Internet-Draft Structured DNS Error April 2023
Wing, et al. Expires 31 October 2023 [Page]
Workgroup:
DNS Operations Working Group
Internet-Draft:
draft-ietf-dnsop-structured-dns-error-02
Updates:
8914 (if approved)
Published:
Intended Status:
Standards Track
Expires:
Authors:
D. Wing
Citrix
T. Reddy
Nokia
N. Cook
Open-Xchange
M. Boucadair
Orange

Structured Error Data for Filtered DNS

Abstract

DNS filtering is widely deployed for various reasons, including network security. However, filtered DNS responses lack information for end users to understand the reason for the filtering. Existing mechanisms to provide explanatory details to end users cause harm especially if the blocked DNS response is to an HTTPS server.

This document updates RFC 8914 by structuring the EXTRA-TEXT field of the Extended DNS Error to provide details on the DNS filtering. Such details can be parsed by the client and displayed, logged, or used for other purposes. Other than that, this document does not change any thing written in RFC 8914.

About This Document

This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://ietf-wg-dnsop.github.io/draft-ietf-dnsop-structured-dns-error/draft-ietf-dnsop-structured-dns-error.html. Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-dnsop-structured-dns-error/.

Discussion of this document takes place on the dnsop Working Group mailing list (mailto:dnsop@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/dnsop/. Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/dnsop/.

Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/ietf-wg-dnsop/draft-ietf-dnsop-structured-dns-error.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on 31 October 2023.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

DNS filters are deployed for a variety of reasons, e.g., endpoint security, parental filtering, and filtering required by law enforcement. Network-based security solutions such as firewalls and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) rely upon network traffic inspection to implement perimeter-based security policies and operate by filtering DNS responses. In a home network, DNS filtering is used for the same reasons as above and additionally for parental control. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) typically block access to some DNS domains due to a requirement imposed by an external entity (e.g., law enforcement agency) also performed using DNS-based content filtering.

Users of DNS services that perform filtering may wish to receive more explanatory information about such a filtering to resolve problems with the filter -- for example to contact the administrator to allowlist a DNS domain that was erroneously filtered or to understand the reason a particular domain was filtered. With that information, a user can choose another network, open a trouble ticket with the DNS administrator to resolve erroneous filtering, log the information, or other uses.

For the DNS filtering mechanisms described in Section 3 the DNS server can return extended error codes Blocked, Filtered, or Forged Answer defined in Section 4 of [RFC8914]. However, these codes only explain that filtering occurred but lack detail for the user to diagnose erroneous filterings.

No matter which type of response is generated (forged IP address(es), NXDOMAIN or empty answer, even with an extended error code), the user who triggered the DNS query has little chance to understand which entity filtered the query, how to report a mistake in the filter, or why the entity filtered it at all. This document describes a mechanism to provide such detail.

One of the other benefits of the approach described in this document is to eliminate the need to "spoof" block pages for HTTPS resources. This is achieved since clients implementing this approach would be able to display a meaningful error message, and would not need to connect to such a block page. This approach thus avoids the need to install a local root certificate authority on those IT-managed devices.

This document describes a format for computer-parsable data in the EXTRA-TEXT field of [RFC8914]. It updates Section 2 of [RFC8914] which says the information in EXTRA-TEXT field is intended for human consumption (not automated parsing).

This document does not recommend DNS filtering but provides a mechanism for better transparency to explain to the users why some DNS queries are filtered.

2. Conventions and Definitions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

This document uses terms defined in DNS Terminology [RFC8499].

"Requestor" refers to the side that sends a request. "Responder" refers to an authoritative, recursive resolver or other DNS component that responds to questions.

"Encrypted DNS" refers to any encrypted scheme to convey DNS messages, for example, DNS-over-HTTPS [RFC8484], DNS-over-TLS [RFC7858], or DNS-over-QUIC [RFC9250].

The document refers to an extended DNS error using its purpose, not its INFO-CODE as per Table 3 of [RFC8914]. "Forged Answer", "Blocked", and "Filtered" are thus used to refer to "Forged Answer (4)", "Blocked (15)", and "Filtered (17)".

3. DNS Filtering Techniques and Their Limitations

Today, DNS responses can be filtered by sending a bogus (also called "forged") A or AAAA response, NXDOMAIN error or empty answer, or an extended DNS error (EDE) code defined in [RFC8914]. Each of these methods have advantages and disadvantages that are discussed below:

  1. The DNS response is forged to provide a list of IP addresses that points to an HTTP(S) server alerting the end user about the reason for blocking access to the requested domain (e.g., malware). When an HTTP(S) enabled domain name is blocked, the network security device (e.g., CPE, firewall) presents a block page instead of the HTTP response from the content provider hosting that domain. If an HTTP enabled domain name is blocked, the network security device intercepts the HTTP request and returns a block page over HTTP. If an HTTPS enabled domain is blocked, the block page is also served over HTTPS. In order to return a block page over HTTPS, man in the middle (MITM) is enabled on endpoints by generating a local root certificate and an accompanying (local) public/private key pair. The local root certificate is installed on the endpoint while the network security device(s) stores a copy of the private key. During the TLS handshake, the network security device modifies the certificate provided by the server and (re)signs it using the private key from the local root certificate.

    • However, configuring the local root certificate on endpoints is not a viable option in several deployments like home networks, schools, Small Office/Home Office (SOHO), or Small/ Medium Enterprise (SME). In these cases, the typical behavior is that the filtered DNS response points to a server that will display the block page. If the client is using HTTPS (via a web browser or another application) this results in a certificate validation error which gives no information to the end-user about the reason for the DNS filtering.
    • Enterprise networks do not assume that all the connected devices are managed by the IT team or Mobile Device Management (MDM) devices, especially in the quite common Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) scenario. In addition, the local root certificate cannot be installed on IoT devices without a device management tool.
    • An end user does not know why the connection was prevented and, consequently, may repeatedly try to reach the domain but with no success. Frustrated, the end user may switch to an alternate network that offers no DNS filtering against malware and phishing, potentially compromising both security and privacy. Furthermore, certificate errors train users to click through certificate errors, which is a bad security practice. To eliminate the need for an end user to click through certificate errors, an end user may manually install a local root certificate on a host device. Doing so, however, is also a bad security practice as it creates a security vulnerability that may be exploited by a MITM attack. When a manually installed local root certificate expires, the user has to (again) manually install the new local root certificate.
  2. The DNS response is forged to provide a NXDOMAIN response to cause the DNS lookup to terminate in failure. In this case, an end user does not know why the domain cannot be reached and may repeatedly try to reach the domain but with no success. Frustrated, the end user may use insecure connections to reach the domain, potentially compromising both security and privacy.
  3. The extended error codes Blocked and Filtered defined in Section 4 of [RFC8914] can be returned by a DNS server to provide additional information about the cause of an DNS error.
  4. These extended error codes do not suffer from the limitations discussed in bullets (1) and (2), but the user still does not know the exact reason nor he/she is aware of the exact entity blocking the access to the domain. For example, a DNS server may block access to a domain based on the content category such as "Malware" to protect the endpoint from malicious software, "Phishing" to prevent the user from revealing sensitive information to the attacker, etc. A user needs to know the contact details of the IT/InfoSec team to raise a complaint.
  5. When a resolver or forwarder forwards the received EDE option, the EXTRA-TEXT field only conveys the source of the error (Section 3 of [RFC8914]) and does not provide additional textual information about the cause of the error.

4. I-JSON in EXTRA-TEXT Field

DNS servers that are compliant with this specification send I-JSON data in the EXTRA-TEXT field [RFC8914] using the Internet JSON (I-JSON) message format [RFC7493].

This document defines the following JSON names:

c: (contact)

The contact details of the IT/InfoSec team to report mis-classified DNS filtering. This field is structured as an array of contact URIs (e.g., tel, sips, https). At least one contact URI MUST be included. This field is mandatory.

j: (justification)

UTF-8-encoded [RFC5198] textual justification for this particular DNS filtering. The field should be treated only as diagnostic information for IT staff. This field is mandatory.

s: (suberror)

the suberror code for this particular DNS filtering. This field is optional.

o: (organization)

UTF-8-encoded human-friendly name of the organization that filtered this particular DNS query. This field is optional.

New JSON names can be defined in the IANA registry introduced in (Section 11.2). Such names MUST consist only of lower-case ASCII characters, digits, and hyphens (that is, Unicode characters U+0061 through 007A, U+0030 through U+0039, and U+002D). Also, these names MUST be 63 characters or shorter and it is RECOMMENDED they be as short as possible.

The text in the "j" and "o" names can include international characters. If the text is displayed in a language not known to the end user, browser extensions to translate to user's native language can be used. For example, "Google Translate" extension [Chrome-Translate] provided by Google on Chrome can be used to translate the text.

To reduce packet overhead the generated JSON SHOULD be as short as possible: short domain names, concise text in the values for the "j" and "o" names, and minified JSON (that is, without spaces or line breaks between JSON elements).

The JSON data can be parsed to display to the user, logged, or otherwise used to assist the end-user or IT staff with troubleshooting and diagnosing the cause of the DNS filtering.

5. Protocol Operation

5.1. Client Generating Request

When generating a DNS query, the client includes the Extended DNS Error option Section 2 of [RFC8914] in the OPT pseudo-RR [RFC6891] to elicit the Extended DNS Error option in the DNS response. It SHOULD use an option-length of 0 (that is, omitting INFO-CODE and EXTRA-TEXT from [RFC8914]).

5.2. Server Generating Response

When the DNS server filters its DNS response to an A or AAAA record query, the DNS response MAY contain an empty answer, NXDOMAIN, or (less ideally) forged A or AAAA response, as desired by the DNS server. In addition, if the query contained the OPT pseudo-RR the DNS server MAY return more detail in the EXTRA-TEXT field as described in Section 5.3.

Servers may decide to return small TTL values in filtered DNS responses (e.g., 2 seconds) to handle domain category and reputation updates.

Because the DNS client signals its EDE support (Section 5.1) and because EDE support is signaled via a non-cached OPT resource record (Section 6.2.1 of [RFC6891]) the EDE-aware DNS server can tailor its filtered response to be most appropriate to that client's EDE support. If EDE support is signaled in the query the server MUST NOT return the "Forged Answer" extended error code because the client can take advantage of EDE's more sophisticated error reporting (e.g., "Filtered", "Blocked"). Continuing to send "Forged Answer" even to an EDE-supporting client will cause the persistence of the drawbacks described in Section 3.

5.3. Client Processing Response

On receipt of a DNS response with an Extended DNS Error option, the following actions are performed if the EXTRA-TEXT field contains valid JSON:

  • The response MUST be received over an encrypted DNS channel. If not, the requestor MUST discard data in the EXTRA-TEXT field.
  • The response MUST be received from a DNS server which advertised EDE support via a trusted channel, e.g., RESINFO [I-D.ietf-add-resolver-info].
  • Servers which don't support this specification might use plain text in the EXTRA-TEXT field so that requestors SHOULD properly handle both plaintext and JSON text in the EXTRA-TEXT field.
  • The DNS response MUST also contain an extended error code of "Blocked by Upstream Server", "Blocked" or "Filtered" [RFC8914], otherwise the EXTRA-TEXT field is discarded.
  • If either of the mandatory JSON names "c" and "j" are missing or have empty values in the EXTRA-TEXT field, the entire JSON is discarded.
  • If a DNS client has enabled opportunistic privacy profile (Section 5 of [RFC8310]) for DoT, the DNS client will either fall back to an encrypted connection without authenticating the DNS server provided by the local network or fall back to clear text DNS, and cannot exchange encrypted DNS messages. Both of these fallback mechanisms adversely impact security and privacy. If the DNS client has enabled opportunistic privacy profile for DoT and the identity of the DNS server cannot be verified, the DNS client MUST ignore the "c", "j", and "o" fields but MAY process the "s" field and other parts of the response.
  • Opportunistic discovery [I-D.ietf-add-ddr], where only the IP address is validated, the DNS client MUST ignore the "c", "j", and "o" fields but MAY process the "s" field and other parts of the response.
  • If a DNS client has enabled strict privacy profile (Section 5 of [RFC8310]) for DoT, the DNS client requires an encrypted connection and successful authentication of the DNS server. In doing so, this mitigates both passive eavesdropping and client redirection (at the expense of providing no DNS service if an encrypted, authenticated connection is not available). If the DNS client has enabled strict privacy profile for DoT, the DNS client MAY process the EXTRA-TEXT field of the DNS response.
  • If the DNS client determines that the encrypted DNS server does not offer DNS filtering service, it MUST discard the EXTRA-TEXT field of the EDE response. For example, the DNS client can learn whether the encrypted DNS resolver performs DNS-based content filtering or not by retrieving resolver information using the method defined in [I-D.ietf-add-resolver-info].
  • When a forwarder receives an EDE option, whether or not (and how) to pass along JSON information in the EXTRA-TEXT on to their client is implementation dependent [RFC5625]. Implementations MAY choose to not forward the JSON information, or they MAY choose to create a new EDE option that conveys the information in the "c", "s", and "j" fields encoded in the JSON object.
  • The application that triggered the DNS request may have a local policy to override the contact information (e.g., redirect all complaint calls to a single contact point). In such a case, the content of the "c" attribute can be ignored.
  • Note that the strict and opportunistic privacy profiles as defined in [RFC8310] only apply to DoT; there has been no such distinction made for DoH.

6. Interoperation with RPZ Servers

This section discusses operation with an RPZ server [RPZ] that indicates filtering with a NXDOMAIN response with the Recursion Available bit cleared (RA=0).

When the DNS client supports this specification but the server does not, the server will continue replying when a query is RPZ filtered with NXDOMAIN and RA=0. An DNS client upgraded to support this specification can continue to accept responses with NXDOMAIN and RA=0 from the RPZ server that does not support this specification.

When the DNS client supports this specification and the server supports this specification, the client learns of the server's support via [I-D.ietf-add-resolver-info] and the client includes the EDE OPT pseudo-RR in the query. This allows the server to differentiate EDE-aware clients from EDE-unaware clients and respond appropriately.

7. New Sub-Error Codes Definition

The document defines the following new IANA-registered Sub-Error codes.

7.1. Reserved

  • Number: 0
  • Meaning: Reserved. This sub-error code value MUST NOT be sent. If received, it has no meaning.
  • Applicability: This code should never be used.
  • Reference: This-Document
  • Change Controller: IETF

7.2. Network Operator Policy

  • Number: 5
  • Meaning: Network Operator Policy. The code indicates that the request was filtered according to policy determined by the operator of the local network.
  • Applicability: Blocked
  • Reference: This-Document
  • Change Controller: IETF

7.3. DNS Operator Policy

  • Number: 6
  • Meaning: DNS Operator Policy. The code indicates that the request was filtered according to policy determined by the operator of the DNS server.
  • Applicability: Blocked
  • Reference: This-Document
  • Change Controller: IETF

8. Extended DNS Error Code TBA1 - Blocked by Upstream DNS Server

The DNS server (e.g., a DNS forwarder) is unable to respond to the request because the domain is on a blocklist due to an internal security policy imposed by an upstream DNS server. This error code is useful in deployments where a network-provided DNS forwarder is configured to use an external resolver that filters malicious domains. Typically, when the DNS forwarder receives a Blocked (15) error code from the upstream DNS server, it will replace it with "Blocked by Upstream DNS Server" (TBA1) before forwarding the reply to the DNS client.

9. Examples

An example showing the nameserver at 'ns.example.net' that filtered a DNS "A" record query for 'example.org' is provided in Figure 1.

{
  "c": [
    "tel:+358-555-1234567",
    "sips:bob@bobphone.example.com",
    "https://ticket.example.com?d=example.org&t=1650560748"
  ],
  "j": "malware present for 23 days",
  "s": 1,
  "o": "example.net Filtering Service"
}
Figure 1: JSON Returned in EXTRA-TEXT Field of Extended DNS Error Response

In Figure 2 the same content is shown with minified JSON (no whitespace, no blank lines) with line wrapping per [RFC8792].

{"c":["tel:+358-555-1234567","sips:bob@bobphone.example.com", \
"https://ticket.example.com?d=example.org&t=1650560748"],"s":1, \
"j":"malware present for 23 days","o":"example.net Filtering \
Service"}
Figure 2: Minified Response

10. Security Considerations

Security considerations in Section 6 of [RFC8914] apply to this document.

To minimize impact of active on-path attacks on the DNS channel, the client validates the response as described in Section 5.3.

A client might choose to display the information in the "c", "j", and "o" fields if and only if the encrypted resolver has sufficient reputation, according to some local policy (e.g. user configuration, administrative configuration, or a built-in list of respectable resolvers). This limits the ability of a malicious encrypted resolver to cause harm. If the client decides not to display the all of the information in the EXTRA-TEXT field, it can be logged for diagnostics purpose and the client can only display the resolver hostname that blocked the domain, error description for the EDE code and the suberror description for the "s" field to the end-user.

When displaying the free-form text of "j" and "o", the browser SHOULD NOT make any of those elements into actionable (clickable) links.

An attacker might inject (or modify) the EDE EXTRA-TEXT field with an DNS proxy or DNS forwarder that is unaware of EDE. Such a DNS proxy or DNS forwarder will forward that attacker-controlled EDE option. To prevent such an attack, clients supporting this document MUST discard the EDE option if their DNS server does not signal EDE support via RESINFO [I-D.ietf-add-resolver-info]. As recommended in [I-D.ietf-add-resolver-info], RESINFO should be retrieved over an encrypted DNS channel or integrity protected with DNSSEC.

11. IANA Considerations

This document requests four IANA actions as described in the following subsections.

11.1. Media Type Registration

This document requests IANA to register the "application/json+structured-dns-error" media type in the "Media Types" registry [IANA-MediaTypes]. This registration follows the procedures specified in [RFC6838]:

   Type name: application

   Subtype name: json+structured-dns-error

   Required parameters: N/A

   Optional parameters: N/A

   Encoding considerations: as defined in Section 4 of RFCXXXX.

   Security considerations: See Section 9 of RFCXXXX.

   Interoperability considerations: N/A

   Published specification: RFCXXXX

   Applications that use this media type: Section 4 of RFCXXXX.

   Fragment identifier considerations: N/A

   Additional information: N/A

   Person & email address to contact for further information: IETF,
      iesg@ietf.org

   Intended usage: COMMON

   Restrictions on usage: none

   Author: See Authors' Addresses section.

   Change controller: IESG

   Provisional registration?  No

11.2. New Registry for JSON Names

This document requests IANA to create a new registry, entitled "EXTRA-TEXT JSON Names" under "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters, Extended DNS Error Codes" registry [IANA-DNS]. The registration request for a new JSON name must include the following fields:

JSON Name:

Specifies the name of an attribute that is present in the JSON data enclosed in EXTRA-TEXT field. The name must follow the guidelines in Section 4.

Short description:

Includes a short description of the requested JSON name.

Mandatory (Y/N?):

Indicates whether this attribute is mandatory or optional.

Specification:

Provides a pointer to the reference document that specifies the attribute.

The registry is initially populated with the following values:

Table 1: Initial JSON Names Rregistry
JSON Name Full JSON Name Description Mandatory Specification
c contact The contact details of the IT/InfoSec team to report mis-classified DNS filtering Y Section 4 of RFCXXXX
j justification UTF-8-encoded [RFC5198] textual justification for a particular DNS filtering Y Section 4 of RFCXXXX
s suberror the suberror code for this particular DNS filtering N Section 4 of RFCXXXX
o organization UTF-8-encoded human-friendly name of the organization that filtered this particular DNS query N Section 4 of RFCXXXX

New JSON names are registered via IETF Review (Section 4.8 of [RFC8126]).

11.3. New Registry for DNS SubError Codes

This document requests IANA to create a new registry, entitled "SubError Codes" under "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters, Extended DNS Error Codes" registry [IANA-DNS]. The registration request for a new suberror codes MUST include the following fields:

  • Number: Is the wire format suberror code (range 0-255).
  • Meaning: Provides a short description of the sub-error.
  • Applicability: Indicates which RFC8914 error codes apply to this sub-error code.
  • Reference: Provides a pointer to an IETF-approved specification that registered the code and/or an authoritative specification that describes the meaning of this code.
  • Change Controller: Indicates the person or entity, with contact information if appropriate.

The SubError Code registry is initially be populated with the following suberror codes:

Table 2: Initial SubError Code Rregistry
Number Meaning RFC8914 error code applicability Reference Change Controller
0 Reserved Not used Section 7.1 of this document IETF
1 Malware "Blocked", "Blocked by Upstream Server", "Filtered" Section 5.5 of [RFC5901] IETF
2 Phishing "Blocked", "Blocked by Upstream Server", "Filtered" Section 5.5 of [RFC5901] IETF
3 Spam "Blocked", "Blocked by Upstream Server", "Filtered" Page 289 of [RFC4949] IETF
4 Spyware "Blocked", "Blocked by Upstream Server", "Filtered" Page 291 of [RFC4949] IETF
5 Network operator policy "Blocked" Section 7.2 of this document IETF
6 DNS operator policy "Blocked" Section 7.3 of this document IETF

New SubError Codes are registered via IETF Review (Section 4.8 of [RFC8126]).

11.4. New Extended DNS Error Code

IANA is requested to assign the following Extended DNS Error code from the "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters, Extended DNS Error Codes" registry [IANA-DNS]:

Table 3: New DNS Error Code
INFO-CODE Purose Reference
TBA1 Blocked by Upstream Server RFCXXXX

12. References

12.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC4949]
Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2", FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4949>.
[RFC5198]
Klensin, J. and M. Padlipsky, "Unicode Format for Network Interchange", RFC 5198, DOI 10.17487/RFC5198, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5198>.
[RFC5901]
Cain, P. and D. Jevans, "Extensions to the IODEF-Document Class for Reporting Phishing", RFC 5901, DOI 10.17487/RFC5901, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5901>.
[RFC6838]
Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6838>.
[RFC6891]
Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891, DOI 10.17487/RFC6891, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6891>.
[RFC7159]
Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7159>.
[RFC7493]
Bray, T., Ed., "The I-JSON Message Format", RFC 7493, DOI 10.17487/RFC7493, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7493>.
[RFC8126]
Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8126>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[RFC8310]
Dickinson, S., Gillmor, D., and T. Reddy, "Usage Profiles for DNS over TLS and DNS over DTLS", RFC 8310, DOI 10.17487/RFC8310, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8310>.
[RFC8914]
Kumari, W., Hunt, E., Arends, R., Hardaker, W., and D. Lawrence, "Extended DNS Errors", RFC 8914, DOI 10.17487/RFC8914, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8914>.

12.2. Informative References

[Chrome-Translate]
"Change Chrome languages & translate webpages", <https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/173424>.
[I-D.ietf-add-ddr]
Pauly, T., Kinnear, E., Wood, C. A., McManus, P., and T. Jensen, "Discovery of Designated Resolvers", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-add-ddr-10, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-add-ddr-10>.
[I-D.ietf-add-resolver-info]
Reddy.K, T. and M. Boucadair, "DNS Resolver Information", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-add-resolver-info-01, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-add-resolver-info-01>.
[IANA-DNS]
IANA, "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters, Extended DNS Error Codes", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters/dns-parameters.xhtml#extended-dns-error-codes>.
[IANA-MediaTypes]
IANA, "Media Types", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types>.
[RFC5625]
Bellis, R., "DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines", BCP 152, RFC 5625, DOI 10.17487/RFC5625, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5625>.
[RFC7858]
Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D., and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7858>.
[RFC8259]
Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259, DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8259>.
[RFC8484]
Hoffman, P. and P. McManus, "DNS Queries over HTTPS (DoH)", RFC 8484, DOI 10.17487/RFC8484, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8484>.
[RFC8499]
Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS Terminology", BCP 219, RFC 8499, DOI 10.17487/RFC8499, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8499>.
[RFC8792]
Watsen, K., Auerswald, E., Farrel, A., and Q. Wu, "Handling Long Lines in Content of Internet-Drafts and RFCs", RFC 8792, DOI 10.17487/RFC8792, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8792>.
[RFC9250]
Huitema, C., Dickinson, S., and A. Mankin, "DNS over Dedicated QUIC Connections", RFC 9250, DOI 10.17487/RFC9250, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9250>.
[RPZ]
"Response Policy Zone", <https://dnsrpz.info>.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Vittorio Bertola, Wes Hardaker, Ben Schwartz, Erid Orth, Viktor Dukhovni, Warren Kumari, Paul Wouters, John Levine, and Bob Harold for the comments.

Thanks to Ralf Weber and Gianpaolo Scalone for sharing details about their implementation.

Authors' Addresses

Dan Wing
Citrix Systems, Inc.
United States of America
Tirumaleswar Reddy
Nokia
Bangalore
Karnataka
India
Neil Cook
Open-Xchange
United Kingdom
Mohamed Boucadair
Orange
Rennes
35000
France