5G - Ultra-Reliable Wireless Technology with Low LatencyEricssonMagyar tudosok korutja 11 Budapest1117Hungaryjanos.farkas@ericsson.comEricssonEricsson Allee 1Herzogenrath52134Germanytorsten.dudda@ericsson.comEricssonLaboratoriegrand 11Lulea977 53Swedenalexey.shapin@ericsson.comEricssonLaboratoriegrand 11Lulea977 53Swedensara.sandberg@ericsson.com
Routing
RAW5GThis document describes the features of 5G that make it a wireless
technology providing ultra-reliability, high availability, and low
latency; and looks out to possibilities on the application of 5G
together with IETF Deterministic Networking (DetNet).
Introduction
5G is a highly predictable scheduled wireless technology. Equipped with
Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) features, 5G provides ultra
reliability and high availability as well as low latency for critical
communications. That is, 5G is a Reliable Available Wireless (RAW)
technology. Its characteristics make 5G perfectly suitable to be
part of deterministic networks, e.g., industrial automation networks.
Furthermore, 5G already includes features and capabilities for integration
with deterministic wireline technologies such as IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive
Networking (TSN) and IETF Deterministic
Networking (DetNet) .
Provenance and Documents
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) incorporates many companies
whose business is related to cellular network operation as well as network
equipment and device manufacturing. All generations of 3GPP technologies
provide scheduled wireless segments, primarily in licensed spectrum which is
beneficial for reliability and availability.
In 2016, the 3GPP started to design New Radio (NR) technology belonging to
the fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks. NR has been designed from
the beginning to not only address enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services
for consumer devices such as smart phones or tablets but is also tailored
for future Internet of Things (IoT) communication and connected
cyber-physical systems. In addition to eMBB, requirement categories have
been defined on Massive Machine-Type Communication (M-MTC) for a large
number of connected devices/sensors, and Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency
Communication (URLLC) for connected control systems and critical
communication as illustrated in . It is
the URLLC capabilities that make 5G a great candidate for reliable
low-latency communication. With these three corner stones, NR is a complete
solution supporting the connectivity needs of consumers, enterprises, and
public sector for both wide area and local area, e.g. indoor deployments.
A general overview of NR can be found in .
As a result of releasing the first NR specification in 2018 (Release 15), it
has been proven by many companies that NR is a URLLC-capable technology and
can deliver data packets at 10^-5 packet error rate within 1ms latency
budget . Those evaluations were consolidated and
forwarded to ITU to be included in the work.
In order to understand communication requirements for automation in vertical
domains, 3GPP studied different use cases and
released technical specification with reliability, availability and latency
demands for a variety of applications .
As an evolution of NR, multiple studies have been conducted in scope of 3GPP
Release 16 including the following two, focusing on radio aspects:
Study on physical layer enhancements for NR ultra-reliable and low
latency communication (URLLC) .
Study on NR industrial Internet of Things (I-IoT)
.
In addition, several enhancements have been done on system architecture level
which are reflected in System architecture for the 5G System (5GS)
.
General Characteristics
The 5G Radio Access Network (5G RAN) with its NR interface includes several
features to achieve Quality of Service (QoS), such as a guaranteeably
low latency or tolerable packet error rates for selected data flows.
Determinism is achieved by centralized admission control and scheduling of
the wireless frequency resources, which are typically licensed frequency
bands assigned to a network operator.
NR enables short transmission slots in a radio subframe, which benefits
low-latency applications. NR also introduces mini-slots, where prioritized
transmissions can be started without waiting for slot boundaries, further
reducing latency. As part of giving priority and faster radio access to
URLLC traffic, NR introduces preemption where URLLC data transmission can
preempt ongoing non-URLLC transmissions. Additionally, NR applies very fast
processing, enabling retransmissions even within short latency bounds.
NR defines extra-robust transmission modes for increased reliability both
for data and control radio channels. Reliability is further improved by
various techniques, such as multi-antenna transmission, the use of multiple
frequency carriers in parallel and packet duplication over independent radio
links. NR also provides full mobility support, which is an important
reliability aspect not only for devices that are moving, but also for
devices located in a changing environment.
Network slicing is seen as one of the key features for 5G, allowing vertical
industries to take advantage of 5G networks and services. Network slicing is
about transforming a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) from a single network
to a network where logical partitions are created, with appropriate network
isolation, resources, optimized topology and specific configuration to serve
various service requirements. An operator can configure and manage the
mobile network to support various types of services enabled by 5G, for
example eMBB and URLLC, depending on the different customers’ needs.
Exposure of capabilities of 5G Systems to the network or applications
outside the 3GPP domain have been added to Release 16
. Via exposure interfaces, applications can access
5G capabilities, e.g., communication service monitoring and network
maintenance.
For several generations of mobile networks, 3GPP has considered how the
communication system should work on a global scale with billions of users,
taking into account resilience aspects, privacy regulation, protection of
data, encryption, access and core network security, as well as interconnect.
Security requirements evolve as demands on trustworthiness increase. For
example, this has led to the introduction of enhanced privacy protection
features in 5G. 5G also employs strong security algorithms, encryption of
traffic, protection of signaling and protection of interfaces.
One particular strength of mobile networks is the authentication, based on
well-proven algorithms and tightly coupled with a global identity management
infrastructure. Since 3G, there is also mutual authentication, allowing the
network to authenticate the device and the device to authenticate the
network. Another strength is secure solutions for storage and distribution
of keys fulfilling regulatory requirements and allowing international
roaming. When connecting to 5G, the user meets the entire communication
system, where security is the result of standardization, product security,
deployment, operations and management as well as incident handling
capabilities. The mobile networks approach the entirety in a rather
coordinated fashion which is beneficial for security.
Deployment and Spectrum
The 5G system allows deployment in a vast spectrum range, addressing
use-cases in both wide-area as well as local networks. Furthermore, 5G can
be configured for public and non-public access.
When it comes to spectrum, NR allows combining the merits of many frequency
bands, such as the high bandwidths in millimeter Waves (mmW) for extreme
capacity locally, as well as the broad coverage when using mid- and low
frequency bands to address wide-area scenarios. URLLC is achievable in all
these bands. Spectrum can be either licensed, which means that the license
holder is the only authorized user of that spectrum range, or unlicensed,
which means that anyone who wants to use the spectrum can do so.
A prerequisite for critical communication is performance predictability,
which can be achieved by the full control of the access to the spectrum,
which 5G provides. Licensed spectrum guarantees control over spectrum usage
by the system, making it a preferable option for critical communication.
However, unlicensed spectrum can provide an additional resource for scaling
non-critical communications. While NR is initially developed for usage of
licensed spectrum, the functionality to access also unlicensed spectrum was
introduced in 3GPP Release 16.
Licensed spectrum dedicated to mobile communications has been allocated to
mobile service providers, i.e. issued as longer-term licenses by national
administrations around the world. These licenses have often been associated
with coverage requirements and issued across whole countries, or in large
regions. Besides this, configured as a non-public network (NPN) deployment,
5G can provide network services also to a non-operator defined organization
and its premises such as a factory deployment. By this isolation, quality of
service requirements, as well as security requirements can be achieved. An
integration with a public network, if required, is also possible. The
non-public (local) network can thus be interconnected with a public network,
allowing devices to roam between the networks.
In an alternative model, some countries are now in the process of allocating
parts of the 5G spectrum for local use to industries. These non-service
providers then have a choice of applying for a local license themselves and
operating their own network or cooperating with a public network operator or
service provider.
Applicability to Deterministic FlowsSystem Architecture
The 5G system consists of the User Equipment (UE)
at the terminal side, and the Radio Access Network (RAN) with the gNB as
radio base station node, as well as the Core Network (CN). The core network
is based on a service-based architecture with the central functions: Access
and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF)
and User Plane Function (UPF) as illustrated in .
The gNB’s main responsibility is the radio resource management, including
admission control and scheduling, mobility control and radio measurement
handling. The AMF handles the UE’s connection status and security, while the
SMF controls the UE’s data sessions. The UPF handles the user plane traffic.
The SMF can instantiate various Packet Data Unit (PDU) sessions for the
UE, each associated with a set of QoS flows, i.e., with different QoS
profiles. Segregation of those sessions is also possible, e.g., resource
isolation in the RAN and in the CN can be defined (slicing).
To allow UE mobility across cells/gNBs, handover mechanisms are supported in
NR. For an established connection, i.e., connected mode mobility, a gNB can
configure a UE to report measurements of received signal strength and
quality of its own and neighbouring cells, periodically or event-based.
Based on these measurement reports, the gNB decides to handover a UE to
another target cell/gNB. Before triggering the handover, it is hand-shaked
with the target gNB based on network signalling. A handover command is then
sent to the UE and the UE switches its connection to the target cell/gNB.
The Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) of the UE can be configured to
avoid data loss in this procedure, i.e., handle retransmissions if needed.
Data forwarding is possible between source and target gNB as well. To
improve the mobility performance further, i.e., to avoid connection failures,
e.g., due to too-late handovers, the mechanism of conditional handover is
introduced in Release 16 specifications. Therein a conditional handover
command, defining a triggering point, can be sent to the UE before UE enters
a handover situation. A further improvement introduced in Release 16 is the
Dual Active Protocol Stack (DAPS), where the UE maintains the connection to
the source cell while connecting to the target cell. This way, potential
interruptions in packet delivery can be avoided entirely.
Overview of The Radio Protocol Stack
The protocol architecture for NR consists of the L1 Physical layer (PHY) and
as part of the L2, the sublayers of Medium Access Control (MAC), Radio Link
Control (RLC), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), as well as the
Service Data Adaption Protocol (SDAP).
The PHY layer handles signal processing related actions, such as
encoding/decoding of data and control bits, modulation, antenna precoding
and mapping.
The MAC sub-layer handles multiplexing and priority handling of logical
channels (associated with QoS flows) to transport blocks for PHY
transmission, as well as scheduling information reporting and error
correction through Hybrid Automated Repeat Request (HARQ).
The RLC sublayer handles sequence numbering of higher layer packets,
retransmissions through Automated Repeat Request (ARQ), if configured, as
well as segmentation and reassembly and duplicate detection.
The PDCP sublayer consists of functionalities for ciphering/deciphering,
integrity protection/verification, re-ordering and in-order delivery,
duplication and duplicate handling for higher layer packets, and acts as the
anchor protocol to support handovers.
The SDAP sublayer provides services to map QoS flows, as established by the
5G core network, to data radio bearers (associated with logical channels),
as used in the 5G RAN.
Additionally, in RAN, the Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol, handles the
access control and configuration signalling for the aforementioned protocol
layers. RRC messages are considered L3 and thus transmitted also via those
radio protocol layers.
To provide low latency and high reliability for one transmission link, i.e.,
to transport data (or control signaling) of one radio bearer via one carrier,
several features have been introduced on the user plane protocols for PHY
and L2, as explained in the following.
Radio (PHY)
NR is designed with native support of antenna arrays utilizing benefits from
beamforming, transmissions over multiple MIMO layers and advanced receiver
algorithms allowing effective interference cancellation. Those antenna
techniques are the basis for high signal quality and effectiveness of
spectral usage. Spatial diversity with up to 4 MIMO layers in UL and up to 8 MIMO layers in
DL is supported. Together with spatial-domain multiplexing, antenna
arrays can focus power in desired direction to form beams. NR supports beam
management mechanisms to find the best suitable beam for UE initially and
when it is moving. In addition, gNBs can coordinate their respective DL and
UL transmissions over the backhaul network keeping interference reasonably
low, and even make transmissions or receptions from multiple points
(multi-TRP). Multi-TRP can be used for repetition of data packet in time, in
frequency or over multiple MIMO layers which can improve reliability even
further.
Any downlink transmission to a UE starts from resource allocation signaling
over the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH). If it is successfully
received, the UE will know about the scheduled transmission and may receive data
over the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). If retransmission is
required according to the HARQ scheme, a signaling of negative
acknowledgement (NACK) on the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) is
involved and PDCCH together with PDSCH transmissions (possibly with additional
redundancy bits) are transmitted and soft-combined with previously received bits. Otherwise, if no valid control signaling for scheduling data
is received, nothing is transmitted on PUCCH (discontinuous transmission
- DTX),and the base station upon detecting DTX will retransmit the initial
data.
An uplink transmission normally starts from a Scheduling Request (SR) – a
signaling message from the UE to the base station sent via PUCCH.
Once the scheduler is informed about buffer data in UE, e.g., by SR, the UE
transmits a data packet on the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH).
Pre-scheduling not relying on SR is also possible (see following section).
Since transmission of data packets require usage of control and data
channels, there are several methods to maintain the needed reliability. NR
uses Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes for data channels, Polar codes for PDCCH, as well as orthogonal sequences and Polar codes for PUCCH. For
ultra-reliability of data channels, very robust (low spectral efficiency)
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) tables are introduced containing very low
(down to 1/20) LDPC code rates using BPSK or QPSK. Also, PDCCH and PUCCH
channels support multiple code rates including very low ones for the channel
robustness.
A connected UE reports downlink (DL) quality to gNB by sending Channel State
Information (CSI) reports via PUCCH while uplink (UL) quality is measured
directly at gNB. For both uplink and downlink, gNB selects the desired MCS
number and signals it to the UE by Downlink Control Information (DCI) via PDCCH channel. For URLLC services,
the UE can assist the gNB by advising that MCS targeting 10^-5 Block Error Rate (BLER) are used.
Robust link adaptation algorithms can maintain the needed level of
reliability considering a given latency bound.
Low latency on the physical layer is provided by short transmission duration
which is possible by using high Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) and the allocation of
only one or a few Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. For example, the shortest latency for the worst
case in DL can be 0.23ms and in UL can be 0.24ms according to (section
5.7.1 in ). Moreover, if the initial transmission has
failed, HARQ feedback can quickly be provided and an HARQ retransmission is
scheduled.
Dynamic multiplexing of data associated with different services is highly
desirable for efficient use of system resources and to maximize system
capacity. Assignment of resources for eMBB is usually done with regular (longer)
transmission slots, which can lead to blocking of low latency services. To
overcome the blocking, eMBB resources can be pre-empted and re-assigned to
URLLC services. In this way, spectrally efficient assignments for eMBB can be ensured while providing flexibility required to ensure a bounded latency for URLLC services. In downlink, the gNB can notify the eMBB UE about pre-emption after
it has happened, while in uplink there are two pre-emption mechanisms:
special signaling to cancel eMBB transmission and URLLC dynamic power boost
to suppress eMBB transmission.
Scheduling and QoS (MAC)
One integral part of the 5G system is the Quality of Service (QoS) framework
. QoS flows are setup by the 5G system for certain
IP or Ethernet packet flows, so that packets of each flow receive the same
forwarding treatment, i.e., in scheduling and admission control. QoS flows
can for example be associated with different priority level, packet delay
budgets and tolerable packet error rates. Since radio resources are
centrally scheduled in NR, the admission control function can ensure that
only those QoS flows are admitted for which QoS targets can be reached.
NR transmissions in both UL and DL are scheduled by the gNB
. This ensures radio resource efficiency, fairness
in resource usage of the users and enables differentiated treatment of the
data flows of the users according to the QoS targets of the flows. Those QoS
flows are handled as data radio bearers or logical channels in NR RAN
scheduling.
The gNB can dynamically assign DL and UL radio resources to users,
indicating the resources as DL assignments or UL grants via control channel
to the UE. Radio resources are defined as blocks of OFDM symbols in spectral
domain and time domain. Different lengths are supported in time domain,
i.e., (multiple) slot or mini-slot lengths. Resources of multiple frequency
carriers can be aggregated and jointly scheduled to the UE.
Scheduling decisions are based, e.g., on channel quality measured on
reference signals and reported by the UE (cf. periodical CSI reports for DL
channel quality). The transmission reliability can be chosen in the
scheduling algorithm, i.e., by link adaptation where an appropriate
transmission format (e.g., robustness of modulation and coding scheme,
controlled UL power) is selected for the radio channel condition of the UE.
Retransmissions, based on HARQ feedback, are also controlled by the
scheduler. If needed to avoid HARQ round-trip time delays, repeated transmissions can be
also scheduled beforehand, to the cost of reduced spectral efficiency.
In dynamic DL scheduling, transmission can be initiated immediately
when DL data becomes available in the gNB. However, for dynamic UL scheduling, when data becomes available but no UL resources are available yet,
the UE indicates the need for UL resources to the gNB via a (single bit) scheduling
request message in the UL control channel. When thereupon UL resources are
scheduled to the UE, the UE can transmit its data and may include a buffer
status report, indicating the exact amount of data per logical channel still left
to be sent. More UL resources may be scheduled accordingly. To avoid the
latency introduced in the scheduling request loop, UL radio resources can
also be pre-scheduled.
In particular for periodical traffic patterns, the pre-scheduling can rely
on the scheduling features DL Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS) and UL
Configured Grant (CG). With these features, periodically recurring resources
can be assigned in DL and UL. Multiple parallels of those configurations are
supported, in order to serve multiple parallel traffic flows of the same UE.
To support QoS enforcement in the case of mixed traffic with different QoS requirements,
several features have recently been introduced. This way, e.g., different
periodical critical QoS flows can be served together with best effort
transmissions, by the same UE. Among others, these features (partly
Release 16) are: 1) UL logical channel transmission restrictions allowing to
map logical channels of certain QoS only to intended UL resources of
a certain frequency carrier, slot-length, or CG configuration, and 2) intra-UE
pre-emption, allowing critical UL transmissions to pre-empt non-critical
transmissions.
When multiple frequency carriers are aggregated, duplicate parallel
transmissions can be employed (beside repeated transmissions on one
carrier). This is possible in the Carrier Aggregation (CA) architecture
where those carriers originate from the same gNB, or in the Dual
Connectivity (DC) architecture where the carriers originate from different
gNBs, i.e., the UE is connected to two gNBs in this case. In both cases,
transmission reliability is improved by this means of providing frequency
diversity.
In addition to licensed spectrum, a 5G system can also utilize unlicensed
spectrum to offload non-critical traffic. This version of NR is called NR-U,
part of 3GPP Release 16. The central scheduling approach applies also for
unlicensed radio resources, but in addition also the mandatory channel
access mechanisms for unlicensed spectrum, e.g., Listen Before Talk (LBT) are supported in NR-U.
This way, by using NR, operators have and can control access to both
licensed and unlicensed frequency resources.
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) Integration
The main objective of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is to provide
guaranteed data delivery within a guaranteed time window, i.e., bounded low
latency. IEEE 802.1 TSN is a set of open
standards that provide features to enable deterministic communication on
standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet . TSN standards can
be seen as a toolbox for traffic shaping, resource management, time
synchronization, and reliability.
A TSN stream is a data flow between one end station (Talker) to another end
station (Listener). In the centralized configuration model, TSN bridges are
configured by the Central Network Controller (CNC)
to provide deterministic connectivity for the
TSN stream through the network. Time-based traffic shaping provided by
Scheduled Traffic may be used to achieve
bounded low latency. The TSN tool for time synchronization is the
generalized Precision Time Protocol (gPTP) ),
which provides reliable time synchronization that can be used by end
stations and by other TSN tools, e.g., Scheduled Traffic
. High availability, as a result of
ultra-reliability, is provided for data flows by the Frame Replication and
Elimination for Reliability (FRER) mechanism.
3GPP Release 16 includes integration of 5G with TSN, i.e., specifies
functions for the 5G System (5GS) to deliver TSN streams such that the meet
their QoS requirements. A key aspect of the integration is the 5GS appears
from the rest of the network as a set of TSN bridges, in particular, one
virtual bridge per User Plane Function (UPF) on the user plane. The 5GS
includes TSN Translator (TT) functionality for the adaptation of the 5GS to
the TSN bridged network and for hiding the 5GS internal procedures. The 5GS
provides the following components:
interface to TSN controller, as per for
the fully centralized configuration model
time synchronization via reception and transmission of gPTP PDUs
low latency, hence, can be integrated with Scheduled Traffic
reliability, hence, can be integrated with FRER
shows an illustration of 5G-TSN integration
where an industrial controller (Ind Ctrlr) is connected to industrial
Input/Output devices (I/O dev) via 5G. The 5GS can directly transport
Ethernet frames since Release 15, thus, end-to-end Ethernet connectivity is
provided. The 5GS implements the required interfaces towards the TSN
controller functions such as the CNC, thus adapts to the settings of the TSN
network. A 5G user plane virtual bridge interconnects TSN bridges or connect
end stations, e.g., I/O devices to the network. Note that the introduction
of 5G brings flexibility in various aspects, e.g., more flexible network
topology because a wireless hop can replace several wireline hops thus
significantly reduce the number of hops end-to-end.
dives more into the integration of 5G with TSN.
NR supports accurate reference time synchronization in 1us accuracy level.
Since NR is a scheduled system, an NR UE and a gNB are tightly synchronized
to their OFDM symbol structures. A 5G internal reference time can be
provided to the UE via broadcast or unicast signaling, associating a known
OFDM symbol to this reference clock. The 5G internal reference time can be
shared within the 5G network, i.e., radio and core network components. For
the interworking with gPTP for multiple time domains, the 5GS acts as a
virtual gPTP time-aware system and supports the forwarding of gPTP time
synchronization information between end stations and bridges through the 5G
user plane TTs. These account for the residence time of the 5GS in the time
synchronization procedure. One special option is when the 5GS internal
reference time in not only used within the 5GS, but also to the rest of the
devices in the deployment, including connected TSN bridges and end stations.
Redundancy architectures were specified in order to provide reliability
against any kind of failure on the radio link or nodes in the RAN and the
core network, Redundant user plane paths can be provided based on the dual
connectivity architecture, where the UE sets up two PDU sessions towards the
same data network, and the 5G system makes the paths of the two PDU sessions
independent as illustrated in . There are two
PDU sessions involved in the solution: the first spans from the UE via gNB1
to UPF1, acting as the first PDU session anchor, while the second spans from
the UE via gNB2 to UPF2, acting as second the PDU session anchor. The
independent paths may continue beyond the 3GPP network. Redundancy Handling
Functions (RHFs) are deployed outside of the 5GS, i.e., in Host A (the
device) and in Host B (the network). RHF can implement replication and
elimination functions as per or the
Packet Replication, Elimination, and Ordering Functions (PREOF) of IETF
Deterministic Networking (DetNet) .
An alternative solution is that multiple UEs per device are used for user
plane redundancy as illustrated in . Each UE
sets up a PDU session. The 5GS ensures that those PDU sessions of the
different UEs are handled independently internal to the 5GS. There is no
single point of failure in this solution, which also includes RHF outside
of the 5G system, e.g., as per FRER or as PREOF specifications.
Note that the abstraction provided by the RHF and the location of the RHF
being outside of the 5G system make 5G equally supporting integration for
reliability both with FRER of TSN and PREOF of DetNet as they both rely on
the same concept.
Note also that TSN is the primary subnetwork technology for DetNet. Thus, the
DetNet over TSN work, e.g., ,
can be leveraged via the TSN support built in 5G.
Summary
5G technology enables deterministic communication. Based on the centralized
admission control and the scheduling of the wireless resources, licensed or
unlicensed, quality of service such as latency and reliability can be
guaranteed. 5G contains several features to achieve ultra-reliable and low
latency performance, e.g., support for different OFDM numerologies and
slot-durations, as well as fast processing capabilities and redundancy
techniques that lead to achievable latency numbers of below 1ms with
reliability guarantees up to 99.999%.
5G also includes features to support Industrial IoT use cases, e.g., via the
integration of 5G with TSN. This includes 5G capabilities for each TSN
component, latency, resource management, time synchronization, and
reliability. Furthermore, 5G support for TSN can be leveraged when 5G is used
as subnet technology for DetNet, in combination with or instead of TSN, which
is the primary subnet for DetNet. In addition, the support for integration
with TSN reliability was added to 5G by making DetNet reliability also
applicable, thus making 5G DetNet ready. Moreover, providing IP service is
native to 5G.
Overall, 5G provides scheduled wireless segments with high reliability and
availability. In addition, 5G includes capabilities for integration to IP
networks.
IANA Considerations
This document does not require IANA action.
Security Considerations
5G includes security mechanisms as defined by 3GPP.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the work of all from Ericsson Research who
contributed to the subject in any form.
Informative References3GPP TR 37.910, Study on self evaluation towards IMT-2020 submission3GPP TR 38.824, Study on physical layer enhancements for NR ultra-reliable and low latency case (URLLC)3GPP TR 38.825, Study on NR industrial Internet of Things (IoT)3GPP TS 22.104, Service requirements for cyber-physical control applications in vertical domains3GPP TR 22.804, Study on Communication for Automation in Vertical domains (CAV)3GPP TS 23.501, System architecture for the 5G System (5GS)3GPP TS 38.300, NR Overall descriptionITU towards IMT for 2020 and beyondTime-Sensitive Networking (TSN) Task GroupIEEE 802.1IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks -- Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive ApplicationsIEEEIEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks -- Frame Replication and Elimination for ReliabilityIEEEIEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks -- Bridges and Bridged Networks -- Amendment 25: Enhancements for Scheduled TrafficIEEEIEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks -- Bridges and Bridged Networks -- Amendment 31: Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) Enhancements and Performance ImprovementsIEEEIEEE Standard for EthernetIEEE5G-TSN integration meets networking requirements for industrial automation