Network Working Group A. Fuldseth
Internet-Draft G. Bjontegaard
Intended status: Standards Track S. Midtskogen
Expires: April 21, 2016 T. Davies
M. Zanaty
Cisco
October 19, 2015

Thor Video Codec
draft-fuldseth-netvc-thor-01

Abstract

This document provides a high-level description of the Thor video codec. Thor is designed to achieve high compression efficiency with moderate complexity, using the well-known hybrid video coding approach of motion-compensated prediction and transform coding.

Status of This Memo

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This Internet-Draft will expire on April 21, 2016.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

This document provides a high-level description of the Thor video codec. Thor is designed to achieve high compression efficiency with moderate complexity, using the well-known hybrid video coding approach of motion-compensated prediction and transform coding.

The Thor video codec is a block-based hybrid video codec similar in structure to widespread standards. The high level encoder and decoder structures are illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively.


           +---+   +-----------+   +-----------+   +--------+
Input--+-->| + |-->| Transform |-->| Quantizer |-->| Entropy|
Video  |   +---+   +-----------+   +-----------+   | Coding |
       |     ^ -                         |         +--------+
       |     |                           v              |
       |     |                     +-----------+        v
       |     |                     |  Inverse  |     Output
       |     |                     | Transform |    Bitstream
       |     |                     +-----------+
       |     |                           |
       |     |                           v
       |     |                         +---+
       |     +------------------------>| + |
       |     |      +-------------+    +---+
       |     |   ___| Intra Frame |      |
       |     |  /   | Prediction  |<-----+
       |     | /    +-------------+      |
       |     |/                          v
       |      \     +-------------+  +---------+
       |       \    | Inter Frame |  |  Loop   |
       |        \___| Prediction  |  | Filters |
       |            +-------------+  +---------+
       |                   ^             |
       |                   |             v
       |            +------------+   +---------------+
       |            |   Motion   |   | Reconstructed |
       +----------->| Estimation |<--| Frame Memory  |
                    +------------+   +---------------+

Figure 1: Encoder Structure


                 +----------+      +-----------+
  Input  ------->| Entropy  |----->|  Inverse  |
Bitstream        | Decoding |      | Transform |
                 +----------+      +-----------+
                                         |
                                         v
                                       +---+
             +------------------------>| + |
             |      +-------------+    +---+
             |   ___| Intra Frame |      |
             |  /   | Prediction  |<-----+
             | /    +-------------+      |
             |/                          v
              \     +-------------+  +---------+
               \    | Inter Frame |  |  Loop   |
                \___| Prediction  |  | Filters |
                    +-------------+  +---------+
                           ^             |-------------> Output
                           |             v               Video
                  +--------------+   +---------------+
                  |     Motion   |   | Reconstructed |
                  | Compensation |<--| Frame Memory  |
                  +--------------+   +---------------+

Figure 2: Decoder Structure

The remainder of this document is organized as follows. First, some requirements language and terms are defined. Block structures are described in detail, followed by intra-frame prediction techniques, inter-frame prediction techniques, transforms, quantization, loop filters, entropy coding, and finally high level syntax.

An open source reference implementation is available at github.com/cisco/thor.

2. Definitions

2.1. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2.2. Terminology

This document frequently uses the following terms.

  • SB: Super Block - 64x64 block (luma pixels) which can be divided into CBs.
  • CB: Coding Block - Subdivision of a SB, down to 8x8 (luma pixels).
  • PB: Prediction Block - Subdivision of a CB, into 1, 2 or 4 equal blocks.
  • TB: Transform Block - Subdivision of a CB, into 1 or 4 equal blocks.

3. Block Structure

3.1. Super Blocks and Coding Blocks

Each frame is divided into 64x64 Super Blocks (SB) which are processed in raster-scan order. Each SB can be divided into Coding Blocks (CB) using a quad-tree structure. The smallest allowed CB size is 8x8 luma pixels. The four CBs of a larger block are coded/signaled in the following order; upleft, downleft, upright, and downright.

The following modes are signaled at the CB level:

  • Intra
  • Inter0 (MV index, no residual information)
  • Inter1 (MV index, residual information)
  • Inter2 (explicit motion information, residual information)
  • Bi-Prediction (explicit motion information, residual information)

3.2. Special Processing at Frame Boundaries

At frame boundaries some square blocks might not be complete. For example, for 1920x1080 resolutions, the bottom row would consist of rectangular blocks of size 64x56. Rectangular blocks at frame boundaries are handled as follows. For each rectangular block, send one bit to choose between:

  • A rectangular inter0 block and
  • Further split.

For the bottom part of a 1920x1080 frame, this implies the following:

  • For each 64x56 block, transmit one bit to signal a 64x56 inter0 block or a split into two 32x32 blocks and two 32x24 blocks.
  • For each 32x24 block, transmit one bit to signal a 32x24 inter0 block or a split into two 16x16 blocks and two 16x8 blocks.
  • For each 16x8 block, transmit one bit to signal a 16x8 inter0 block or a split into two 8x8 blocks.

Two examples of handling 64x56 blocks at the bottom row of a 1920x1080 frame are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively.


                                 64
                  +-------------------------------+
                  |                               |
                  |                               |
                  |                               |
                  |                               |
                  |                               |
                  |                               |
                  |                               |
              64  | 56           64x56            |
                  |              SKIP             |
                  |                               |
                  |                               |
                  |                               |
                  |                               |
- - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - -
Frame boundary    | 8                             |
                  +-------------------------------+

Figure 3: Super block at frame boundary


                                 64
                  +---------------+---------------+
                  |               |               |
                  |               |               |
                  |               |               |
                  |               |               |
                  |               |               |
                  |               |               |
                  |               |               |
              64  +---------------+-------+-------+
                  |               |       |       |
                  |               |       |       |
                  |     32x24     |       |       |
                  |     SKIP      +---+---+-------+
                  |               |   |   | 16x8  |
- - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - +---+---+ - - - + - - -
Frame boundary    | 8             |   |   | SKIP  |
                  +---------------+---+---+-------+

Figure 4: Coding block at frame boundary

3.3. Transform Blocks

A coding block (CB) can be divided into four smaller transform blocks (TBs).

3.4. Prediction Blocks

A coding block (CB) can also be divided into smaller prediction blocks (PBs) for the purpose of motion-compensated prediction. Horizontal, vertical and quad split are used.

4. Intra Prediction

8 intra prediction modes are used:

  1. DC
  2. Vertical (V)
  3. Horizontal (H)
  4. Upupright (north-northeast)
  5. Upupleft (north-northwest)
  6. Upleft (northwest)
  7. Upleftleft (west-northwest)
  8. Downleftleft (west-southwest)

The definition of DC, vertical, and horizontal modes are straightforward.

The upleft direction is exactly 45 degrees.

The upupright, upupleft, and upleftleft directions are equal to arctan(1/2) from the horizontal or vertical direction, since they are defined by going one pixel horizontally and two pixels vertically (or vice versa).

For the 5 angular intra modes (i.e. angle different from 90 degrees), the pixels of the neighbor blocks are filtered before they are used for prediction:

y(n) = (x(n-1) + 2*x(n) + x(n+1) + 2)/4

For the angular intra modes that are not 45 degrees, the prediction sometimes requires sample values at a half-pixel position. These sample values are determined by an additional filter:

z(n + 1/2) = (y(n) + y(n+1))/2

5. Inter Prediction

5.1. Multiple Reference Frames

Multiple reference frames are currently implemented as follows.

  • Use a sliding-window process to keep the N most recent reconstructed frames in memory. The value of N is signaled in the sequence header.
  • In the frame header, signal which of these frames shall be active for the current frame.
  • For each CB, signal which of the active frames to be used for MC.

Combined with re-ordering, this allows for MPEG-1 style B frames.

A desirable future extension is to allow long-term reference frames in addition to the short-term reference frames defined by the sliding-window process.

5.2. Bi-Prediction

In case of bi-prediction, two reference indices and two motion vectors are signaled per CB. In the current version, PB-split is not allowed in bi-prediction mode. Sub-pixel interpolation is performed for each motion vector/reference index separately before doing an average between the two predicted blocks:

p(x,y) = (p0(x,y) + p1(x,y))/2

5.3. Reordered Frames

Frames may be transmitted out of order. Reference frames are selected from the sliding window buffer as normal.

5.4. Interpolated Reference Frames

A flag is sent in the sequence header indicating that interpolated reference frames may be used.

If a frame is using an interpolated reference frame, it will be the first reference in the reference list, and will be interpolated from the second and third reference in the list. It is indicated by a reference index of -1 and has a frame number equal to that of the current frame.

The interpolated reference is created by a deterministic process common to the encoder and decoder, and described in the separate IRFVC draft [I-D.davies-netvc-irfvc].

5.5. Sub-Pixel Interpolation

5.5.1. Luma Poly-phase Filter

Inter prediction uses traditional block-based motion compensated prediction with quarter pixel resolution. A separable 6-tap poly-phase filter is the basis method for doing MC with sub-pixel accuracy. The luma filter coefficients are as follows:

1/4 phase: [3,-15,111,37,-10,2]/128

2/4 phase: [3,-17,78,78,-17,3]/128

3/4 phase: [2,-10,37,111,-15,3]/128

With reference to Figure 5, a fractional sample value, e.g. i0,0 which has a phase of 1/4 in the horizontal dimension and a phase of 1/2 in the vertical dimension is calculated as follows:

a0,j = 3*A-2,i - 15*A-1,i + 111*A0,i + 37*A1,i - 10*A2,i + 2*A3,i

where j = -2,...,3

i0,0 = (3*a0,-2 - 17*a0,-1 + 78*a0,0 + 78*a0,1 - 17*a0,2 + 3*a0,3 + 8192)/16384

However, some of the sub-pixel positions have different filters which can be non-separable and/or have different filter coefficients. The minimum sub-block size is 8x8.


+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|A    |     |     |     |A    |a    |b    |c    |A    |
|-1,-1|     |     |     | 0,-1| 0,-1| 0,-1| 0,-1| 1,-1|
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|A    |     |     |     |A    |a    |b    |c    |A    |
|-1,0 |     |     |     | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 1,0 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|d    |     |     |     |d    |e    |f    |g    |d    |
|-1,0 |     |     |     | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 1,0 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|h    |     |     |     |h    |i    |j    |k    |h    |
|-1,0 |     |     |     | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 1,0 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|l    |     |     |     |l    |m    |n    |o    |l    |
|-1,0 |     |     |     | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 1,0 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|A    |     |     |     |A    |a    |b    |c    |A    |
|-1,1 |     |     |     | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 1,1 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+


Figure 5: Sub-pixel positions

5.5.2. Luma Special Filter Position

For the fractional pixel position having exactly 2 quarter pixel offsets in each dimension, a non-separable filter is used to calculate the interpolated value. With reference to Figure 5, the center position j0,0 is calculated as follows:

j0,0 =

[0*A-1,-1 + 1*A0,-1 + 1*A1,-1 + 0*A2,-1 +

1*A-1,0 + 2*A0,0 + 2*A1,0 + 1*A2,0 +

1*A-1,1 + 2*A0,1 + 2*A1,1 + 1*A2,1 +

0*A-1,2 + 1*A0,2 + 1*A1,2 + 0*A2,2 + 8]/16

5.5.3. Chroma Poly-phase Filter

Chroma interpolation is performed with 1/8 pixel resolution using the following poly-phase filter.

1/8 phase: [-2, 58, 10, -2]/64

2/8 phase: [-4, 54, 16, -2]/64

3/8 phase: [-4, 44, 28, -4]/64

4/8 phase: [-4, 36, 36, -4]/64

5/8 phase: [-4, 28, 44, -4]/64

6/8 phase: [-2, 16, 54, -4]/64

7/8 phase: [-2, 10, 58, -2]/64

5.6. Motion Vector Coding

5.6.1. Inter0 and Inter1 Modes

Inter0 and inter1 modes imply signaling of a motion vector index to choose a motion vector from a list of candidate motion vectors with associated reference frame index. A list of motion vector candidates are derived from at most two different neighbor blocks, each having a unique motion vector/reference frame index. Signaling of the motion vector index uses 0 or 1 bit, dependent on the number of unique motion vector candidates. If the chosen neighbor block is coded in bi-prediction mode, the inter0 or inter1 block inherits both motion vectors, both reference indices and the bi-prediction property of the neighbor block.

For block sizes less than 64x64, inter0 has only one motion vector candidate, and its value is always zero.

Which neighbor blocks to use for motion vector candidates depends on the availability of the neighbor blocks (i.e. whether the neighbor blocks have already been coded, belong to the same slice and are not outside the frame boundaries). Four different availabilities, U, UR, L, and LL, are defined as illustrated in Figure 6. If the neighbor block is intra it is considered to be available but with a zero motion vector.


           |           |
           |     U     |    UR
-----------+-----------+-----------
           |           |
           |  current  |
     L     |   block   |
           |           |
           |           |
-----------+-----------+
           |
           |
     LL    |
           |

Figure 6: Availability of neighbor blocks

Based on the four availabilities defined above, each of the motion vector candidates is derived from one of the possible neighbor blocks defined in Figure 7.


+----+----+      +----+    +----+----+
| UL | U0 |      | U1 |    | U2 | UR |
+----+----+------+----+----+----+----+
| L0 |                          |
+----+                          |
     |                          |
     |                          |
+----+        current           |
| L1 |         block            |
+----+                          |
     |                          |
+----+                          |
| L2 |                          |
+----+--------------------------+
| LL |
+----+

Figure 7: Motion vector candidates

The choice of motion vector candidates depends on the availability of neighbor blocks as shown in Table 1.

Motion vector candidates for different availability of neighbor blocks
U UR L LL Motion vector candidates
0 0 0 0 zero vector
1 0 0 0 U2, zero vector
0 1 0 0 NA
1 1 0 0 U2,zero vector
0 0 1 0 L2, zero vector
1 0 1 0 U2,L2
0 1 1 0 NA
1 1 1 0 U2,L2
0 0 0 1 NA
1 0 0 1 NA
0 1 0 1 NA
1 1 0 1 NA
0 0 1 1 L2, zero vector
1 0 1 1 U2,L2
0 1 1 1 NA
1 1 1 1 U2,L2

5.6.2. Inter2 and Bi-Prediction Modes

Motion vectors are coded using motion vector prediction. The motion vector predictor is defined as the median of the motion vectors from three neighbor blocks. Definition of the motion vector predictor uses the same definition of availability and neighbors as in Figure 6 and Figure 7 respectively. The three vectors used for median filtering depends on the availability of neighbor blocks as shown in Table 2. If the neighbor block is coded in bi-prediction mode, only the first motion vector (in transmission order), MV0, is used as input to the median operator.

Neighbor blocks used to define motion vector predictor through median filtering
U UR L LL Motion vectors for median filtering
0 0 0 0 3 x zero vector
1 0 0 0 U0,U1,U2
0 1 0 0 NA
1 1 0 0 U0,U2,UR
0 0 1 0 L0,L1,L2
1 0 1 0 UL,U2,L2
0 1 1 0 NA
1 1 1 0 U0,UR,L2,L0
0 0 0 1 NA
1 0 0 1 NA
0 1 0 1 NA
1 1 0 1 NA
0 0 1 1 L0,L2,LL
1 0 1 1 U2,L0,LL
0 1 1 1 NA
1 1 1 1 U0,UR,L0

5.6.3. Motion Vector Direction

Motion vectors referring to reference frames later in time than the current frame are stored with their sign reversed, and these reversed values are used for coding and motion vector prediction.

6. Transforms

Transforms are applied at the TB or CB level, implying that transform sizes range from 4x4 to 64x64. The transforms form an embedded structure meaning the transform matrix elements of the smaller transforms can be extracted from the larger transforms.

7. Quantization

For the 32x32 and 64x64 transform sizes, only the 16x16 low frequency coefficients are quantized and transmitted.

Quantizer step-size control is not implemented yet, but some sort of sub-frame control is desired.

8. Loop Filtering

8.1. Deblocking

8.1.1. Luma deblocking

Luma deblocking is performed on an 8x8 grid as follows: Figure 8.

  1. For each vertical edge between two 8x8 blocks, calculate the following for each of line 2 and line 5 respectively:

    d = abs(a-b) + abs(c-d),

    where a and b, are on the left hand side of the block edge and c and d are on the right hand side of the block edge:

    a b | c d
  2. For each line crossing the vertical edge, perform deblocking if and only if all of the following conditions are true:
    • d2+d5 < beta(QP)
    • The edge is also a transform block edge
    • abs(mvx(left)) > 2, or abs(mvx(right)) > 2, or

      abs(mvy(left)) > 2, or abs(mvy(right)) > 2, or

      One of the transform blocks on each side of the edge has non-zero coefficients, or

      One of the transform blocks on each side of the edge is coded using intra mode.

  3. If deblocking is performed, calculate a delta value as follows:

    delta = clip((18*(c-b) - 6*(d-a) + 16)/32,tc,-tc),

    where tc is a QP-dependent value.
  4. Next, modify two pixels on each side of the block edge as follows:

    a' = a + delta/2

    b' = b + delta

    c' = c + delta

    d' = d + delta/2
  5. The same procedure is followed for horizontal block edges.

The relative positions of the samples, a, b, c, d and the motion vectors, MV, are illustrated in


         |
         | block edge
         |
 +---+---+---+---+
 | a | b | c | d |
 +---+---+---+---+
         |
mv       | mv
  x,left |   x,right
         |
mv         mv
  y,left     y,right

Figure 8: Deblocking filter pixel positions

8.1.2. Chroma Deblocking

Chroma deblocking is performed on a 4x4 grid as follows:

  1. Delocking of the edge between two 4x4 blocks is performed if and only if:
    • The pixels on either side of the block edge belongs to an intra block.
    • The block edge is also an edge between two transform blocks.

  2. If deblocking is performed, calculate a delta value as follows:

    delta = clip((4*(c-b) + (d-a) + 4)/8,tc,-tc),

    where tc is a QP-dependent value.
  3. Next, modify one pixel on each side of the block edge as follows:

    b' = b + delta

    c' = c + delta

8.2. Constrained Low Pass Filter (CLPF1)

A low-pass filter is applied after the deblocking filter if signaled in the sequence header. It can still be switched off for individual frames in the frame header. Also signaled in the frame header is whether to apply the filter for all qualified super blocks or to transmit a flag for each such block.

A super block is qualified if it contains at least one uni-predictive coding block having residual information. Fully bi-predictive super blocks are never filtered, nor uni-predictive if they lack residual information, and no signal is transmitted for these blocks.

Superblocks to be filtered are divided into its coding blocks and processed as follows:

  • Coding blocks that are bi-predictive or lack residual information are unchanged.
  • Otherwise, every pixel is compared to the adjacent left, right, upper, lower pixels.
  • If at least three of them are greater, the center pixel is increased by one.
  • If at least three of them are smaller, the center pixel is decreased by one.
  • The modification of the center pixel can be described by the following equation where comparisons evaluate to 0 or 1:

    X' = X + ((A>X)+(B>X)+(C>X)+(D>X))>2 - ((A<X)+(B<X)+(C<X)+(D<X))>2

The relative positions of the pixel values A, B, C, D, and X are shown in Figure 9. Note that A, B, C, D and X are always the unfiltered values.


    +---+
    | A |
+---+---+---+
| B | X | C |
+---+---+---+
    | D |
    +---+

Figure 9: Constrained low pass filter pixel positions

9. Entropy coding

9.1. Overview

The following information is signaled at the sequence level:

  • Sequence header

The following information is signaled at the frame level:

  • Frame header

The following information is signaled at the CB level:

  • Super-mode (mode, split, reference index for uni-prediction)
  • Intra prediction mode
  • PB-split (none, hor, ver, quad)
  • TB-split (none or quad)
  • Reference frame indices for bi-prediction
  • Motion vector candidate index
  • Transform coefficients if TB-split=0

The following information is signaled at the TB level:

  • CBP (8 combinations of CBPY, CBPU, and CBPV)
  • Transform coefficients

The following information is signaled at the PB level:

  • Motion vector differences

9.2. Low Level Syntax

9.2.1. CB Level

    super-mode		(inter0/split/inter1/inter2-ref0/intra/inter2-ref1/inter2-ref2/inter2-ref3,..)

    if (mode == inter0 || mode == inter1)

      mv_idx 			(one of up to 2 motion vector candidates)

    else if (mode == INTRA)

      intra_mode		(one of up to 8 intra modes)
  
      tb_split			(NONE or QUAD, coded jointly with CBP for tb_split=NONE)

    else if (mode == INTER)

      pb_split 		(NONE,VER,HOR,QUAD)
  
      tb_split_and_cbp	(NONE or QUAD and CBP)

    else if (mode == BIPRED)

      mvd_x0, mvd_y0	(motion vector difference for first vector)
  
      mvd_x1, mvd_y1	(motion vector difference for second vector)
  
      ref_idx0, ref_idx1	(two reference indices)

9.2.2. PB Level

    if (mode == INTER2 || mode == BIPRED)
    
      mvd_x, mvd_y		(motion vector differences)

9.2.3. TB Level

    if (mode != INTER0 and tb_split == 1)
    
      cbp			(8 possibilities for CBPY/CBPU/CBPV)
      
    if (mode != INTER0)
    
      transform coefficients

9.2.4. Super Mode

For each block of size NxN (64>=N>8), the following mutually exclusive events are jointly encoded using a single VLC code as follows (example using 4 reference frames):

INTER0      1
SPLIT       01
INTER1      001
INTER2-REF0 0001
BIPRED      00001
INTRA       000001
INTER2-REF1	0000001
INTER2-REF2	00000001
INTER2-REF3	00000000

If there is no interpolated reference frame:

INTER0      1
SPLIT       01
INTER1      001
BIPRED      0001
INTRA       00001
INTER2-REF1	000001
INTER2-REF2	0000001
INTER2-REF3	00000001
INTER2-REF0 00000000

If there is an interpolated reference frame:

If less than 4 reference frames is used, a shorter VLC table is used. If bi-pred is not possible, or split is not possible, they are omitted from the table and shorter codes are used for subsequent elements.

  SPLIT       1
  INTER1      01
  INTER2-REF0 001
  INTER0      0001
  INTRA       00001
  INTER2-REF1 000001
  INTER2-REF2 0000001
  INTER2-REF3 00000001
  BIPRED      00000000

Additionally, depending on information from the blocks to the left and above (meta data and CBP), a different sorting of the events can be used, e.g.:

9.2.5. CBP

    if (tb-split == 0)
    
      N = 4*CBPV + 2*CBPU + CBPY
      
    else
    
      N = 8

Calculate code as follows:

Map the value of N to code through a table lookup:

code = table[N]

where the purpose of the table lookup is the sort the different values of code according to decreasing probability (typically CBPY=1, CBPU=0, CBPV=0 having the highest probability).

Use a different table depending on the values of CBPY in neighbor blocks (left and above).

Encode the value of code using a systematic VLC code.

9.2.6. Transform Coefficients

Transform coefficient coding uses a traditional zig-zag scan pattern to convert a 2D array of quantized transform coefficients, coeff, to a 1D array of samples. VLC coding of quantized transform coefficients starts from the low frequency end of the 1D array using two different modes; level-mode and run-mode, starting in level-mode:

  • Level-mode
    • Encode each coefficient, coeff, separately
    • Each coefficient is encoded by:
      • The absolute value, level=abs(coeff), using a VLC code and
      • If level > 0, the sign bit (sign=0 or sign=1 for coeff>0 and coeff<0 respectively).

    • If coefficient N is zero, switch to run-mode, starting from coefficient N+1.

  • Run-mode
    • For each non-zero coefficient, encode the combined event of:
      1. Length of the zero-run, i.e. the number of zeros since the last non-zero coefficient.
      2. Whether or not level=abs(coeff) is greater than 1.
      3. End of block (EOB) indicating that there are no more non-zero coefficients.

    • Additionally, if level = 1, code the sign bit.
    • Additionally, if level > 1 define code = 2*(level-2)+sign,
    • If the absolute value of coefficient N is larger than 1, switch to level-mode, starting from coefficient N+1.

Example

Figure 10 illustrates an example where 16 quantized transform coefficients are encoded.


      4
                           3
2     |                       2
   1  |  1        1        |           1
|     |     0  0     0  0  |  |  0  0     0  0
|__|__|__|________|________|__|________|_______


Figure 10: Coefficients to encode

Table 3 shows the mode, VLC number and symbols to be coded for each coefficient.

Transform coefficient encoding for the example above.
Index abs(coeff) Mode Encoded symbols
0 2 level-mode level=2,sign
1 1 level-mode level=1,sign
2 4 level-mode level=4,sign
3 1 level-mode level=1,sign
4 0 level-mode level=0
5 0 run-mode
6 1 run-mode (run=1,level=1)
7 0 run-mode
8 0 run-mode
9 3 run-mode (run=1,level>1), 2*(3-2)+sign
10 2 level-mode level=2, sign
11 0 level-mode level=0
12 0 run-mode
13 1 run-mode (run=1,level=1)
14 0 run-mode EOB
15 0 run-mode

10. High Level Syntax

High level syntax is currently very simple and rudimentary as the primary focus so far has been on compression performance. It is expected to evolve as functionality is added.

10.1. Sequence Header

  • Width - 16 bit
  • Height - 16 bit
  • Enable/disable PB-split - 1 bit
  • Enable/disable TB-split - 1 bit
  • Number of active reference frames (may go into frame header) - 2 bits (max 4)
  • Enable/disable deblocking - 1 bit
  • Enable/disable constrained low-pass filter (CLPF1) - 1 bit

10.2. Frame Header

  • Frame type - 1 bit
  • QP - 8 bits
  • Identification of active reference frames - num_ref*4 bits
  • Number of intra modes - 4 bits
  • Constrained low-pass filter (CLPF1) enable/disable - 1 bit

11. IANA Considerations

This document has no IANA considerations yet. TBD

12. Security Considerations

This document has no security considerations yet. TBD

13. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Thomas Davies, Steinar Midtskogen and Mo Zanaty for reviewing this document and design, and providing constructive feedback.

14. Normative References

[I-D.davies-netvc-irfvc] Davies, T., "Interpolated reference frames for video coding", Internet-Draft draft-davies-netvc-irfvc-00, October 2015.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.

Authors' Addresses

Arild Fuldseth Cisco Lysaker, Norway EMail: arilfuld@cisco.com
Gisle Bjontegaard Cisco Lysaker, Norway EMail: gbjonteg@cisco.com
Steinar Midtskogen Cisco Lysaker, Norway EMail: stemidts@cisco.com
Thomas Davies Cisco London, UK EMail: thdavies@cisco.com
Mo Zanaty Cisco RTP,NC, USA EMail: mzanaty@cisco.com