Internet Engineering Task Force Ken Carlberg INTERNET DRAFT G11 Dec 13, 2005 A Framework for Supporting Emergency Telecommunications Services (ETS) Within a Single Administrative Domain Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). Abstract This document presents a framework discussing the role of various protocols and mechanisms that could be considered candidates for supporting Emergency Telecommunication Services (ETS) within a single administrative domain. Comments about their potential usage as well as their current deployment are provided to the reader. Specific solutions are not presented. Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 1] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 1. Introduction This document presents a framework for supporting Emergency Telecom- munications Services (ETS) within the scope of a single administra- tive domain. This narrow scope provides a reference point for con- sidering protocols that could be deployed to support ETS. [REQ] is a complimentary effort that articulates requirements for a single administrative domain and defines is as "collection of resources under the control of a single administrative authority". We use this other effort as both a starting point and guide for this document. A different example of a framework document for ETS is [rfc4190], which focused on support for ETS within IP telephony. In this case, the focal point was a particular application whose flows could span multiple autonomous domains. Even though this document uses a some- what more constrained perspective than [rfc4190], we can still expect some measure of overlap in the areas that are discussed. 1.1. Differences between Single and Inter-domain The progression of our work in the following sections is helped by stating some key differences between the single and inter-domain cases. From a general perspective, one can start by observing the following: a) Congruent with physical topology of resources, each domain is an authority zone and there is currently no scalable way to transfer authority between zones. b) Each authority zone is under separate management c) Authority zones are run by competitors, which acts as further deterrent to transferring authority. As a result of the initial statements in (a) through (c) above, addi- tional observations can be made that distinguish the single and inter-domain case, as stated in the following" d) Different policies might be implemented in different administrative domains. e) There is an absence of any practical method for ingress nodes of a transit domain to authenticate all of the IP network layer packets that have labels indicating a preference or importance. f) Given item (d) above, all current inter-domain QoS mechanisms at the network level generally create easily exploited and significantly painful DoS/DDoS attack vectors on the network. Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 2] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 g) A single administrative domain can deploy various mechanisms (e.g. Access Control Lists) into each and every edge device (e.g. ethernet switch or router) to ensure that only authorized end-users (or layer 2 interfaces) are able to emit frames/packets with non-default QoS labels into the network. This is not feasible in the inter-domain case because the inter-domain link contains aggregated flows. In addition, the dissemination of Access Control Lists at the network level is not scalable in the inter-domain case. h) A single domain can deploy mechanisms into the edge devices to enforce its domain-wide policies -- without having to trust any 3rd party to configure things correctly. This is not possible in the inter-domain case. While the above is not an all-inclusive set of differences, it does provide some rationale why one may wish to focus efforts in the more constrained scenario of a single administrative domain. 2. Common Practice: Provisioning The IEPREP working group, and mailing list, has had extensive discus- sions about over-provisioning. Many of these exchanges have debated the need for QoS mechanisms versus over-provisioning of links. In reality, most IP network links are provisioned with a percentage of excess capacity beyond that of the average load. The 'shared' resource model together with TCP's congestion avoidance algorithms helps compensate for those cases where spikes or bursts of traffic are experienced by the network. The thrust of the debate within the IEPREP working group is whether it is always better to over provision links to such a degree that spikes in load can still be supported with no loss due to congestion. Advocates of this position point to many ISPs in the U.S. that take this approach instead of using QoS mechanisms to honor agreements with their peers or customers. These advocates point to cost effec- tiveness in comparison to complexity and security issues associated with other approaches. Proponents of QoS mechanisms argue that the relatively low cost of bandwidth enjoyed in the US (particularly, by large ISPs) is not necessarily available throughout the world. Beyond cost the subject of cost, some domains are comprised of physical networks that support wide disparity in bandwidth capacity -- e.g., attachment points con- nected to high capacity fiber and lower capacity wireless links. Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 3] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 This document does not advocate one of these positions over the other. The author does advocate that network administrators/operators should perform a cost analysis between over provisioning for spikes versus QoS mechanisms as applied within a domain and its access link to another domain (e.g., a customer and its ISP). This analysis, in addition to examining policies and requirements of the administrative domain, should be the key to deciding how (or if) ETS should be supported within the domain. If the decision is to rely on over provisioning, then some of the following sections will have little to no bearing on how ETS is sup- ported within a domain. The exception would be labeling mechanisms used to convey information to other communication architectures (e.g., SIP-to-SS7/ISUP gateways). 3. Objective The primary objective is to provide a target measure of service within a domain for flows that have been labeled for ETS. This level may be better than best effort, the best available service that the network (or parts thereof) can offer, or a specific percentage of resource set aside for ETS. [REQ] presents a set of requirements in trying to achieve this objective. This framework document uses [REQ] as a reference point in discussing existing areas of engineering work or protocols that can play a role in supporting ETS within a domain. Discussion of these areas and protocols are not to be confused with expectations that they exist within a given domain. Rather, the subjects discussed in Section 4 below are ones that are recognized as candidates that can exist and could be used to facilitate ETS users or data flows. 3.1. Scenarios One of the topics of discussion that arises on the IEPREP mailing list, and the working group meetings, is the operating environment of the ETS user. Many variations can be dreamed of with respect to underlying network technologies and applications. Instead of getting lost in hundreds of potential scenarios, we attempt to abstract the limit the scenarios into two simple case examples. (a) A user in their home network attempts to use or leverage any ETS capability within the domain. (b) A user visits a foreign network and attempts to use or Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 4] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 leverage any ETS capability within the domain. We borrow the terms "home" and "foreign" network from that used in Mobile IP [rfc3344]. Case (a) is considered the normal and vastly most prevalent scenario in today's Internet. Case (b) above may sim- ply be supported by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) [rfc2131], or a static set of addresses, that are assigned to 'visi- tors' of the network. This effort is predominantly operational in nature and heavily reliant on the management and security policies of that network. A more ambitious way of supporting the mobile user is through the use of the Mobile IP (MIP) protocol. In this case and at the IP level, foreign networks introduce the concept of triangle routing and the potential for multiple access points and service context within a subnetwork. In addition, policy plays a critical role in dictating the measure of available services to the mobile user. The beaconing capability of MIP allows it to offer a measure of application transparent mobility as a mobile host (MH) moves from one subnetwork to another. However, this feature may not be available in most domains. In addition, its management requirements may discourage its widespread deployment and use. Hence, users should probably not rely on its existence, but rather may want to expect a more simpler approach based on DHCP as described above. The subject of mobile IP is discussed below in Section 4. 4. Topic Areas The topic areas presented below are not presented in any particular order or along any specific layering model. They represent capabili- ties that may be found within an administrative domain. Many are topics of on-going work within the IETF. It must be stressed that readers of this document should not expect any of the following to exist within a domain for ETS users. In many cases, while some of the following areas have been standardized and in wide use for several years, others have seen very limited deploy- ment. 4.1. MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is generally the first protocol that comes to mind when the subject of traffic engineering is brought up. MPLS signaling produces Labeled Switched Paths (LSP) through a network of Label Switch Routers [rfc3031]. When traffic reaches the Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 5] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 ingress boundary of an MPLS domain (which may or may not be congruent with an administrative domain), the packets are classified, labeled, scheduled, and forwarded along an LSP. [rfc3270] is a Request For Comment (RFC) describing how MPLS can be used to support Differentiated Services. The RFC discusses the use of the 3 bit EXP (experimental) field to convey the Per Hop Behavior (PHB) to be applied to the packet. As we shall see in later subsec- tions, this three bit field can be mapped to fields in several other proto- cols. The inherent feature of classification, scheduling, and labeling are viewed as symbiotic and therefore many times it is integrated with other protocols and architectures. Examples of this include RSVP and Differentiated Services. Below, we discuss several instances where a given protocol specification or mechanism has been known to be com- plimented with MPLS. This includes the potential labels that may be associated with ETS. However, we stress that MPLS is only one of several approaches to support traffic engineering. In addition, the complexity of the MPLS protocol and architecture may make it suited for only large domains. 4.2. RSVP The original design of RSVP, together with the Integrated Services model, was one of an end-to-end signaling capability to set up a path of reserved resources that spanned networks and administrative domains [rfc2205]. Currently, RSVP has not been widely deployed by network administrators for QoS across domains. Today's limited deployment by network administrators so far has been mostly con- strained to boundaries within a domain, and commonly in conjunction with MPLS signaling. Early deployments of RSVP ran into unantici- pated scaling issues; it is not entirely clear how scalable an RSVP approach would be across the Internet. [rfc3209] is one example of how RSVP has evolved to compliment efforts that are scoped to operate within a domain. In this case, extensions to RSVP are defined that allow it to establish intra- domain Labeled Switched Paths (LSP) in Multi-Protocol Labeled Switch- ing (MPLS). [rfc2750] specifies extensions to RSVP so that it can support generic policy based admission control. This standard goes beyond the sup- port of the POLICY_DATA object stipulated in [rfc3209], by defining the means of control and enforcement of access and usage policies. While the standard does not advocate a particular policy architec- ture, the IETF has defined one that can compliment [rfc2750] -- we Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 6] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 expand on this in subsection 4.3 below. 4.2.1. Relation to ETS The ability to reserve resources correlates to an ability to provide preferential service for specifically classified traffic -- the clas- sification being a tuple of 1 or more fields which may or may not include an ETS specific label. In cases where a tuple includes a label that has been defined for ETS usage, the reservation helps ensure that an emergency related flow will be forwarded towards its destination. Within the scope of this document, this means that RSVP would be used to facilitate the forwarding of traffic within a domain. We note that this places an importance on defining a label and an associated field that can be set and/or examined by RSVP capable nodes. Another important observation is that major vendor routers currently constrain their examination of fields for classification to the net- work and transport layers. This means that application layer labels will mostly likely be ignored by routers/switches. 4.3. Policy The Common Open Policy Service (COPS) protocol [rfc2748] was defined to provide policy control over QoS signaling protocols, such as RSVP. COPS is based on a query/response model in which Policy Enforcement Points (PEPs) interact with Policy Decision Points (i.e., policy servers) to exchange policy information. COPs provides application level security and can operate over IPSEC or TLS. COPS is also stateful protocol that also supports a push model. This means that servers can download new policies, or alter existing ones to known clients. [rfc2749] articulates the usage of COPS with RSVP. This document specifies COPS client types, context objects, and decision objects. Thus, when an RSVP reservation is received by a PEP, the PEP decides whether to accept or reject it based on policy. This policy informa- tion can be stored a priori to the reception of the RSVP PATH mes- sage, or it can be retrieved in an on-demand basis. A similar course of action could be applied in cases where ETS labeled control flows are received by the PEP. This of course would require an associated (and new) set of documents that first articulates types of ETS sig- naling and then specifies its usage with COPS. Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 7] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 A complimentary document to the COPS protocols is [rfc3084], which describes the use of COPS for policy provisioning. As a side note, the current lack in deployment by network administra- tors of RSVP has also played at least an indirect role in the subse- quent lack of implementation & deployment of COPS. [rfc3535] is an output from the IAB Network Management Workshop in which the topic of COPS and its current state of deployment was discussed. At the time of that workshop in 2002, COPS was considered a technology/architecture that did not fully meet the needs of network operators. It should also be noted that at the 60'th IETF meeting held in San Diego in 2004, COPS was discussed as a candidate protocol that should be declared as historic because of its lack of use and concerns about its design. In the future, an altered design of COPS may emerge that addresses the concern of operators, but speculation of that or other possibilities is beyond the scope of this document. 4.4. Subnetwork Technologies This is a generalization of work that is considered "under" IP and for the most part outside of the IETF standards body. We discuss some specific topics here because there is a relationship between them and IP in the sense that each physical network interacts at its edge with IP. 4.4.1. 802.1 The IEEE 802.1q standard defined a tag appended to a Media Access Controller (MAC) frame for support of layer 2 Virtual Local Area Net- works (VLAN). This tag has two parts: a VLAN identifier (12 bits) and a Prioritization field of three bits. A subsequent standard, IEEE 802.1p, later incorporated into a revision of IEEE 802.1d, defined the Prioritization field of this new tag [iso15802]. It con- sists of eight levels of priority, with the highest priority being a value of 7. Vendors may choose a queue per priority codepoint, or aggregate several codepoints to a single queue. The three bit Prioritization field can be easily mapped to the old ToS field of the upper layer IP header. In turn, these bits can also be mapped to a subset of differentiated code points. Bits in the IP header that could be used to support ETS (e.g., specific Diff-Serv code points) can in turn be mapped to the Prioritization bits of 802.1p. This mapping could be accomplished in a one-to-one manner between the 802.1p field and the IP ToS bits, or in an aggregate manner if one considers the entire Diff-Serv field in the IP header. In either case, because of the scarcity of bits, ETS users should Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 8] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 expect that their traffic will be combined or aggregated with the same level of priority as some other types of "important" traffic. In other words, given the existing 3 bit Priority Field for 802.1p, there will not be an exclusive bit value reserved for ETS traffic. Certain vendors are currently providing mappings between 802.1p field and the ToS bits. This is in addition to integrating the signaling of RSVP with the low level inband signaling offered in the Priority field of 802.1p. It is important to note that the 802.1p standard does not specify the correlation of a layer 2 codepoint to a physical network bandwidth reservation. Instead, this standard provides what has been termed as "best effort QoS". The value of the 802.1p Priority code points is realized at the edges: either as the MAC payload is passed to upper layers (like IP), or bridged to other physical networks like Frame Relay. Either of these actions help provide an intra-domain wide propagation of a labeled flow for both layer 2 and layer 3 flows. 4.4.2. 802.11e The 802.11e standard is a proposed enhancement that specifies mechan- isms to provide QoS to the 802.11 family of protocols for wireless LANs. Previously, 802.11 had two modes of operation. One was Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) , which is based on the classic collision detection schema of "listen before sending". A second optional mode is the Point Coordination Function (DCF). The modes splits access time into contention-free and contention-active periods -- transmit- ting data during the former. The 802.11e standard enhances DCF by adding support for eight dif- ferent traffic categories or classifications. Each higher category waits a little less time than the next lower one before it sends its data. In the case of PCF, a Hybrid Coordination Function has been added that polls stations during contention-free time slots and grants them a specific start time and maximum duration for transmission. This second mode is more complex than enhanced DCF, but the QoS can be more finely tuned to offer specific bandwidth control and jitter. It must be noted that neither enhancement offers a guarantee of service. Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 9] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 4.4.3. Cable Networks The Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) is a standard used to facilitate the communication and interaction of the cable subnetwork with upper layer IP networks [docsis]. Cable sub- networks tend to be asynchronous in terms of data load capacity: typically, 27M downstream, and anywhere from 320kb to 10M upstream (i.e., in the direction of the user towards the Internet). The evolution of the DOCSIS specification, from 1.0 to 1.1, brought about changes to support a service other than best effort. One of the changes was indirectly added when the 802.1D protocol added the Priority field, which was incorporated within the DOCSIS 1.1 specifi- cation. Another change was the ability to perform packet fragmenta- tion of large packets so that Priority marked packets (i.e., packets marked with non-best effort labels) can be multiplexed in between the fragmented larger packet. Its important to note that the DOCSIS specifications do not specify how vendors implement classification, policing, and scheduling of traffic. Hence, operators must rely on mechanisms in Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTS) and edge routers to leverage indirectly or directly the added specifications of DOCSIS 1.1. As in the case of 802.1p, ETS labeled traffic would most likely be aggregated with other types of traffic, which implies that an exclusive bit (or set of bits) will not be reserved for ETS users. Policies and other managed configurations will determine the form of the service experi- enced by ETS labeled traffic. Traffic engineering and management of ETS labeled flows, including its classification and scheduling at the edges of the DOCSIS cloud, could be accomplished in several ways. A simple schema could be based on non-FIFO queuing mechanisms like class based queuing, weighted fair queuing (or combinations and derivations thereof). The addition of active queue management like Random Early Detection could provide simple mechanisms for dealing with bursty traffic contribut- ing to congestion. A more elaborate scheme for traffic engineering would include the use of MPLS. However, the complexity of MPLS should be taken into consideration before its deployment in networks. 4.5. Multicast Network layer multicast has existed for quite a few years. Efforts such as the Mbone have provided a form of tunneled multicast that spans domains, but the routing hierarchy of the Mbone can be con- sidered flat and non-congruent with unicast routing. Efforts like the Multicast Source Discovery Protocol [rfc3618] together with the Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 10] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) have been used by a small subset of Internet Service Providers to provide form of inter-domain multicast [rfc2362]. However, network layer multicast has for the most part not been accepted as a common production level service by a vast majority of ISPs. In contrast, intra-domain multicast in domains has gained more accep- tance as an additional network service. Multicast can produce denial of service attacks using the any sender model, with the problem made more acute with flood & prune algorithms. Source specific multicast [ssm], together with access control lists of who is allowed to be a sender, reduces the potential and scope of such attacks. 4.5.1. IP Layer The value of IP multicast is its efficient use of resources in send- ing the same datagram to multiple receivers. An extensive discussion on the strengths and concerns about multicast is outside the scope of this document. However, one can argue that multicast can very natur- ally compliment the push-to-talk feature of land mobile radio net- works (LMR). Push-to-talk is a form of group communication where every user in the "talk group" can participate in the same conversation. LMR is the type of network used by First Responders (e.g., police, fireman, and medical personnel) that are involved in emergencies. Currently, cer- tain vendors and providers are offering push-to-talk service to the general public in addition to First Responders. Some of these sys- tems are operated over IP networks, or are interfaced with IP net- works to extend the set of users that can communicate with each other. We can consider at least a subset of these systems as either closed IP networks, or domains, since they do not act as transits to other parts of the Internet. The potential integration of LMR talk groups with IP multicast is an open issue. LMR talk groups are established in a static manner with man-in-the-loop participation in their establishment and teardown. The seamless integration of these talk groups with multicast group addresses is a feature that has not been discussed in open forums. 4.5.2. 802.1d The IEEE 802.1d standard specifies fields and capabilities for a number of features. In subsection 4.3.2 above, we discussed its use for defining a Prioritization field. The 802.1d standard also covers the topic of filtering MAC layer multicast frames. Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 11] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 One of the concerns about multicast are broadcast storms that can arise and generate a denial of service against other users/nodes. Some administrators purposely filter out multicast frames in cases where the subnetwork resource is relatively small (e.g., 802.11 net- works). Operational considerations with respect to ETS may wish to consider doing this in an as-needed basis based on the conditions of the network against the perceived need for multicast. In cases where filtering out multicast can be activated dynamically, COPS may be a good means of providing consistent domain-wide policy control. 4.6. Discovery If a service is being offered to explicitly support ETS, then it would seem reasonable that discovery of the service may be of bene- fit. For example, if a domain has a subset of servers that recognize ETS labeled traffic, then dynamic discovery of where these servers are (or even if they exist) would be more beneficial compared to relying on statically configured information. The Service Location Protocol (SLP) [rfc2608] is designed to provide information about the existence, location, and configuration of networked services. In many cases, the name of the host supporting the desired service is needed to be known a priori in order for users to access it. SLP eliminates this requirement by using a descriptive model that identifies the service. Based on this description, SLP then resolves the network address of the service and returns this information to the requester. An interesting design element of SLP is that it assumes that the protocol is run over a collection of nodes that are under the control of a single administrative author- ity. This model follows the scope of this framework document. How- ever, the scope of SLP may be better suited for parts of an enter- prise network versus an entire domain. Anycasting [rfc1546] is another means of discovering nodes that sup- port a given service. Interdomain anycast addresses, propagated by BGP, have been used by multiple root servers for a while. [rfc3513] covers the topic of anycast addresses for IPv6. Unlike SLP, users/applications must know the anycast address associated with the target service. In addition, responses to multiple requests to the anycast address may come from different servers. Hence, applicabil- ity of anycast may be narrow in scope. Detailed tradeoffs between this approach and SLP is outside the scope of this framework docu- ment. Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 12] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 4.7. Mobility The mobile user extends the scenario of how an ETS user operates within a domain. While the ownership of the mobile host may be dif- ferent from other nodes in the same domain, the management of that node in terms of policies and administration is still defined by the foreign network (i.e., domain) that it is attached to. 4.7.1. Mobile IP Currently within the IETF, the subject of mobility is addressed in several ways. The oldest and most mature area involves mobile hosts and its support based on the Mobile IP protocol [rfc3344]. In this case, mobility is kept transparent from the upper layers and its sup- port is focused at the network layer. The Mobile IP protocol (MIP) and architecture addresses the fundamen- tal characteristics of a ETS user migrating to a foreign network and attempting to contact other users. One can also make an argument that the perceived needs of an ETS user, e.g., labeling traffic to distinguish it from other flows can also be achieved independent of the MIP. A potential exception to this position is the "busy" bit that can be set during the initial registration of the Mobile Host (MH) to the Foreign Network. If the bit is tied to a maximum number of simultaneous number of MHs, then it may be of interest to specify an extension that distinguishes an ETS capable MH from other MHs. Local policy would determine the course of action to be taken. 4.7.2. Other Areas of Mobility As of the publication of this document, there are other working groups within the IETF that are involved in mobility. The Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking (MANET) working group has focused on the case in which all nodes, routers and hosts, can move in relation to each other. The output of this group has been in the form of experimental protocols [rfc3561][rfc3626], and so the subject area at the writing of this document may be considered too immature in considering how it and the various protocols can play a role in supporting ETS. How- ever, a new non-experimental set of MANET routing protocols are being defined by the MANET working group, which may hold greater promise and consideration in support of ETS. The Network Mobile (NEMO) working group has just recently been formed to address the issues that arise when entire networks move in rela- tion to each other. A baseline protocol that specifies extensions to IPv6 mobility support has been defined in [rfc3963], but much work Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 13] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 still needs to be done. And so we consider the NEMO effort at the time of this writing to be considered too immature for supporting ETS. 4.7.3. AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) is an important subject for mobility since users may access resources from other domains outside of their own zone of authority. [rfc2977] presents a set of requirements for AAA and the MIP. When we add the caveat of the ETS user, we add an additional level of filtering specific sets of users, which makes the problem of AAA more difficult to support. In the case of NEMO, SEAMOBY, AAA remains an open issue to be solved. There are some deployed MANET protocols that have rudimentary AAA support, but the support is unique to that implementation and not based on an IETF standard -- which is reasonable since current MANET protocols are experimental. 4.8. Differentiated Services (Diff-Serv) There are a number of examples where Diff-Serv [rfc2274] has been deployed strictly within a domain, with no extension of service to neighboring domains. Various reasons exist for Diff-Serv not being widely deployed in an inter-domain context, including ones rooted in the complexity and problems in supporting the security requirements for Diff-Serv code points. An extensive discussion on Diff-Serv deployment is outside the scope of this document. [Baker] presents common examples of various codepoints used for well known applications. The document does not recommend these associa- tions as being standard or fixed. Rather, the examples in [Baker] provide a reference point for known deployments that can act as a guide for other network administrators. An arguement can be made that Diff-Serv, with its existing code point specifications of Assured Forwarding (AF) and Expedited Forwarding (EF), goes beyond what could be needed to support ETS within a domain. By this we mean that the complexity in terms of maintenance and support of AF or EF may exceed or cause undue burden on the management resources of a domain. Given this possibility, users or network administrators may wish to determine if various queuing mechanisms, like class based weighted fair queuing, is sufficient to support ETS flows through a domain. Note, as we stated earlier in section 2, over provisioning is another option to consider. We assume that if the reader is considering something like Diff-Serv, Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 14] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 then it has been determined that over provisioning is not a viable option given their individual needs or capabilities. 5. Security Considerations Services used to offer better or best available service for a partic- ular set of users (in the case of this document, ETS users) are prime targets for security attacks, or simple misuse. Hence, administra- tors that choose to incorporate additional protocols/services to sup- port ETS are strongly encouraged to consider new policies to address the added potential of security attacks. These policies, and any additional security measures, should be considered independent of any mechanisms or equipment that restricts access to the administrative domain. 6. Summary Comments This document has presented a number of protocols and complimentary technologies that can be used to support ETS users. Their selection is dictated by the fact that all or significant portions of the pro- tocols can be operated and controlled within a single administrative domain. It is this reason why other protocols like those under current development in the Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS) working group have not be discussed. By listing a variety of efforts in this document, we avoid taking on the role of "king maker" and at the same time indirectly point out that a variety of solutions exist in support of ETS. These solutions may involve QoS, traffic engineering, or simply portection against detrimental conditions (e.g., spikes in traffic load). Again, the choice is up to the reader. 7. Acknowledgements Thanks to Ran Atkinson, Scott Bradner, Jon Peterson, and Kimberly King for comments and suggestions on this draft. 8. IANA Considerations This document has no considerations for IANA Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 15] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 9. References 9.1. Normative Reference [REQ] Carlberg, K., "Requirements for Supporting Emergency Telecommunications Services in Single Domains", Internet Draft, draft-ietf-ieprep-domain-req-06.txt, Work In Progress, Nov 2005 9.2. Informative References [rfc4190] Carlberg, K,. et. al, "Framework for Supporting ETS in IP Telephony", RFC 4190, IETF, November 2005. [rfc3344] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4", RFC 3344, August 2002 [rfc2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 2131, March 1997 [rfc3031] Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture", RFC 3031, January 2001. [rfc3270] Le Faucheur, F., et al, "MPLS Support of Differentiated Services", RFC 3270, May 2002 [rfc2205] Braden, R., et al, "Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Version 1 Functional Specification", RFC 2205, Sept 1997 [rfc3209] Awduche, D., "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", RFC 3209, December 2001 [rfc2750] Herzog, S., "RSVP Extensions for Policy Control", RFC 2750, January 2000 [rfc2748] Durham, D., et al, "The COPS (Common Open Policy Service) Protocol", RFC 2748, January 2000. [rfc2749] Herzog, S., et al, "COPS Usage for RSVP", RFC 2749, January 2000 [rfc3084] Chan, K., et al, "COPS Usage for Policy Provisioning (COPS-PR)", RFC 3084, March 2001 [rfc3535] Schoenwaelder, J., "Overview of the 2002 IAB Network Management Workshop", RFC 3535, May 2003 Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 16] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 [iso15802] "Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Common specifications - Part 3: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges: Revision. This is a revision of ISO/IEC 10038: 1993, 802.1j-1992 and 802.6k-1992. It incorporates P802.11c, P802.1p and P802.12e." ISO/IEC 15802-3:1998" [docsis] "Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications: Cable Modem to Customer Premise Equipment Interface Specification SP-CMCI-I07-020301", DOCSIS, March 2002, http://www.cablemodem.com. [rfc3618] Meyer, D., Fenner, B., "Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)", RFC 3618, October 2003 [rfc2362] Estrin, D., et al, "Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification", RFC 2362, June 1998 [rfc2608] Guttman, C., et al, "Service Location Protocol, Version 2", RFC 2608, June 1999. [rfc1546] Partridge, C., et al, "Host Anycasting Service", RFC 1546, November 1993 [rfc3513] Hinden, R., Deering, S., "Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture", RFC 3513, April 2003 [rfc2474] Nichols, K., et al, "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474, December 1998. [baker] Baker, F., et. al., "Configuration Guidelines for DiffServ Service Classes", Internet Draft, draft-baker-diffserv-basic-classes-03.txt, Work In Progress, Feb 2004 [ssm] Holbrook, H., B. Cain, "Source-Specific Multicast for IP", draft-ietf-ssm-arch--06.txt, Internet Draft, Work in Progress, Sept 2004 Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 17] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................... 2 1.1 Differences between Single and Inter-domain .................. 2 2. Common Practice: Provisioning .................................. 3 3. Objective ...................................................... 4 3.1 Scenarios ..................................................... 4 4. Topic Areas .................................................... 5 4.1 MPLS .......................................................... 5 4.2 RSVP .......................................................... 6 4.2.1 Relation to ETS ............................................. 7 4.3 Policy ........................................................ 7 4.4 Subnetwork Technologies ....................................... 8 4.4.1 802.1 ...................................................... 8 4.4.2 802.11e .................................................... 9 4.4.3 Cable Networks ............................................. 10 4.5 Multicast ..................................................... 10 4.5.1 IP Layer ................................................... 11 4.5.2 802.1d ..................................................... 11 4.6 Discovery ..................................................... 12 4.7 Mobility ...................................................... 13 4.7.1 Mobile IP ................................................... 13 4.7.2 Other Areas of Mobility ..................................... 13 4.7.3 AAA ......................................................... 14 4.8 Differentiated Services (Diff-Serv) ........................... 14 5. Security Considerations ....................................... 15 6. Summary Comments .............................................. 15 7. Acknowledgements ............................................... 15 8. IANA Considerations ............................................ 15 9. References ..................................................... 16 9.1 Normative Reference ........................................... 16 9.2 Informative References ........................................ 16 10. Author's Address Ken Carlberg G11 123a Versailles Circle Baltimore, MD USA carlberg@g11.org.uk Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 18] Internet Draft ETS Single Domain Framework Dec 13, 2005 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. 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Disclaimer of Validity This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFOR- MATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Carlberg Expires Jun 13, 2006 [Page 19]