Network Working Group C. Huitema
Internet-Draft Private Octopus Inc.
Intended status: Informational August 7, 2019
Expires: February 8, 2020

RFC Evaluation Project - First Step
draft-huitema-rfc-eval-project-01

Abstract

This document presents a first attempt at evaluating the recently published RFC. We analyze a set of randomly chosen RFC approved in 2018, looking for history and delays, and using Google Scholar as a proxy for the RFC popularity. The results are interesting, and inform further evaluation efforts.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on February 8, 2020.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

1. RFC Evaluation project

As stated on the organization's web site, "The IETF is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet." In this memo, we attempt to evaluate the RFC production process.

The IETF data tracker provides information about RFC and drafts, from which we can infer statistics about the production system. We can measure how long it takes to drive a proposition from initial draft to final publication, and how these delays can be split between Working Group discussions, IETF reviews, IESG assessment, RFC Editor delays and final reviews by the authors.

Just measuring production delays may be misleading. If the IETF simply rubber-stamped draft proposals and published them, the delays would be short but the quality and impact might suffer. We hope that most of the RFC that are published are useful, but we need a way to measure that usefulness. We try to do that by measuring the number of references of the published RFCs in Google Scholar, and also by checking whether the protocols and technologies defined in the RFCs were implemented and used on the Internet.

2. Methodology

In this exploration, we want to evaluate not just the mechanics of the RFC production, but also the quality and impact of the results. This evaluation of quality and impact is subjective. We start with two ideas:

1- Use Google Scholar to assess the citation counts of published documents

2- Ask the RFC authors whether the specifications resulted in the deployment of products or services

When accessing Google Scholar, we search for quoted strings of the form "RFC xxxx". This is an arbitrary choice, we could for example have chosen to search for "RFCxxx" or a combination of the two forms. We retained the simpler alternative, because we don't believe that picking one or the other would introduce a significant bias.

Basic production mechanisms could be evaluated by processing data from the IETF tracker, but subjective data requires manual assessment of results, which can be time consuming. Google Scholar also requires manual access because the site does not offer an open API. Since our resources are limited, we will only perform this analysis for a small sample of RFC, selected at random from the list of RFC approved in 2018. Specifically, we will pick 20 RFC at random between:

In order to avoid injecting personal bias in the random selecton, we use a random selection process similar to the Nomination Committee selection process defined in [RFC3797]. The process is seeded with the text string "vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas", and the results are:

Picking 20 numbers between 8307 and 8511,
using MD5(vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas)
Rank 1: 8411 -- md5=daba041224a879199b698748808f917d
Rank 2: 8456 -- md5=f5570484d91ada6a672edbdca61d808c
Rank 3: 8446 -- md5=8340e918bb8faf69d197f79c9a58d7b8
Rank 4: 8355 -- md5=19474df74efd9917cf3fe8acce2ac374
Rank 5: 8441 -- md5=5acce2b730f3c24a4a91a5fc1921d1cd
Rank 6: 8324 -- md5=411c11a1cf4c292f83458865599c6921
Rank 7: 8377 -- md5=ac16a89192c0f0727febd35aacbc1f24
Rank 8: 8498 -- md5=bba44f2ba1ab240a1265a82ab71f7e02
Rank 9: 8479 -- md5=1653606b0af95d529a473a8f85ffaea4
Rank 10: 8453 -- md5=0cbfe105667c5a83b027dcfa85062f98
Rank 11: 8429 -- md5=fa51d7738562d990926a0d199fb060b8
Rank 12: 8312 -- md5=96d061523b1a57343356ae7a1e498ca5
Rank 13: 8492 -- md5=1b72b746eb05f79af40ed2bd3faccbe8
Rank 14: 8378 -- md5=645833b936d36cdcc797256518d7c483
Rank 15: 8361 -- md5=2064622c868e410beb0d9c18d0cb522c
Rank 16: 8472 -- md5=ca8a823072a21df011d0ea8b96a6aa47
Rank 17: 8471 -- md5=01b293a7dd0793e6f3297f2a973cd7e3
Rank 18: 8466 -- md5=8e411babe271557fe83bcdececc1643f
Rank 19: 8362 -- md5=8a1ba3efd82856a12b2b35fc5237e1b7
Rank 20: 8468 -- md5=57ae50ee0e1e0708d356d96d116dbfe1

When evaluating delays and impact, we will compare the year 2018 to 2008 and 1998, 10 and 20 years ago. To drive this comparison, we pick 20 RFC at random among those published in 2008, and another 20 among those published in 1998. We use the same nomcom-like methodology.

For 2008, we picking random RFC numbers between RFC 5134 (January 2008) and RFC 5405 (December 2008), using the sentence "sed fugit interea fugit irreparabile tempus" as a seed. We actually list here 21 numbers, because the random draw place RFC 5315 in 20th position, but that RFC was never issued. We replace it by RFC 5301, which came in 21st position.

Picking 21 numbers between 5134 and 5405,
using MD5(sed fugit interea fugit irreparabile tempus)
Rank 1: 5227 -- md5=61e5b3cd97fda4e75450e93df0744b6d
Rank 2: 5174 -- md5=eed49542394e9d392bcd756ee0f5beed
Rank 3: 5172 -- md5=72055ca953d6a8ee0d60a9fca0b8d738
Rank 4: 5354 -- md5=7a00ef15897479d1d15255159f6d8674
Rank 5: 5195 -- md5=54813be7bb56f48a05af8c894799b51f
Rank 6: 5236 -- md5=153263bbd8c0349501b75a33f3d66f6c
Rank 7: 5348 -- md5=b2d19aa9c1250ef2ddf169045f6e99d7
Rank 8: 5281 -- md5=1c3e61643d46d1da4ba16f0fd7a0aff5
Rank 9: 5186 -- md5=5e87001b830183b1a9427d479a7b0e42
Rank 10: 5326 -- md5=024347839f83d8082549c08bdfa1b43e
Rank 11: 5277 -- md5=049a83016ab08552841c59400480cd9d
Rank 12: 5373 -- md5=a1ce374aaebdacca2e7d6eeff039d970
Rank 13: 5404 -- md5=fb0d6b582a27ce34175e39de33598556
Rank 14: 5329 -- md5=df043ef1f9d42ba12a03a84434d26ead
Rank 15: 5283 -- md5=c40d3f966bc7800d6508d3d82df2371d
Rank 16: 5358 -- md5=6fea5bdb26b19e68befd409a09cb335d
Rank 17: 5142 -- md5=a8844b73287781762e6548fc6f533508
Rank 18: 5271 -- md5=c19eb02984265ecfe4ca076f2c160cfa
Rank 19: 5349 -- md5=33d756f81bf6e40ff344cf6ccaf29f13
Rank 20: 5315 -- md5=d4c30875f88328d72c9f78def2d1dde5
Rank 21: 5301 -- md5=3356419e5560901f0d31309b39d14a80

For 1998 we picking random RFC numbers between RFC 2257 (January 1998) and RFC 2479 (December 1998), using the sentence "pulvis et umbra sumus" as a seed.

Picking 20 numbers between 2257 and 2479,
using MD5(pulvis et umbra sumus)
Rank 1: 2431 -- md5=6eba444bb3349339fcde7e2be726f0f0
Rank 2: 2381 -- md5=0ce53f69f1a49a49309054af1e9a1d42
Rank 3: 2387 -- md5=53726e77ffeed903d244155d28e30f10
Rank 4: 2348 -- md5=69fcab2d2085555bac9eb0e0f4346523
Rank 5: 2391 -- md5=93358a26a7fce9fa9d61a31cdfdb87b7
Rank 6: 2267 -- md5=652dcab91bd9d5c58f98bdab21b23d80
Rank 7: 2312 -- md5=2505b0bed4af0a00ee663891c6f294d8
Rank 8: 2448 -- md5=6ede4b0dfa935f6ca656a5104b8dc5d0
Rank 9: 2374 -- md5=5312bfe5a9ca45563eb0bf35510d8daa
Rank 10: 2398 -- md5=7748a6deec3860898678f992b0b22792
Rank 11: 2283 -- md5=d73ff67466eb42d971a0e134b9284f83
Rank 12: 2382 -- md5=de1f667ac3e4c64aa529872e08823dff
Rank 13: 2289 -- md5=37773c2569dc25fdd0ab400ea401d5c7
Rank 14: 2282 -- md5=6b3df671a0a0becf9e42d203b59acd08
Rank 15: 2404 -- md5=e1b6819e5355924f456eb79f93beb8fd
Rank 16: 2449 -- md5=4f057df7c226efea773e7013c9c62081
Rank 17: 2317 -- md5=40eee3b536abe4afdb8834a0650c0a04
Rank 18: 2394 -- md5=044f09c53fc9fd1c50fe6bd0c39318e1
Rank 19: 2297 -- md5=78ee7e128436c969c80900fef80c075c
Rank 20: 2323 -- md5=ea6935bbda5f6d97756d3df5c3e2fdfb

3. Analysis of 20 selected RFC

We review each of the RFC listed in (#methodology) for the year 2018, trying both to answer the known questions and to gather insight for further analyzes. In many cases, the analysis of the data is complemented by direct feedback from the RFC authors.

3.1. 8411

IANA Registration for the Cryptographic Algorithm Object Identifier Range [RFC8411]:

Informational, 5 pages
4 drafts (personal),first May 8, 2017. Published August 2018.
Last call announced 2017/10/09
IESG evaluation starts 2017/12/28
Approved 2018/02/26, draft 03
Auth 48 2018/04/20
Auth 48 complete 2018/07/17
Published 2018/08/06
IANA action: create table

The draft underwent minor copy edit before publication.

The long delay in Auth48 is probaby due to clustering with [RFC8410], which entered AUTH 48 on 06/05. The MISSREF tracker code was cleared then.

2 references on Google Scholar.

3.2. 8456

Benchmarking Methodology for Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Controller Performance [RFC8456]:

Informational, 64 pages
2 personal drafts, 9 WG drafts, first in March 2015
Last call announced 2018-01-19
IESG evaluation starts 2018-02-27
IESG approved 2018-05-25
Auth 48 2018-08-31
Auth 48 complete 2018-10-16
Published 2018-10-30

The draft underwent very extensive copy editing, covering use of articles, turn of phrases, choice of vocabulary. The changes are enough to cause pagination differences. The "diff" tool marks pretty much every page as changed. Some diagrams see change in protocol elements like message names.

According to the author, the experience of producing this draft mirrors a typical one in the Benchmarking Methodologies Working Group (BMWG).There were multiple authors in multiple time zones, which slowed down the AUTH process somewhat, although the Auth48 delay of 46 is only a bit longer than the average draft.

The RFC was part of cluster with [RFC8455].

Google Scholar shows 3 references. BMWG publishes informational RFCs centered around benchmarking, and the methodologies in RFC 8456 have been implemented in benchmarking products.

3.3. 8446

The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3 [RFC8446], as the title indicates, defines the new version of the TLS protocol. From the datatracker, we extract the following:

Proposed standard
160 pages
29 WG drafts first April 17, 2014.
Last call announced 2018/02/15
IESG evaluation starts 2018/03/02
Approved 2018/03/21, draft 28
Auth 48 2018/06/14
Auth 48 complete 2018/08/10
Published 2018/08/10

The RFC was a major effort in the IETF. Working group members developed and tested several implementations. Researchers analyzed the specifications and performed formal verifications. Deployment tests outlined issues that caused extra work when the specification was almost ready. These complexity largely explains the time spent in the working group.

Comparing the final draft to the published version, we find relatively light copy editing. It includes explaining acronyms on first use, clarifying some definitions standardizing punctiation and capitalization, and spelling out some numbers in text. This generally fall in the category of "style", although some of the clarifications go into message definitions. However, that simple analysis does not explain why the Auth48 phase took almost two months.

This document's Auth48 process was part of the "Github experiment", which tried to use github pull requests to track the AUTH48 changes and review comments. The RPC staff had to learn using Github for that process, and this required more work than the usual RFC. Author and AD thoroughly reviewed each proposed edit, accepting some and rejecting some. The concern there was that any change in a complex specification might affect a protocol that was extensively reviewed in the working group, but of course these reviews added time to the Aouth48 delays.

The RFC has 123 references in Google Scholar. There are 21 implementations listed in the Wiki of the TLS 1.3 project. It has been deployed on major browsers, and is already used in a large fraction of TLS connections.

3.4. 8355

Resiliency Use Cases in Source Packet Routing in Networking (SPRING) Networks [RFC8355] is an informational RFC. It originated from a use case informational draft that was mostly used for the BOF creating the WG, and then to drive initial work/evolutions from the WG.

Informational, 13 pages.
2 personal drafts (personal), first January 31, 2014. 13 WG drafts.
Last call announced 2017-04-20
IESG evaluation starts 2017-05-04, draft 09
Approved 2017-12-19, draft 12
Auth 48 2018-03-12
Auth 48 complete 2018-03-27
Published 2018-03-28

Minor set of copy edit, mostly for style.

9 references on Google Scholar. No implementation of the RFC itself, but the technology behind it such as Segment Routing (architecture RFC 8402, TI-LFA draft-ietf-rtgwg-segment-routing-ti-lfa) is widely implemented and deployment is ongoing.

3.5. 8441

Bootstrapping WebSockets with HTTP/2 [RFC8441]

Proposed standard, 8 pages. Updates RFC 6455.
3 personal drafts (personal), first 10/15/2017. 8 WG drafts.
Last call announced 2018-05-07, draft 05
IESG evaluation starts 2018-05-29, draft 06
Approved 2018-06-07, draft 07
Auth 48 2018-08-13
Auth 48 complete 2018-09-15
Published 2018-09-21
IANA Action: table entries

This RFC defines the support of WebSockets in HTTP/2, which is different from the mechanism defined for HTTP/1.1 in [RFC6455]. The process was relatively straightforward, involving the usual type of discussions, some on details and some on important points.

Comparing final draft and published RFC shows a minor set of copy edit, mostly for style. However, the author recalls a painful process. The RFC includes many charts and graphs that were very difficult to format correctly in the author's production process that involve conversions from markdown to XML, and then from XML to text. The author had to get substantial help from the RFC editor.

No references on Google Scholar. (RFC 6455 had over 1000 results)

There are several implementations, including Firefox and Chrome, making RFC 8441 a very successful standard.

3.6. 8324

DNS Privacy, Authorization, Special Uses, Encoding, Characters, Matching, and Root Structure: Time for Another Look? [RFC8324]. This is an opinion piece on DNS development, published on the Independent Stream.

Informational, 29 pages. Independent stream.
5 personal drafts (personal), first June 2, 2017.
ISE review started 2017-07-10, draft 03
IETF conflict review and IESG review started 2017-10-29 
Approved 2017-12-18, draft 04
Auth 48 2018-01-29, draft 05
Auth 48 complete 2018-02-26
Published 2018-02-27

This RFC took only 9 months from first draft to publication, which is the shortest in the 2018 sample set. In part, this is because the text was privately circulated and reviewed before the first draft was published. The nature of the document is another reason for the short delay. It is an opinion piece, and does not require the same type of consensus building and reviews than a protocol specification.

Comparing the final draft and the published version shows only minor copy edit, mostly for style. According to the author, because this is because he knows how to write in RFC Style with the result that his documents often need a minimum of editing. He also makes sure that the document on which the Production Center starts working already has changes discussed and approved during Last Call and IESG review incorporated rather than expecting the Production Center to operate off of notes about changed to be made.

2 references on Google Scholar.

3.7. 8377

Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL): Multi-Topology [RFC8377]

Proposed standard, 20 pages. Updates RFC 6325, 7177.
3 personal drafts (personal), first September 3, 2013. 7 WG drafts.
Last call announced 2018-02-19, draft 05
IESG evaluation starts 2018-03-02, draft 06
Approved 2018-03-12, draft 05
Auth 48 2018-04-20, draft 06
Auth 48 complete 2018-07-31
Published 2018-07-31
IANA Table, table entries

Minor set of copy edit, mostly for style, also clarity.

1 reference on Google Scholar.

3.8. 8498

A P-Served-User Header Field Parameter for an Originating Call Diversion (CDIV) Session Case in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC8498].

Informational, 15 pages.
5 personal drafts (personal), first March 21, 2016. 9 WG drafts.
Last call announced 2018-10-12, draft 05
IESG evaluation starts 2018-11-28, draft 07
Approved 2018-12-10, draft 08
Auth 48 2019-01-28
Auth 48 complete 2019-02-13
Published 2019-02-15
IANA Action, table rows added.

Copy edit for style, but also clarification of ambiguous sentences.

No references on Google Scholar.

3.9. 8479

Storing Validation Parameters in PKCS#8 [RFC8479]

Informational, 8 pages. Independent stream.
5 personal drafts (personal), first August 8, 2017.
ISE review started 2018-03-29, draft 02
IETF conflict review and IESG review started 2018-03-29
Approved 2018-08-20, draft 03
Auth 48 2018-09-20, draft 04
Auth 48 complete 2018-09-25
Published 2018-09-26

The goal of the draft was to document what the gnutls implementation was using for storing provably generated RSA keys. This is a short RFC that was published relatively quickly, although discussion between the author, the Independent Series Editor and the IESG lasted several months. In the initial conflict review, Tthe IESG asked the ISE to not publish this document before IETF working groups had an opportunity to pick up the work. The author met that requirement by a presentation to the SECDISPATCH WG in IETF 102. Since no WG was interested in pickup the work, the document progressed on the Independent Stream.

Very minor set of copy edit, moving some references from normative to informative.

No reference on Google Scholar.

The author is not aware of other implementations than gnutls relying on this RFC.

3.10. 8453

Framework for Abstraction and Control of TE Networks (ACTN) [RFC8453]

Informational, 42 pages.
3 personal drafts, first June 15, 2015. 16 WG drafts.
Out of WG 2018-01-26, draft 11
Expert review requested, 2018-02-13
Last call announced 2018-04-16, draft 13
IESG evaluation starts 2018-05-16, draft 14
Approved 2018-06-01, draft 15
Auth 48 2018-08-13
Auth 48 complete 2018-08-20
Published 2018-08-20
IANA Action, table rows added.

Minor copy editing.

8 references on Google Scholar.

3.11. 8429

Deprecate Triple-DES (3DES) and RC4 in Kerberos [RFC8429]

BCP, 10 pages.
6 WG drafts, first 5/1/2017.
Last call announced 7/16/2017, draft 03
IESG evaluation starts 8/18/2017, draft 04
Approved 5/25/2018, draft 05
Auth 48 7/24/2018
Auth 48 complete 10/31/2018
Published 10/31/2018
IANA Action, table rows added.

This RFC recommends to deprecate two encryption algorithms that are now considered obsolete and possibly broken. The document was sent back to the WG after the first last call, edited, and then there was a second last call. The delay from first draft to working group last call was relatively short, but the number may be misleading. The initial draft was a replacement of a similar draft in the KITTEN working group, which stagnated for some time before the CURDLE working group took up the work. The deprecation of RC4 was somewhat contentious, but the WG had already debated this prior to the production of this draft, and the draft was not delayed by this debate.

Most of the 280 days between IETF LC and IESG approval was because the IESG had to talk about whether this document should obsolete or move to historic RFC 4757, and no one was really actively pushing that discussion for a while.

The 99 days in AUTH48 are mostly because one of the authors was a sitting AD, and those duties ended up taking precedence over reviewing this document.

Minor copy editing, for style.

1 reference on Google Scholar.

The implementation of the draft would be the actual removal of support for 3DES and RC4 in major implementations. This is happening, but very slowly.

3.12. 8312

CUBIC for Fast Long-Distance Networks [RFC8312]

Informational, 18 pages.
2 personal drafts, first 9/1/2014. 8 WG drafts
Last call announced 9/18/2017, draft 06
IESG evaluation starts 2017-11-14
Approved 2017-10-04, draft 07
Auth 48 2018-01-08
Auth 48 complete 2018-02-07
Published 2018-02-07
IANA Action, table rows added.

Minor copy editing, for style.

9 references on Google Scholar.

The TCP congestion control algorithm Cubic was defined first in 2005, was implemented in Linux soon after, and was implemented in major OSes after that. After some debates from 2015 to 2015, the TCPM working group adopted the draft, with a goal of documenting Cubic in the RFc series. According to the authors, this was not a high priority effort, as Cubic was already implemented in multiple OSes and documented in research papers. At some point, only one of the authors was actively working on the draft. Ths may explain why another two years was spent progressing the draft after adoption by the WG.

The RFC publication may or may not have triggered further implementations. On the other hand, several OSes picked up bug fixes from the draft and the RFC.

3.13. 8492

Secure Password Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC8492]

Informational, 40 pages. (Independent Stream)
10 personal drafts, first 9/2/2012. 8 WG drafts
ISE review started 2017-05-10, draft 01
IETF conflict review and IESG review started 2017-09-04
Approved 2017-10-29, draft 04
Auth 48 10/19/2018, draft 05
Auth 48 complete 2/19/2019
Published 2/21/2019
IANA Action, table rows added.

This RFC has a complex history. The first individual draft was submitted to the TLS working group on September 7, 2012. It progressed there, and was adopted by the WG after 3 revisions. There were then 8 revisions in the TLS WG, until the WG decided to not progress it. The draft was parked in 2013 by the WG chairs after failing to get consensus in WG last call. The AD finally pulled the plug in 2016, and the draft was then resubmitted to the ISE.

At that point, the author was busy and was treating this RFC with a low priority because, in his words, it would not be a "real RFC". There were problems with the draft that only came up late. In particular, it had to wait for a change in registry policy that only came about with the publication of TLS 1.3, which caused the draft to only be published after RFC 8446, and also required adding references to TLS 1.3. The author also got a very late comment while in AUTH48 that caused some rewrite. Finally, there was some IANA issue with the extension registry where a similar extension was added by someone else. The draft was changed to just use it.

Changes in AUTH48 include added reference to TLS 1.3, copy-editing for style, some added requirements, added paragraphs, and changes in algorithms specification.

2 references on Google Scholar. Only the author implemented the specification.

3.14. 8378

Signal-Free Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) Multicast [RFC8378] is an experimental RFC, defining how to implement Multicast in the LISP architecture.

Experimental, 21 pages.
5 personal drafts, first 2/28/2014. 10 WG drafts
Last call announced 2018-02-13, draft 07
IESG evaluation starts 2018-02-28, draft 08
Approved 2018-03-12, draft 09
Auth 48 2018-04-23
Auth 48 complete 2018-05-02
Published 2018-05-02

Preparing the RFC took more than 4 years. According to the authors, they were not aggressive pushing it and just let the working group process decide to pace it. They also did implementations during that time.

Minor copy editing, for style.

1 reference on Google Scholar. The RFC was implemented by lispers.net and cisco, and was used in doing IPv6 multicast over IPv4 unicast/multicast at the Olympics in PyeungChang. The plan is to work on a proposedstandard once the experiment concludes.

3.15. 8361

Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL): Centralized Replication for Active-Active Broadcast, Unknown Unicast, and Multicast (BUM) Traffic [RFC8361]

Proposed Standard, 17 pages.
3 personal drafts, first 11/12/2013. 14 WG drafts
Last call announced 2017-11-28, draft 10
IESG evaluation starts 2017-12-18, draft 11
Approved 2018-01-29, draft 13
Auth 48 2018-09-17
Auth 48 complete 4/9/2018
Published 2018-10-08

According to the authors, the long delays in producing this RFC was due to a slow uptake of the technology in the industry.

Minor copy editing, for style.

1 reference on Google Scholar.

There was at least 1 partial implementation.

3.16. 8472

Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extension for Token Binding Protocol Negotiation [RFC8472]

Proposed Standard, 8 pages.
1 personal drafts, first 5/29/2015. 15 WG drafts
Last call announced 2017-11-13, draft 10
IESG evaluation starts 2018-03-19
Approved 2018-07-20, draft 14
Auth 48 2018-09-17
Auth 48 complete 2018-09-25
Published 2018-10-08

This is a pretty simple document, but it took over 3 years from individual draft to RFC. According to the authors,the biggest setbacks occurred at the start: it took a while to find a home for this draft. It was presented in the TLS WG (because it's a TLS extension) and UTA WG (because it has to do with applications using TLS). Then the ADs determined that a new WG was needed, so the authors had to work through the WG creation process, including running a BOF.

Minor copy editing, for style, with the addition of a reference to TLS 1.3.

5 references on Google Scholar.

Perhaps partially due to the delays, some of the implementers lost interest in supporting this RFC.

3.17. 8466

A YANG Data Model for Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (L2VPN) Service Delivery [RFC8466]

Proposed Standard, 158 pages.
5 personal drafts, first 9/1/2016. 11 WG drafts
Last call announced 2018-02-21, draft 07
IESG evaluation starts 2018-03-14, draft 08
Approved 2018-06-25, draft 10
Auth 48 2018-09-17
Auth 48 complete 2018-10-09
Published 2018-10-12

Copy editing for style and clarity, with also corrections to the yang model.

2 references on Google Scholar.

3.18. 8362

OSPFv3 Link State Advertisement (LSA) Extensibility [RFC8362] is a major extension to the OSPF protocol. It makes OSPFv3 fully extensible.

Proposed Standard, 33 pages.
4 personal drafts, first February 17, 2013. 24 WG drafts
Last call announced 2017-12-19, draft 19
IESG evaluation starts 2018-01-18, draft 20
Approved 2018-01-29, draft 23
Auth 48 2018-03-19
Auth 48 complete 2018-03-30
Published 2018-04-03

The specification was first submitted as a personal draft in the IPv6 WG, then moved to the OSPF WG. The long delay of producing this RFC is due to the complexity of the problem, and the need to wait for implementations. It is a very important change to OSPF that makes OSPFv3 fully extensible. Since it was a non-backward compatible change, the developers started out with some very complex migration scenarios but ended up with either legacy or extended OSPFv3 LSAs within an OSPFv3 routing domain. The initial attempts to have a hybrid mode of operation with both legacy and extended LSAs also delayed implementation due to the complexity.

Copy editing for style and clarity.

7 references on Google Scholar. It either was or will be implemented by all the router vendors.

3.19. 8468

IPv4, IPv6, and IPv4-IPv6 Coexistence: Updates for the IP Performance Metrics (IPPM) Framework [rfc8468].

Informational, 15 pages.
3 personal drafts, first August 6, 2015. 7 WG drafts
Last call announced 2018-04-11, draft 04
IESG evaluation starts 2018-05-24, draft 05
Approved 2018-07-10, draft 06
Auth 48 2018-09-13
Auth 48 complete 2018-11-05
Published 2018-11-14

RFC8468 was somehow special in that there was not a technical reason/interest that triggered it, but rather a formal requirement. While writing RFC7312 the IP Performance Metrics working group (IPPM) realized that RFC 2330, the IP Performance Metrics Framework supported IPv4 only and explicitly excluded support for IPv6. Nevertheless, people used the metrics that were defined on top of RFC 2330 (and, therefore, IPv4 only) for IPv6, too. Although the IPPM WG agreed that the work was needed, the interest of IPPM attendees in progressing (and reading/reviewing) the IPv6 draft was limited. Resolving the IPv6 technical part was straight-forward, but subsequently some people asked for a broader scope (topics like header compression, 6lo, etc.) and it took some time to figure out and later on convince people that these topics are out of scope. The group also had to resolve contentious topics, for example how to measure the processing of IPv6 extension headers, which is sometimes non-standard.

The Auth48 delay for this draft was longer than average. According to the authors, the main reasons include:

The differences between the final draft and the publish RFC show copy editing for style and clarity, but do not account for the back and forth between authors and editors mentioned by the authors.

2 references on Google Scholar. In contrast, RFC 2330 has more than 3000 references, including over 70 that are more recent than RFC 8468. The authors believe that many of these references include IPv6 work that should formally reference RFC 8468 in addition to RFC 2330, but do not.

4. Observations

We examine the 20 RFC in the sample, measuring various characteristics such as delay and citation counts, in an attempt to identify patterns in the IETF processes.

4.1. Publication delays

We look at the distribution of delays between the submission of the first draft and the publication of the RFC. We break out the total delay in three components:

For submissions to the independent stream, we don't have a working group. We consider instead the progression of the individual draft until the adoption by the ISE as the equivalent of the "working group" period, and the delay from adoption by the ISE until submission to the RFC Editor as the equivalent of the IETF delay. The following table shows the delays for the 20 RFC in the sample:

RFC Status Pages Overall WG IETF Edit
8411 Info 5 455 154 140 161
8456 Info 64 1107 823 126 158
8446 PS 160 1576 1400 34 142
8355 Info 13 1517 1175 243 99
8441 PS 8 341 204 31 106
8324 ISE 29 270 38 161 71
8377 PS 8 1792 1630 21 141
8498 Info 15 1061 935 59 67
8479 ISE 8 414 233 144 37
8453 Info 42 1162 1036 46 80
8429 BCP 10 548 76 313 159
8312 Info 18 1255 1113 16 126
8492 ISE 40 2358 1706 172 480
8378 Exp 21 1524 1446 27 51
8361 PS 17 1612 1477 62 73
8472 PS 8 1228 899 249 80
8466 PS 158 771 538 124 109
8362 PS 33 1871 1766 41 64
8468 Info 15 1196 979 90 127
average 35 1161 928 110 123

The average delay from first draft to publication is about 3 years, but this varies widely. Excluding the independent stream submissions, the average delay from start to finish is 3 years and 3 months, of which on average 2 years and 8 months are spent getting consensus in the working group.

The longest delay is found for [RFC8492], 6.5 years from start to finish. This is however a very special case, a draft that was prepared for the TLS working group and failed to reach consensus. After that, it was resubmitted to the ISE, and incurred atypical production delays.

On average, we see that 80% of the delay is incurred in WG processing, 10% in IETF review, and 10% for edition and publication. We can compare these delays to those observed 10 years ago and 20 years ago:

RFC (2008) Status Pages Delay
5326 Exp 54 1584
5348 PS 58 823
5281 Info 51 1308
5354 Exp 23 2315
5227 PS 21 2434
5329 PS 12 1980
5277 PS 35 912
5236 ISE 26 1947
5358 BCP 7 884
5271 Info 22 1066
5195 PS 10 974
5283 PS 12 1096
5186 Info 6 2253
5142 PS 13 1005
5373 PS 24 1249
5404 PS 27 214
5172 PS 7 305
5349 Info 10 1096
5301 PS 6 396
5174 Info 8 427
RFC (1998) Status Pages Delay
2289 PS 25 396
2267 Info 10 unknown
2317 BCP 10 485
2404 PS 7 488
2374 PS 12 289
2449 PS 19 273
2283 PS 9 153
2394 Info 6 365
2348 DS 5 699
2382 Info 30 396
2297 ISE 109 28
2381 PS 43 699
2312 Info 20 365
2387 PS 10 122
2398 Info 15 396
2391 PS 10 122
2431 PS 10 457
2282 Info 14 215
2323 ISE 5 unknown
2448 ISE 7 92

We can compare the median delay, and the delays observed by the fastest and slowest quartiles in the three years:

Year Fastest 25% Median Slowest 25%
2018 604 1179 1522
2008 869 1081 1675
1998 169 365 442

The IETF takes three to four times more times to produce an RFC in 2018 than it did in 1998, but about the sametime as it did in 2008.

The increased delay does not mean increased work per RFC. The number of RFC published per year remained between 200 and 300 all those years, and the number of participants is not greater now than in 1998. If we estimated the "level of attention" by dividing the number of participants by the number of RFC produced, we would see a number that remains stable. People are probably not working much more on each RFC now than they were 20 years ago, but the same amount of work is stretched over a much longer period.

4.2. Preparation and Publication delays

The preparation and publication delays include three components:

The breakdown of the publication delays for each RFC is shown in the following table.

RFC Status Pages RFC edit Auth 48 RFC Pub Edit(total)
8411 Info 5 53 88 20 161
8456 Info 64 98 46 14 158
8446 PS 160 85 57 0 142
8355 Info 13 83 15 1 99
8441 PS 8 67 33 6 106
8324 ISE 29 42 28 1 71
8377 PS 8 39 102 0 141
8498 Info 15 49 16 2 67
8479 ISE 8 31 5 1 37
8453 Info 42 73 7 0 80
8429 BCP 10 60 99 0 159
8312 Info 18 96 30 0 126
8492 ISE 40 355 123 2 480
8378 Exp 21 42 9 0 51
8361 PS 17 39 31 3 73
8472 PS 8 59 8 13 80
8466 PS 158 84 22 3 109
8362 PS 33 49 11 4 64
8468 Info 15 65 53 9 127
Average 77.3 41.2 4.2 122.7
-8492 Average 62 37 4 103

On average, the total delay appears to be a bit more than four month, but the average is skewed by the extreme values encountered for [RFC8492]. If we exclude that RFC from the computations, the average delay drops to a just a bit more than 3 months: about 2 months for the preparation, a bit more than one month for the Auth48 phase, and 4 days for the publishing.

Of course, these delays vary from RFC to RFC. To try explain the causes of the delay, we compute the correlation factor between the observed delays and 4 plausible explanation factors:

We find the following values:

Correlation RFC edit Auth 48 Edit(total)
Nb pages 0.50 -0.04 0.21
Copy-Edit 0.42 0.24 0.45
IANA -0.13 0.26 0.15

None of these indicate strong correlations. The greater number of pages will tend to increase the preparation delay, but it does not appear to impact the Auth48 delay at all. The amount of copy editing also tend to increase the the preparation delay somewhat and the Auth48 delay a little. The presence or absence of IANA action has very ittle correlation with the delays.

We also observe that the Auth48 delay varies much more than the preparation delay, with a standard deviation of 20 days for Auth48 versus 10 days for the preparation delay. In theory, Auth48 is just a final verification: the authors receive the document prepared by the RFC production center, and just have to give their approval, or maybe request a last minute correction. The name indicates that this is expected to last just two days, but in average it lasts more than a month.

We tested a variety of hypotheses that might explain the duration of AUTH48 by computing the correlation coefficients between various properties of the RFC and the production delays. The results are listed in the following table:

Correlation RFC production Auth 48 RFC Edit(total)
Nb drafts 0.19 -0.30 -0.17
Nb Authors 0.40 -0.04 0.16
WG delay 0.03 -0.16 -0.15

The results show that there is no simple answer. The number of pages, the required amount of copy editing and to a very small extent the number of drafts can help predict the production delay, but there is no obvious predictor for the Auth 48 delay. In particular, there is no numerical evidence that the number of authors influences the Auth48 delay, or that authors who have spent a long time working on the document in the working group somehow spend even longer to answer questions during Auth48 – if anything, the numerical results point in the opposite direction.

After asking the authors of the RFC in the sample why the AUTH48 phase took a long time, and we got three explanations:

1- Some RFC have multiple authors in multiple time zones. This slows down the coordination required for approving changes.

2- Some authors found some of the proposed changes unnecessary or undesirable, and asked that they be reversed. This required long exchanges between authors and editors.

3- Some authors were not giving high priority to AUTH48 responses.

As mentioned above, we were not able to verify these hypotheses by looking at the data.

4.3. Copy editing

We can assess the amount of copy editing applied to each published RFC by comparing the text of the draft approved for publication and the text of the RFC. We do expect differences in the "boilerplate" and in the IANA section, but we will also see differences due to copy editing. Assessing the amount of copy editing is subjective, and we do it using a scale of 1 to 4:

1- Minor editing

2- Editing for style, such as capitalization, hyphens, that versus which, and expending all acronyms at least one.

3- Editing for clarity in addition to style, such as rewriting ambiguous sentences and clarifying use of internal references. For Yang models, that may include model corrections suggested by the verifier.

4- Extensive editing.

The following table shows that with about half of the RFC required editing for style, and the other half at least some editing for clarity.

RFC Status Copy Edit
8411 Info 2
8456 Info 4
8446 PS 3
8355 Info 2
8441 PS 2
8324 ISE 2
8377 PS 3
8498 Info 3
8479 ISE 1
8453 Info 2
8429 BCP 2
8312 Info 2
8492 ISE 3
8378 Exp 2
8361 PS 2
8472 PS 2
8466 PS 3
8362 PS 3
8468 Info 3

This method of assessment does not take into account the number of changes proposed by the editors and eventually rejected by the authors, since these changes are not present in either the final draft or the published RFC. It might be possible to get an evaluation of these "phantom changes" from the RFC Production Center.

4.4. Independent Series

Out of 20 randomly selected RFC, 3 were published through the "independent series". One is an independent opinion, another a description of a non-IETF protocol format, and the third was [RFC8492], which is a special case. Apart from this special case, the publication delays were significantly shorter for the Independent Stream than for the IETF stream. This seems to indicate that the Independent Series is functioning as expected.

The authors of these 3 RFC are regular IETF contributors. This observation motivated a secondary analysis of all the RFC published in the "independent" stream in 2018. There are 14 such RFC: 8507, 8494, 8493, 8492, 8483, 8479, 8433, 8409, 8374, 8369, 8367, 8351, 8328 and 8324. (RFC 8367 and 8369 were published on 1 April 2018.) We can ask whether the authors of these RFC are these outsiders, part of a "wider community" or are people who are also contributing to the IETF. The overwhelming response is, "insiders". Pretty much all the authors are or were involved in the IETF, many of them with a prominent track record. There are just 2 exceptions, a single RFC in which only 3 of the 5 authors are well associated with the IETF.

4.5. Citation Counts

Part of the exercise is to test whether citation counts provide a useful measure of the popularity of the IETF production. These citation counts vary widely:

RFC Status Scholar
8411 Info 2
8456 Info 3
8446 PS 123
8355 Info 9
8441 PS 0
8324 ISE 2
8377 PS 1
8498 Info 0
8479 ISE 0
8453 Info 8
8429 BCP 1
8312 Info 9
8492 ISE 2
8378 Exp 1
8361 PS 1
8472 PS 5
8466 PS 2
8362 PS 7
8468 Info 2

The results indicate that [RFC8446] is by far the most popular of the 20 RFC in our sample. This is not surprising, since TLS is a key Internet Protocol. Of the other publications, only 4 have 5 to 9 citations, and the others have three or less.

In order to get a baseline, we can look at the number of references for the RFC published in 2008 and 1998. However, we need totake time into account. Documents published a long time ago are expected to have accrued more references. We try to address this by looking at three counts for each document: the overall number of references over the document's lifetime, the number of references obtained in the year following publication, and the number of references observed since 2018:

RFC (2008) Overall 08 to 09 >2018
5326 234 27 26
5348 364 34 13
5281 182 27 12
5354 30 15 7
5227 81 9 7
5329 57 11 5
5277 85 10 5
5236 48 8 4
5358 45 6 3
5271 16 3 3
5195 21 12 1
5283 26 5 1
5186 13 4 1
5142 42 14 0
5373 16 4 0
5404 12 3 0
5172 11 2 0
5349 11 1 0
5301 11 3 0
5174 1 1 0
RFC (1998) Overall 98 to 99 >2018
2289 369 13 14
2267 607 13 7
2317 81 9 6
2404 446 20 5
2374 280 18 4
2449 54 6 3
2283 240 25 1
2394 69 4 1
2348 27 2 1
2382 89 30 0
2297 68 21 0
2381 86 20 0
2312 115 18 0
2387 292 8 0
2398 72 7 0
2391 110 5 0
2431 25 4 0
2282 12 3 0
2323 12 1 0
2448 5 1 0

We can compare the median number of references, and the numbers of references for the least and most popular quartiles in the three years:

References Lower 25% Median Higher 25%
RFC (2018) 1 2 6
RFC (2008) 12 26 57
RFC (2008), until 2009 3 6 12
RFC (2008), 2018 and after 0 1 5
RFC (1998) 47 84 250
RFC (1998), until 1999 4 9 19
RFC (1998), 2018 and after 0 0 3

The total numbers shows new documents with fewer references than the older ones. This can be explained to some degree by the passage of time. If we restrict the analysis to the number of references accrued in the year of publishing and the year after that, we still see higher reference counts in 1998 than in 2008 or 2018. For example, the top quartile of RFC published in 1998 had at least 19 references by the end of 1999, while the top quartile of RFC published in 2008 only had at least 12 references, which is twice the corresponding number for the RFC of 2018.

We also see that the number of references to RFC fades over time. Only the most popular of the RFC produced in 1998 are still referenced in 2019. The overall popularity of the RFC series benefit from a history of publishing relevant documents, but over time the references to historic documents will decrease and the overall popularity will depend on more recent documents.

We need however to be a bit cautious before asserting that publications with a low citation count have limited impact:

We should be able to assess the popularity of specifications with vendors, operators and designers by asking questions about deployed services and products.

5. Next steps

This draft is not really complete. We have obtained feedback from many authors but not all. We should also get a review from the RFC Production Center. We may want to find a better way of looking at citations than simple queries on Google Scholar, and in any case we want to update the reference counts before publication, as they will keep changing over time. When an RFC describes a protocol, we may want to also compare the citation counts and the deployment status of the protocol.

Even with those limitations, the exercise shows some promise, and also shows the interest of doing more studies.

It is tempting to go from this exercise on published RFCs to a broader evaluation of the IETF productivity, but this would require more than just evaluating the RFCs. The IETF produces standard proposals and informative memos that get published in the RFC series, but that is not its only purpose. Two other purposes would be the organization of fruitful discussions between members of the technical community, and the filtering of ill-thought proposals so they are not endorsed in IETF publications.

We don't have good ideas yet for evaluating the propagation of ideas, but we could perhaps evaluate the filtering: not enough filtering would cause bad ideas to be published; too much filtering would cause good ideas to be rejected.

Not enough filtering should be visible by analyzing the published RFCs. Successful RFC will accrue many references and would drive many implementations. Unsuccessful RFCs would lack both. These criterias are hard to predict in advance, so we expect a fraction of the published RFCs to be unsuccessful. Too small a fraction would indicate a process that is too conservative, too large a fraction would indicate a process that's too lax. We can see that in the current analysis.

On the other hand, a reasonable balance between success and lack of it does not guarantee that the process is very efficient. It could be that the culling of bad ideas also culls good ones, and we would not know by just looking at the publications. For that, we would need to look at publication attempts that were abandoned, for example drafts that expired without progressing or being replaced. The sampling methodology could also be used for that purpose. Pick maybe 20 drafts at random, among those abandoned in a target year, and investigate why they were abandoned. Was it because better solutions emerged in the working group? Or maybe because the authors discovered a flaw in their proposal? Or was it because some factional struggle blocked a good idea? Was the idea pursued in a different venue? Hopefully, someone will try this kind of investigation.

6. Security considerations

This draft does not specify any protocol.

We might want to analyze whether security issues were discovered after publication of specific standards.

7. IANA Considerations

This draft does not require any IANA action.

Peliminary analysis does not indicate that IANA is causing any particular delay in the publication process.

8. Acknowledgements

Many thanks to the authors of the selected RFC who were willing to provide feedback on the process: Michael Ackermann, Zafar Ali, Sarah Banks, Bruno Decraene, Lars Eggert, Nalini Elkins, Joachim Fabini, Dino Farinacci, Clarence Filsfils, Sujay Gupta, Dan Harkins, Vinayak Hegde, Benjamin Kaduk, John Klensin, Acee Lindem, Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos, Patrick McManus, Victor Moreno, Al Morton, Andrei Popov, Eric Rescorla, Michiko Short, Bhuvaneswaran Vengainathan, Lao Weiguo, and Li Yizhou. Many thanks to Adrian Farrel for his useful advice.

9. Informative References

[RFC3797] Eastlake 3rd, D., "Publicly Verifiable Nominations Committee (NomCom) Random Selection", RFC 3797, DOI 10.17487/RFC3797, June 2004.
[RFC6455] Fette, I. and A. Melnikov, "The WebSocket Protocol", RFC 6455, DOI 10.17487/RFC6455, December 2011.
[RFC8312] Rhee, I., Xu, L., Ha, S., Zimmermann, A., Eggert, L. and R. Scheffenegger, "CUBIC for Fast Long-Distance Networks", RFC 8312, DOI 10.17487/RFC8312, February 2018.
[RFC8324] Klensin, J., "DNS Privacy, Authorization, Special Uses, Encoding, Characters, Matching, and Root Structure: Time for Another Look?", RFC 8324, DOI 10.17487/RFC8324, February 2018.
[RFC8355] Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Decraene, B. and R. Shakir, "Resiliency Use Cases in Source Packet Routing in Networking (SPRING) Networks", RFC 8355, DOI 10.17487/RFC8355, March 2018.
[RFC8361] Hao, W., Li, Y., Durrani, M., Gupta, S. and A. Qu, "Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL): Centralized Replication for Active-Active Broadcast, Unknown Unicast, and Multicast (BUM) Traffic", RFC 8361, DOI 10.17487/RFC8361, April 2018.
[RFC8362] Lindem, A., Roy, A., Goethals, D., Reddy Vallem, V. and F. Baker, "OSPFv3 Link State Advertisement (LSA) Extensibility", RFC 8362, DOI 10.17487/RFC8362, April 2018.
[RFC8377] Eastlake 3rd, D., Zhang, M. and A. Banerjee, "Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL): Multi-Topology", RFC 8377, DOI 10.17487/RFC8377, July 2018.
[RFC8378] Moreno, V. and D. Farinacci, "Signal-Free Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) Multicast", RFC 8378, DOI 10.17487/RFC8378, May 2018.
[RFC8410] Josefsson, S. and J. Schaad, "Algorithm Identifiers for Ed25519, Ed448, X25519, and X448 for Use in the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure", RFC 8410, DOI 10.17487/RFC8410, August 2018.
[RFC8411] Schaad, J. and R. Andrews, "IANA Registration for the Cryptographic Algorithm Object Identifier Range", RFC 8411, DOI 10.17487/RFC8411, August 2018.
[RFC8429] Kaduk, B. and M. Short, "Deprecate Triple-DES (3DES) and RC4 in Kerberos", BCP 218, RFC 8429, DOI 10.17487/RFC8429, October 2018.
[RFC8441] McManus, P., "Bootstrapping WebSockets with HTTP/2", RFC 8441, DOI 10.17487/RFC8441, September 2018.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018.
[RFC8453] Ceccarelli, D. and Y. Lee, "Framework for Abstraction and Control of TE Networks (ACTN)", RFC 8453, DOI 10.17487/RFC8453, August 2018.
[RFC8455] Bhuvaneswaran, V., Basil, A., Tassinari, M., Manral, V. and S. Banks, "Terminology for Benchmarking Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Controller Performance", RFC 8455, DOI 10.17487/RFC8455, October 2018.
[RFC8456] Bhuvaneswaran, V., Basil, A., Tassinari, M., Manral, V. and S. Banks, "Benchmarking Methodology for Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Controller Performance", RFC 8456, DOI 10.17487/RFC8456, October 2018.
[RFC8466] Wen, B., Fioccola, G., Xie, C. and L. Jalil, "A YANG Data Model for Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (L2VPN) Service Delivery", RFC 8466, DOI 10.17487/RFC8466, October 2018.
[rfc8468] Morton, A., Fabini, J., Elkins, N., Ackermann, M. and V. Hegde, "IPv4, IPv6, and IPv4-IPv6 Coexistence: Updates for the IP Performance Metrics (IPPM) Framework", RFC 8468, DOI 10.17487/RFC8468, November 2018.
[RFC8472] Popov, A., Nystroem, M. and D. Balfanz, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extension for Token Binding Protocol Negotiation", RFC 8472, DOI 10.17487/RFC8472, October 2018.
[RFC8479] Mavrogiannopoulos, N., "Storing Validation Parameters in PKCS#8", RFC 8479, DOI 10.17487/RFC8479, September 2018.
[RFC8492] Harkins, D., "Secure Password Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 8492, DOI 10.17487/RFC8492, February 2019.
[RFC8498] Mohali, M., "A P-Served-User Header Field Parameter for an Originating Call Diversion (CDIV) Session Case in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 8498, DOI 10.17487/RFC8498, February 2019.

Author's Address

Christian Huitema Private Octopus Inc. 427 Golfcourse Rd Friday Harbor, WA 98250 U.S.A EMail: huitema@huitema.net