Network Working Group B. Volz
Internet-Draft Cisco Systems
Updates: 1542, 3315 (if approved) Y. Pal
Intended status: Standards Track Cisco Systems, Inc.
Expires: April 20, 2017 October 17, 2016

Security of Messages Exchanged Between Servers and Relay Agents
draft-ietf-dhc-relay-server-security-01.txt

Abstract

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4 (DHCPv4) has no guidance for how to secure messages exchanged between servers and relay agents. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) states that IPsec should be used to secure messages exchanged between servers and relay agents, but does not recommend encryption. And, with recent concerns about pervasive monitoring it is appropriate to provide recommendations for DHCPv4 and also improve the recommendations for DHCPv6. This document updates RFC1542 and RFC3315.

Status of This Memo

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This Internet-Draft will expire on April 20, 2017.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4 (DHCPv4) [RFC2131] and [RFC1542] has no guidance for how to secure messages exchanged between servers and relay agents. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) [RFC3315] states that IPsec should be used to secure messages exchanged between servers and relay agents, but does not recommend encryption. And, with recent concerns about pervasive monitoring [RFC7258], it is appropriate to provide recommendations for DHCPv4 and also improve the recommendations for DHCPv6.

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

This document uses terminology from [RFC1542], [RFC2131], and [RFC3315].

3. Security of Messages Exchanged Between Servers and Relay Agents

The following text replaces the text in RFC3315 section 21.1 and also applies to DHCPv4 (RFC1542). This revised text essentially adds encryption as relay agents may forward unencrypted client messages as well as include additional sensitive information, such as vendor-specific information (for example, [CableLabs-DHCP]) and [RFC7839]. While IPsec is not mandated for relay to relay, relay to server, and server to relay communication, it is highly recommended unless some other security mechanisms are already in place (such as VPN tunnels) that protect this potentially sensitive traffic from pervasive monitoring and other attacks.

Relay agents and servers that exchange messages securely use the IPsec mechanisms for IPv6 [RFC4301]. If a client message is relayed through multiple relay agents, each of the relay agents must have established independent, pairwise trust relationships. That is, if messages from client C will be relayed by relay agent A to relay agent B and then to the server, relay agents A and B must be configured to use IPsec for the messages they exchange, and relay agent B and the server must be configured to use IPsec for the messages they exchange.

Selectors
Relay agents are manually configured with the addresses of the relay agent or server to which DHCP messages are to be forwarded. Each relay agent and server that will be using IPsec for securing DHCP messages must also be configured with a list of the relay agents to which messages will be returned. The selectors for the relay agents and servers will be the pairs of addresses defining relay agents and servers and the direction of DHCP message exchange on DHCPv4 UDP port 67 or DHCPv6 UDP port 547.
Mode
Relay agents and servers MUST use IPsec in transport mode and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP).
Encryption and authentication algorithms

This document recommends combined mode algorithms for ESP authenticated encryption, ESP encryption algorithms, and ESP authentication algorithms as per section 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 of [RFC7321] respectively. Encryption is recommended as relay agents may forward unencrypted client messages as well as include additional sensitive information, such as vendor-specific information (for example, [CableLabs-DHCP]) and [RFC7839].
Key management
Because the relay agents and servers are used within an organization, public key schemes are not necessary. Because the relay agents and servers must be manually configured, manually configured key management may suffice, but does not provide defense against replayed messages. Accordingly, IKE [RFC2409] / IKE2 [RFC7296] with preshared secrets SHOULD be supported. IKE/IKEv2 with public keys MAY be supported. Additional information on manual vs automated key management and when one should be used over the other can be found in [RFC4107].
Security policy
DHCP messages between relay agents and servers should only be accepted from DHCP peers as identified in the local configuration.
Authentication
Shared keys, indexed to the source IP address of the received DHCP message, are adequate in this application.
Availability
Appropriate IPsec implementations are likely to be available for servers and for relay agents in more full featured devices used in enterprise and core ISP networks. IPsec is less likely to be available for relay agents in low end devices primarily used in the home or small office markets.

4. Security Considerations

As this document addresses securing messages exchanged between relay agents and servers, the message exchanges between clients and the first hop relay agent or server are not secured. Clients may follow the recommendations in [RFC7844] to minimize what information they expose or make use of [I-D.ietf-dhc-sedhcpv6] to secure communication between the client and server.

As mentioned in [RFC4552] section 14, the following are known limitations of the usage of manual keys:

o
As the sequence numbers cannot be negotiated, replay protection cannot be provided. This leaves DHCP insecure against all the attacks that can be performed by replaying DHCP packets.
o
Manual keys are usually long lived (changing them often is a tedious task). This gives an attacker enough time to discover the keys.

It should be noted if the recommendations in this document are followed, while the DHCP traffic on the wire between relays and servers is encrypted, the unencrypted data may still be available through other attacks on the DHCP servers, relays, and related systems. Securing these systems and the data in databases and logs also needs to be considered - on the systems themselves and if transferred over a network (i.e., to network attached storage, for backups, or to operational support systems).

Use of IPsec as described herein is also applicable to Lightweight DHCPv6 Relay Agents [RFC6221], as they have a link-local address which can be used to secure communication with their next hop relay(s).

5. IANA Considerations

This document has no requests of the fantastic IANA team.

6. Acknowledgments

The motivation for this document was several IESG discusses on recent DHCP relay agent options.

Thanks to Kim Kinnear and Jinmei Tatuya for reviewing drafts and helping to improve the document. And, thanks to the authors of [RFC3315] for the original Section 21.1 text.

7. References

7.1. Normative References

[RFC1542] Wimer, W., "Clarifications and Extensions for the Bootstrap Protocol", RFC 1542, DOI 10.17487/RFC1542, October 1993.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.
[RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 2131, DOI 10.17487/RFC2131, March 1997.
[RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C. and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, DOI 10.17487/RFC3315, July 2003.
[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301, December 2005.
[RFC7321] McGrew, D. and P. Hoffman, "Cryptographic Algorithm Implementation Requirements and Usage Guidance for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH)", RFC 7321, DOI 10.17487/RFC7321, August 2014.

7.2. Informative References

, "
[CableLabs-DHCP]CableLabs' DHCP Options Registry"
[I-D.ietf-dhc-sedhcpv6] Jiang, S., Li, L., Cui, Y., Jinmei, T., Lemon, T. and D. Zhang, "Secure DHCPv6", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-dhc-sedhcpv6-15, October 2016.
[RFC2409] Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)", RFC 2409, DOI 10.17487/RFC2409, November 1998.
[RFC4107] Bellovin, S. and R. Housley, "Guidelines for Cryptographic Key Management", BCP 107, RFC 4107, DOI 10.17487/RFC4107, June 2005.
[RFC4552] Gupta, M. and N. Melam, "Authentication/Confidentiality for OSPFv3", RFC 4552, DOI 10.17487/RFC4552, June 2006.
[RFC6221] Miles, D., Ooghe, S., Dec, W., Krishnan, S. and A. Kavanagh, "Lightweight DHCPv6 Relay Agent", RFC 6221, DOI 10.17487/RFC6221, May 2011.
[RFC7258] Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May 2014.
[RFC7296] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P. and T. Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October 2014.
[RFC7839] Bhandari, S., Gundavelli, S., Grayson, M., Volz, B. and J. Korhonen, "Access-Network-Identifier Option in DHCP", RFC 7839, DOI 10.17487/RFC7839, June 2016.
[RFC7844] Huitema, C., Mrugalski, T. and S. Krishnan, Anonymity Profiles for DHCP Clients", RFC 7844, DOI 10.17487/RFC7844, May 2016.

Authors' Addresses

Bernie Volz Cisco Systems, Inc. 1414 Massachusetts Ave Boxborough, MA 01719, USA EMail: volz@cisco.com
Yogendra Pal Cisco Systems, Inc. Cessna Business Park, Varthur Hobli, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560103 India EMail: yogpal@cisco.com