encryption

Encrypt the Plaintext with AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 using the CEK as the encryption key, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the Additional Authenticated Data value above. The steps for doing this using the values from Appendix A.3 are detailed in Appendix B. The resulting Ciphertext is:

[40, 57, 83, 181, 119, 33, 133, 148, 198, 185, 243, 24, 152, 230, 6, 75, 129, 223, 127, 19, 210, 82, 183, 230, 168, 33, 215, 104, 143, 112, 56, 102]

The resulting Authentication Tag value is:

[246, 17, 244, 190, 4, 95, 98, 3, 231, 0, 115, 157, 242, 203, 100, 191]

A.2.9. Encoded JWE Ciphertext

Base64url encode the Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext. This result is:

  KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY

A.2.10. Encoded JWE Authentication Tag

Base64url encode the Authentication Tag to create the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag. This result is:

  9hH0vgRfYgPnAHOd8stkvw

A.2.11. Complete Representation

Assemble the final representation: The Compact Serialization of this result is the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order, with the five strings being separated by four period ('.') characters.

The final result in this example (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:

  eyJhbGciOiJSU0ExXzUiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0.
  UGhIOguC7IuEvf_NPVaXsGMoLOmwvc1GyqlIKOK1nN94nHPoltGRhWhw7Zx0-kFm
  1NJn8LE9XShH59_i8J0PH5ZZyNfGy2xGdULU7sHNF6Gp2vPLgNZ__deLKxGHZ7Pc
  HALUzoOegEI-8E66jX2E4zyJKx-YxzZIItRzC5hlRirb6Y5Cl_p-ko3YvkkysZIF
  NPccxRU7qve1WYPxqbb2Yw8kZqa2rMWI5ng8OtvzlV7elprCbuPhcCdZ6XDP0_F8
  rkXds2vE4X-ncOIM8hAYHHi29NX0mcKiRaD0-D-ljQTP-cFPgwCp6X-nZZd9OHBv
  -B3oWh2TbqmScqXMR4gp_A.
  AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ.
  KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY.
  9hH0vgRfYgPnAHOd8stkvw

A.2.12. Validation

This example illustrates the process of creating a JWE with RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 for key encryption and AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 for content encryption. These results can be used to validate JWE decryption implementations for these algorithms. Note that since the RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 computation includes random values, the encryption results above will not be completely reproducible. However, since the AES CBC computation is deterministic, the JWE Encrypted Ciphertext values will be the same for all encryptions performed using these inputs.

A.3. Example JWE using AES Key Wrap and AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256

This example encrypts the plaintext "Live long and prosper." to the recipient using AES Key Wrap for key encryption and AES GCM for content encryption. The representation of this plaintext is:

[76, 105, 118, 101, 32, 108, 111, 110, 103, 32, 97, 110, 100, 32, 112, 114, 111, 115, 112, 101, 114, 46]

A.3.1. JWE Header

The following example JWE Header declares that:

  {"alg":"A128KW","enc":"A128CBC-HS256"}

A.3.2. Encoded JWE Header

Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE Header yields this Encoded JWE Header value:

  eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0

A.3.3. Content Encryption Key (CEK)

Generate a 256 bit random Content Encryption Key (CEK). In this example, the value is:

[4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106, 206, 107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156, 44, 207]

A.3.4. Key Encryption

Encrypt the CEK with the shared symmetric key using the AES Key Wrap algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key. This example uses the symmetric key represented in JSON Web Key [JWK] format below:

  {"kty":"oct",
   "k":"GawgguFyGrWKav7AX4VKUg"
  }

The resulting JWE Encrypted Key value is:

[232, 160, 123, 211, 183, 76, 245, 132, 200, 128, 123, 75, 190, 216, 22, 67, 201, 138, 193, 186, 9, 91, 122, 31, 246, 90, 28, 139, 57, 3, 76, 124, 193, 11, 98, 37, 173, 61, 104, 57]

A.3.5. Encoded JWE Encrypted Key

Base64url encode the JWE Encrypted Key to produce the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key. This result is:

  6KB707dM9YTIgHtLvtgWQ8mKwboJW3of9locizkDTHzBC2IlrT1oOQ

A.3.6. Initialization Vector

Generate a random 128 bit JWE Initialization Vector. In this example, the value is:

[3, 22, 60, 12, 43, 67, 104, 105, 108, 108, 105, 99, 111, 116, 104, 101]

Base64url encoding this value yields this Encoded JWE Initialization Vector value:

  AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ

A.3.7. Additional Authenticated Data

Let the Additional Authenticated Data encryption parameter be the octets of the ASCII representation of the Encoded JWE Header value. This AAD value is:

[101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52, 83, 49, 99, 105, 76, 67, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52, 81, 48, 74, 68, 76, 85, 104, 84, 77, 106, 85, 50, 73, 110, 48]

A.3.8. Plaintext Encryption

Encrypt the Plaintext with AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 using the CEK as the encryption key, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the Additional Authenticated Data value above. The steps for doing this using the values from this example are detailed in Appendix B. The resulting Ciphertext is:

[40, 57, 83, 181, 119, 33, 133, 148, 198, 185, 243, 24, 152, 230, 6, 75, 129, 223, 127, 19, 210, 82, 183, 230, 168, 33, 215, 104, 143, 112, 56, 102]

The resulting Authentication Tag value is:

[83, 73, 191, 98, 104, 205, 211, 128, 201, 189, 199, 133, 32, 38, 194, 85]

A.3.9. Encoded JWE Ciphertext

Base64url encode the Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext. This result is:

  KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY

A.3.10. Encoded JWE Authentication Tag

Base64url encode the Authentication Tag to create the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag. This result is:

  U0m_YmjN04DJvceFICbCVQ

A.3.11. Complete Representation

Assemble the final representation: The Compact Serialization of this result is the concatenation of the Encoded JWE Header, the Encoded JWE Encrypted Key, the Encoded JWE Initialization Vector, the Encoded JWE Ciphertext, and the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag in that order, with the five strings being separated by four period ('.') characters.

The final result in this example (with line breaks for display purposes only) is:

  eyJhbGciOiJBMTI4S1ciLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0.
  6KB707dM9YTIgHtLvtgWQ8mKwboJW3of9locizkDTHzBC2IlrT1oOQ.
  AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ.
  KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY.
  U0m_YmjN04DJvceFICbCVQ

A.3.12. Validation

This example illustrates the process of creating a JWE with AES Key Wrap for key encryption and AES GCM for content encryption. These results can be used to validate JWE decryption implementations for these algorithms. Also, since both the AES Key Wrap and AES GCM computations are deterministic, the resulting JWE value will be the same for all encryptions performed using these inputs. Since the computation is reproducible, these results can also be used to validate JWE encryption implementations for these algorithms.

A.4. Example JWE Using JWE JSON Serialization

This section contains an example using the JWE JSON Serialization. This example demonstrates the capability for encrypting the same plaintext to multiple recipients.

Two recipients are present in this example. The algorithm and key used for the first recipient are the same as that used in Appendix A.2. The algorithm and key used for the second recipient are the same as that used in Appendix A.3. The resulting JWE Encrypted Key values are therefore the same; those computations are not repeated here.

The Plaintext, the Content Encryption Key (CEK), Initialization Vector, and JWE Protected Header are shared by all recipients (which must be the case, since the Ciphertext and Authentication Tag are also shared).

A.4.1. JWE Per-Recipient Unprotected Headers

The first recipient uses the RSAES-PKCS1-V1_5 algorithm to encrypt the Content Encryption Key (CEK). The second uses AES Key Wrap to encrypt the CEK. Key ID values are supplied for both keys. The two per-recipient header values used to represent these algorithms and Key IDs are:

  {"alg":"RSA1_5","kid":"2011-04-29"}

and:

  {"alg":"A128KW","kid":"7"}

A.4.2. JWE Protected Header

The Plaintext is encrypted using the AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 algorithm to produce the common JWE Ciphertext and JWE Authentication Tag values. The JWE Protected Header value representing this is:

  {"enc":"A128CBC-HS256"}

Base64url encoding the octets of the UTF-8 representation of the JWE Protected Header yields this Encoded JWE Protected Header value:

  eyJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0

A.4.3. JWE Unprotected Header

This JWE uses the jku header parameter to reference a JWK Set. This is represented in the following JWE Unprotected Header value as:

  {"jku":"https://server.example.com/keys.jwks"}

A.4.4. Complete JWE Header Values

Combining the per-recipient, protected, and unprotected header values supplied, the JWE Header values used for the first and second recipient respectively are:

  {"alg":"RSA1_5",
   "kid":"2011-04-29",
   "enc":"A128CBC-HS256",
   "jku":"https://server.example.com/keys.jwks"}

and:

  {"alg":"A128KW",
   "kid":"7",
   "enc":"A128CBC-HS256",
   "jku":"https://server.example.com/keys.jwks"}

A.4.5. Additional Authenticated Data

Let the Additional Authenticated Data encryption parameter be the octets of the ASCII representation of the Encoded JWE Protected Header value. This AAD value is:

[101, 121, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52, 81, 48, 74, 68, 76, 85, 104, 84, 77, 106, 85, 50, 73, 110, 48]

A.4.6. Plaintext Encryption

Encrypt the Plaintext with AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 using the CEK as the encryption key, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the Additional Authenticated Data value above. The steps for doing this using the values from Appendix A.3 are detailed in Appendix B. The resulting Ciphertext is:

[40, 57, 83, 181, 119, 33, 133, 148, 198, 185, 243, 24, 152, 230, 6, 75, 129, 223, 127, 19, 210, 82, 183, 230, 168, 33, 215, 104, 143, 112, 56, 102]

The resulting Authentication Tag value is:

[51, 63, 149, 60, 252, 148, 225, 25, 92, 185, 139, 245, 35, 2, 47, 207]

A.4.7. Encoded JWE Ciphertext

Base64url encode the Ciphertext to create the Encoded JWE Ciphertext. This result is:

  KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY

A.4.8. Encoded JWE Authentication Tag

Base64url encode the Authentication Tag to create the Encoded JWE Authentication Tag. This result is:

  Mz-VPPyU4RlcuYv1IwIvzw

A.4.9. Complete JWE JSON Serialization Representation

The complete JSON Web Encryption JSON Serialization for these values is as follows (with line breaks for display purposes only):

  {"protected":
    "eyJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2In0",
   "unprotected":
    {"jku":"https://server.example.com/keys.jwks"},
   "recipients":[
    {"header":
      {"alg":"RSA1_5"},
     "encrypted_key":
      "UGhIOguC7IuEvf_NPVaXsGMoLOmwvc1GyqlIKOK1nN94nHPoltGRhWhw7Zx0-
       kFm1NJn8LE9XShH59_i8J0PH5ZZyNfGy2xGdULU7sHNF6Gp2vPLgNZ__deLKx
       GHZ7PcHALUzoOegEI-8E66jX2E4zyJKx-YxzZIItRzC5hlRirb6Y5Cl_p-ko3
       YvkkysZIFNPccxRU7qve1WYPxqbb2Yw8kZqa2rMWI5ng8OtvzlV7elprCbuPh
       cCdZ6XDP0_F8rkXds2vE4X-ncOIM8hAYHHi29NX0mcKiRaD0-D-ljQTP-cFPg
       wCp6X-nZZd9OHBv-B3oWh2TbqmScqXMR4gp_A"},
    {"header":
      {"alg":"A128KW"},
     "encrypted_key":
      "6KB707dM9YTIgHtLvtgWQ8mKwboJW3of9locizkDTHzBC2IlrT1oOQ"}],
   "iv":
    "AxY8DCtDaGlsbGljb3RoZQ",
   "ciphertext":
    "KDlTtXchhZTGufMYmOYGS4HffxPSUrfmqCHXaI9wOGY",
   "tag":
    "Mz-VPPyU4RlcuYv1IwIvzw"
  }

Appendix B. Example AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 Computation

This example shows the steps in the AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 authenticated encryption computation using the values from the example in Appendix A.3. As described where this algorithm is defined in Sections 4.8 and 4.8.3 of JWA, the AES_CBC_HMAC_SHA2 family of algorithms are implemented using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode with PKCS #5 padding to perform the encryption and an HMAC SHA-2 function to perform the integrity calculation - in this case, HMAC SHA-256.

B.1. Extract MAC_KEY and ENC_KEY from Key

The 256 bit AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 key K used in this example is:

[4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106, 206, 107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156, 44, 207]

Use the first 128 bits of this key as the HMAC SHA-256 key MAC_KEY, which is:

[4, 211, 31, 197, 84, 157, 252, 254, 11, 100, 157, 250, 63, 170, 106, 206]

Use the last 128 bits of this key as the AES CBC key ENC_KEY, which is:

[107, 124, 212, 45, 111, 107, 9, 219, 200, 177, 0, 240, 143, 156, 44, 207]

Note that the MAC key comes before the encryption key in the input key K; this is in the opposite order of the algorithm names in the identifiers "AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256" and A128CBC-HS256.

B.2. Encrypt Plaintext to Create Ciphertext

Encrypt the Plaintext with AES in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode using PKCS #5 padding using the ENC_KEY above. The Plaintext in this example is:

[76, 105, 118, 101, 32, 108, 111, 110, 103, 32, 97, 110, 100, 32, 112, 114, 111, 115, 112, 101, 114, 46]

The encryption result is as follows, which is the Ciphertext output:

[40, 57, 83, 181, 119, 33, 133, 148, 198, 185, 243, 24, 152, 230, 6, 75, 129, 223, 127, 19, 210, 82, 183, 230, 168, 33, 215, 104, 143, 112, 56, 102]

B.3. 64 Bit Big Endian Representation of AAD Length

The Additional Authenticated Data (AAD) in this example is:

[101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52, 83, 49, 99, 105, 76, 67, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52, 81, 48, 74, 68, 76, 85, 104, 84, 77, 106, 85, 50, 73, 110, 48]

This AAD is 51 bytes long, which is 408 bits long. The octet string AL, which is the number of bits in AAD expressed as a big endian 64 bit unsigned integer is:

[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 152]

B.4. Initialization Vector Value

The Initialization Vector value used in this example is:

[3, 22, 60, 12, 43, 67, 104, 105, 108, 108, 105, 99, 111, 116, 104, 101]

B.5. Create Input to HMAC Computation

Concatenate the AAD, the Initialization Vector, the Ciphertext, and the AL value. The result of this concatenation is:

[101, 121, 74, 104, 98, 71, 99, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52, 83, 49, 99, 105, 76, 67, 74, 108, 98, 109, 77, 105, 79, 105, 74, 66, 77, 84, 73, 52, 81, 48, 74, 68, 76, 85, 104, 84, 77, 106, 85, 50, 73, 110, 48, 3, 22, 60, 12, 43, 67, 104, 105, 108, 108, 105, 99, 111, 116, 104, 101, 40, 57, 83, 181, 119, 33, 133, 148, 198, 185, 243, 24, 152, 230, 6, 75, 129, 223, 127, 19, 210, 82, 183, 230, 168, 33, 215, 104, 143, 112, 56, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 152]

B.6. Compute HMAC Value

Compute the HMAC SHA-256 of the concatenated value above. This result M is:

[83, 73, 191, 98, 104, 205, 211, 128, 201, 189, 199, 133, 32, 38, 194, 85, 9, 84, 229, 201, 219, 135, 44, 252, 145, 102, 179, 140, 105, 86, 229, 116]

B.7. Truncate HMAC Value to Create Authentication Tag

Use the first half (128 bits) of the HMAC output M as the Authentication Tag output T. This truncated value is:

[83, 73, 191, 98, 104, 205, 211, 128, 201, 189, 199, 133, 32, 38, 194, 85]

Appendix C. Acknowledgements

Solutions for encrypting JSON content were also explored by JSON Simple Encryption [JSE] and JavaScript Message Security Format [I-D.rescorla-jsms], both of which significantly influenced this draft. This draft attempts to explicitly reuse as many of the relevant concepts from XML Encryption 1.1 [W3C.CR-xmlenc-core1-20120313] and RFC 5652 [RFC5652] as possible, while utilizing simple, compact JSON-based data structures.

Special thanks are due to John Bradley and Nat Sakimura for the discussions that helped inform the content of this specification and to Eric Rescorla and Joe Hildebrand for allowing the reuse of text from [I-D.rescorla-jsms] in this document.

Thanks to Axel Nennker, Emmanuel Raviart, Brian Campbell, and Edmund Jay for validating the examples in this specification.

This specification is the work of the JOSE Working Group, which includes dozens of active and dedicated participants. In particular, the following individuals contributed ideas, feedback, and wording that influenced this specification:

Richard Barnes, John Bradley, Brian Campbell, Breno de Medeiros, Dick Hardt, Jeff Hodges, Edmund Jay, James Manger, Matt Miller, Tony Nadalin, Axel Nennker, Emmanuel Raviart, Nat Sakimura, Jim Schaad, Hannes Tschofenig, and Sean Turner.

Jim Schaad and Karen O'Donoghue chaired the JOSE working group and Sean Turner and Stephen Farrell served as Security area directors during the creation of this specification.

Appendix D. Document History

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Authors' Addresses

Michael B. Jones Microsoft EMail: mbj@microsoft.com URI: http://self-issued.info/
Eric Rescorla RTFM, Inc. EMail: ekr@rtfm.com
Joe Hildebrand Cisco Systems, Inc. EMail: jhildebr@cisco.com