Internet Engineering Task Force R. Despres, Ed. Internet-Draft RD-IPtech Intended status: Experimental B. Carpenter Expires: January 7, 2012 Univ. of Auckland D. Wing Cisco S. Jiang Huawei July 6, 2011 Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) draft-despres-6a44-00 Abstract In customer sites having IPv4-only CPEs, Teredo provides a last resort IPv6 connectivity [RFC4380] [RFC5991] [RFC6081]. However, because it is designed to work without involvement of Internet service providers, it has significant limitations (connectivity between IPv6 native addresses and Teredo addresses is uncertain; connectivity between Teredo addresses fails for some combinations of NAT types). 6a44 is a complementary solution that, being base on ISP cooperation, avoids these limitations. At the beginning of IPv6 addresses, it replaces the Teredo well-known prefix by network specific prefixes assigned by local ISP's (an evolution similar to that from 6to4 to 6rd). In hosts, 6a44 can be implemented either autonomously or as an extension of Teredo. The specification is complete enough for actual deployment, including with independently written codes. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on January 7, 2012. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Design Goals, Requirements, and Model of Operation . . . . . . 6 4.1. Hypotheses about NAT Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.2. Native IPv6 Connectivity for unmanaged Hosts behind NAT44's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.3. Operational Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.4. Model of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. 6a44 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6. Specification of Clients and Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.1. Packet Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.2. IPv6 Packet Encapsulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.3. 6a44 Bubbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.4. Maximum Transmission Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.5. 6a44 Client Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.5.1. Tunnel Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.5.2. Client Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6.5.3. Client Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.6. 6a44 Relay Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 6.6.1. Relay Reception in IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 6.6.2. Relay Reception in IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 6.7. Implementation of Automatic Sunset . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 8. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 1. Introduction Although most customer premise equipments (CPE's) should soon be dual-stack capable, a large installed base of IPv4-only CPE's is likely to remain for several years. Their operation is based on IPv4 NAT's (NAT44's). Also, due to the IPv4 address shortage, more and more Internet service providers (ISP's), and more and more mobile operators, will assign private IPv4 addresses of [RFC1918] to their customers (the [NAT444] model). For a rapid and extensive use of IPv6 [RFC2460], there is therefore a need for IPv6 connectivity behind NAT44's, including those of the [NAT444] model. At the moment, there are two tunneling techniques specified for IPv6 connectivity behind NAT44's: o Configured tunnels. They involve tunnel brokers with which users must register [RFC3053]. Well-known examples include deployments of the Hexago tool, and the SixXs collaboration, which are suitable for IPv6 early trials. However, this approach is not adequate for mass deployment: it imposes that, even if two hosts are in the same customer site, IPv6 packets between them must transit via tunnel servers, which may be far away. o Automatic Teredo tunnels [RFC4380] [RFC5991]. Teredo is specified as a last resort solution which, due to its objective to work without local ISP involvement, has the following limitations: * Connectivity between IPv6 native addresses and Teredo addresses is uncertain. (As explained in [RFC4380] section 8.3, this connectivity depends on paths being available from all IPv6 native addresses to some Teredo Relays. ISP's lack sufficient motivations to ensure it). * Between two Teredo addresses, IPv6 connectivity fails for some combinations of NAT44 types([RFC6081] section 3). * The solution is not completely plug-and-play. (Each Teredo host has to be configured with the IPv4 address of a Teredo server ([RFC4380] section 5.2). 6a44 is designed to avoid Teredo limitations where ISP's can participate to the solution. The approach for this is similar to that which permitted 6rd [RFC5569] [RFC5969] to avoid limitations of 6to4 [RFC3056] [RFC3068]: at the beginning of IPv6 addresses, the Teredo well-known prefix is replaced by network specific prefixes assigned by local ISP's. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 To reflect that 6a44 can be implemented in hosts either as an independent solution or as a complement to Teredo, organization of this document follows that of the Teredo specification [RFC4380]: terms used in the document are defined in Section 3; design goals and model of operation are presented in Section 4; Section 5 describes the format of 6a44 IPv6 addresses; Section 6 specifies in details behaviors of 6a44 clients and 6a44 relays; security and IANA considerations are respectively covered in Section 7 and Section 8. The specification is expected to be complete enough for running codes to be independently written and the solution to be incrementally deployed and used. Its intended status is Experimental rather than Standard to reflect uncertainty as to which major Internet players may be willing to support it. 2. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 3. Definitions The following definitions are used in this document: MAJOR NEW DEFINITIONS "6a44 ISP network": An IPv4-capable ISP network that supports at least one 6a44 relay. Additional conditions are that it assigns individual IPv4 addresses to its customer sites (global or private), that it supports ingress filtering [RFC2827], and that its path MTU's are at least 1308 octets. "6a44 relay": A node that supports the 6a44 relay function defined in this document, and that has interfaces to an IPv6-capable upstream network and to an an IPv4-capable downstream network. "6a44 client": A host that supports the 6a44 client function defined in this document, and has no other mean than 6a44 to have a IPv6 native address. "6a44 tunnel": A tunnel established and maintained between a 6a44 client and 6a44 relays of its ISP network. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 "6a44 bubble": A UDP/IPv4 packet sent from a 6a44 client to the 6a44-relay address, or conversely, and having a UDP payload that cannot be confused with an IPv6 packet. In the client to relay direction, it is a request for a response bubble. In the relay to client direction, it conveys the up-to-date IPv6 prefix of the client. SECONDARY NEW DEFINITIONS (for reference, can be skipped by readers familiar with usual terminology) "6a44 service": The service offered by a 6a44 ISP network to its 6a44 clients. "6a44-client IPv6 address": The IPv6 address of a 6a44 client. It is composed of the client IPv6 prefix, received from a 6a44 relay, followed by the client local IPv4 address. "6a44-client IPv6 prefix": For a 6a44 client, the IPv6 prefix (/96) composed of the IPv6 prefix of the local 6a44-network (/48) followed by the UDP/IPv4 mapped address of the client (32 + 16 bits). "6a44-client UDP/IPv4 mapped address": For a 6a44 client, the external UDP/IPv4 address that, in the CPE NAT44 of the site, is that of its 6a44 tunnel. "6a44-client UDP/IPv4 local address": For a 6a44 client, the combination of its local IPv4 address and the 6a44 port. "6a44 port": The UDP port used for 6a44 (see Section 8). "6a44-relay UDP/IPv4 address": The UDP/IPv4 address composed of the 6a44-relay anycast address and the 6a44 port. "6a44-relay anycast address": The well-known IPv4 anycast address of 6a44 relays (see Section 8). "6a44-network IPv6 prefix": An IPv6 /48 prefix assigned by an ISP to a 6a44 network. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 BORROWED DEFINITIONS (for reference, can be skipped by readers familiar with usual terminology) "Upstream direction": For a network border node, the direction toward the Internet core. "Downstream direction": For a network border node, the direction toward end-user nodes (opposite to the upstream direction). "IPv4 private address": An address that starts with one of the three prefixes of [RFC1918] (10/8, 172.16/12, or 192.168/16). "IPv6 native address": An IPv6 global unicast address that starts with an aggregetable prefix assigned to an ISP. "UDP/IPv4 address": The combination of an IPv4 address and a UDP port. "UDP/IPv4 packet": A UDP datagram contained in an IPv4 packet. "IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packet": An IPv6 packet contained in a UDP/IPv4 packet. 4. Design Goals, Requirements, and Model of Operation 4.1. Hypotheses about NAT Behavior 6a44 is designed to work with all NAT44 behaviors identified in section 3 of [RFC6081]. In particular, it has to work with endpoint- dependent mappings as well as with endpoint-independent mappings, including if there are dynamic changes from one mode to the other. The only assumption is that, after a mapping has been established in the NAT44, it is maintained as long as it is re-used at least once, in each direction, in every 30 seconds. NOTE: 30 seconds is the value used for the same mapping-maintenance purpose in Teredo [RFC4380], and in SIP [RFC5626]. 4.2. Native IPv6 Connectivity for unmanaged Hosts behind NAT44's The objective remains that, as soon as possible, CPEs and ISPs support IPv6 native prefixes. 6a44 is therefore designed only as a temporary solution for hosts to obtain IPv6 native addresses in sites whose CPEs are not IPv6-capable yet. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 As noted in Section 1, IPv6 native addresses obtainable with configured tunnels have important limitations. However, compared to 6a44 addresses, they have the advantage of remaining unchanged in case of NAT44 reset. 6a44 remains therefore the last resort solution for IPv6 native addresses in unmanaged hosts of IPv4-only-CPE sites, while configured tunnels may still be preferred for some managed hosts if reported limitations of configured tunnels are consciously found acceptable. Their scopes being different, the two solutions can usefully coexist. Note that Teredo remains a last resort solution for hosts to have IPv6 addresses where IPv6 native addresses cannot be available (and where Teredo limitations are consciously found acceptable). 4.3. Operational Requirements Operational requirements of 6a44 include the following: "Robust IPv6 connectivity": A node having a 6a44 address must have paths across the Internet to and from all IPv6 native addresses that are not subject to voluntary firewall filtering. "Intra-site path efficiency": Packets exchanged between 6a44 clients that are behind the same CPE NAT44 must not have to traverse it. If these clients have IPv4 connectivity using their private IPv4 addresses, they must also have IPv6 connectivity using their 6a44 addresses. "Plug-and-play operation of 6a44 clients": In order to obtain a 6a44 address from its local ISP, a 6a44 client must need no parameter configuration. "Scalability of ISP functions": For the solution to be easily scalable, ISP-supported functions have to be completely stateless. "Anti-spoofing Protection": Where address anti-spoofing is ensured in IPv4 with ingress filtering of [RFC2827] [RFC3704], IPv6 addresses must benefit from the same degree of anti-spoofing protection. "Overall Design simplicity": As Antoine de Saint-Exupery said in [The Tool], "it seems that perfection is attained not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing more to remove". "Incremental deployability": Hosts and ISP networks must be able become 6a44 capable independently of each other. IPv6 must be operational where both are available, and there must be no perceptible effect where they are not both available. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 4.4. Model of Operation (A) GLOBAL-IPv4 ISP NETWORK +------------------+ 6a44 customer network(s) |GLOBAL IPv4 | Upstream +-----------+ ---| MTU >= 1308 +--- IPv4 network ---| Private | | ingress filtering| (<== no route +----+ | IPv4 +-----+ | IPv6 optional | to 6a44 relays) | |-----| |NAT44|----+ | +----+ | +-----+ | +-------------+ 6a44 ---|MTU >= 1308| | --+6a44 relay(s)|--- Upstream client(s) | no | ---| +-------------+ IPv6 network |native IPv6| | | +-----------+ +------------------+ (B) PRIVATE-IPv4 ISP NETWORK +------------------+ |PRIVATE IPv4 | | as above | ---| | | +--------------+ | --+ ISP NAT44(s) |--- Upstream as above ----+ +--------------+ IPv4 network | | | +--------------+ ---| --+6a44 relay(s) |--- Upstream | +--------------+ IPv6 network | | +------------------+ 6a44 APPLICABILITY SCENARIOS Figure 1 The operation of 6a44 involves two types of nodes: 6a44 clients and 6a44 relays. Figure 1 shows the two applicability scenarios: o In the first one, IPv4 addresses assigned to customer sites are global IPv4. o In the second one, they are private IPv4 addresses ([NAT444] model where ISPs operate one or several NAT44's, also called carrier- grade NATs, or CGN's). Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 In both configurations, the ISP network may also assign IPv6 prefixes to customer sites: o If customer sites are only assigned IPv4 addresses, 6a44 applies both to sites whose CPE's are not IPv4-only capable and to sites whose CPE's are dual-stack capable. o If customer sites are assigned both IPv4 addresses and IPv6 prefixes, 6a44 only applies to sites whose CPE's areIPv4-only capable. CUSTOMER +-------------------------+ SITES | ISP NETWORK | +---------+ +---------------+ | | | |6a44 ISP NETWOK| | GLOBAL | | | | | INTERNET HOSTS | IPv6/UDP/IPv4 +---------+ | HOST +-+ | +-----+ | | 6a44 | | IPv6 +-+ |H|---|--.---|NAT44|----|----------.---------.----|--- - - - ---|D| +-+ | \ +-----+ | /| relay(s)|\ | +-+ +-+ | / | | ' +---------+ ' | |A|---|--' | | | | | | +-+ IPv6/IPv4 | | | | | | +---------+ | | | | | | | | | | +---------+ | | | | | | IPv6/UDP/IPv4 . | | | +-+ | +-----+ | / | | | |B|---|------|NAT44|----|------' | | | +-+ | +-----+ | | | | | | +---------------+ | | +---------+ | . | +-+ | / | |C|---- - - - - - - ----|--------------------' | +-+ IPv6 | | +-------------------------+ IPv6 PATHS H-A: A is a 6a44 client in the same site H-B: B is a 6a44 client in another site of the same ISP H-C: C is IPv6 of the same ISP, other than 6a44 H-D: D is IPv6 of another ISP IPv6 PATHS BETWEEN 6a44 HOSTS AND REMOTE HOSTS Figure 2 Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 Figure 2 illustrates paths of IPv6 packets in between a 6a44 client H and various possible locations of remote hosts (A in the same site, B in another 6a44 site of the same ISP, C in a non-6a44 IPv6 site of the same ISP, D in an IPv6 site of another ISP). Between 6a44 clients of a same site, IPv6 packets are encapsulated in IPv4 packets. Those Between 6a44 clients and 6a44 relays are encapsulated in UDP/IPv4 packets. 6a44 operates as follows (details in Section 6): 1. A 6a44 client starts operation by sending a 6a44 bubble to the 6a44-relay UDP/IPv4 address. 2. When a 6a44 relay receives a bubble from one of its 6a44 clients, it returns to this client a bubble containing the IPv6 prefix of this client. 3. When a 6a44 client receives a bubble from a 6a44 relay, it updates (or confirms) its 6a44 address. It is an update if the client has no IPv6 address yet or if, due to a CPE reset, this address has changed. After receiving a bubble, a client is ready to start, or to continue, IPv6 operation. 4. When a 6a44 client having a 6a44 address has an IPv6 packet to send whose destination IS in the same customer site, it encapsulates it in an IPv4 packet whose destination is found in the IPv6 destination address. It then sends the resulting IPv6/ IPv4 packet. 5. When a 6a44 client receives a valid IPv6/IPv4 packet from a 6a44 client of the same site, it decapsulates the IPv6 packet and submits it to further IPv6 processing. 6. When a 6a44 client having a 6a44 address has an IPv6 packet to send whose destination IS NOT in the same the same customer site, it encapsulates the packet in a UDP/IPv4 packet whose destination is UDP/IPv4 address of 6a44 relays. It then sends the IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packet. 7. When a 6a44 relay receives via its IPv4 interface a valid IPv6/ UDP/IPv4 packet whose destination IS one of its 6a44 clients, it forwards the contained IPv6 packet in a modified IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packet. The UDP/IPv4 destination of this packet is found in the IPv6 destination address. 8. When a 6a44 client receives a valid IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packet from a 6a44 relay, it decapsulates the IPv6 packet and submits it to further IPv6 processing. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 9. When a 6a44 relay receives via its IPv4 interface a valid IPv6/ UDP/IPv4 packet whose IPv6 destination IS NOT one of its 6a44 clients, it decapsulates the IPv6 packet and sends it via its IPv6 interface. 10. When a 6a44 relay receives via its IPv6 interface a valid IPv6 packet whose destination is one of its 6a44 clients, it encapsulates the packet in a UDP/IPv4 packet whose destination is the UDP/IPv4 address found in the IPv6 destination address. It then sends the resulting IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packet via its IPv4 interface. 11. To maintain the NAT44 mapping of its 6a44 tunnel, and to quickly detect the need to change its 6a44 address in case of NAT44 reset, a 6a44 client sends from time to time (see xref target="maintSec"/>) a bubble to the 6a44 relay address. 12. When a 6a44 relay receives via its IPv4 interface an IPv6/UDP/ IPv4 packet whose IPv6 and UDP/IPv4 source addresses are not consistent, it discards the invalid packet, and returns a bubble to the UDP/IPv4 source address. (This permits the 6a44 client at this address to update its IPv6 address). 5. 6a44 Addresses The 6a44 IPv6 address an ISP assigns to a host must contain all pieces of information needed to reach it from other IPv6 addresses. These piecesa are, as illustrated in Figure 3: o the 6a44-network IPv6 prefix D (a /48 the ISP has assigned to its 6a44 relays); o the customer-site IPv4 address N (either global IPv4 or, if the ISP uses a [NAT444] model, private IPv4); o the mapped port Z of the 6a44 tunnel (i.e. the external port assigned by the NAT44 to the tunnel that the client maintains between its UDP/IPv4 local address A:W and the 6a44-relay UDP/IPv4 address B:W). o the client local IPv4 address A (i.e. the private IPv4 address assigned to the client in its customer site; it is needed for intra-site IPv6 connectivity). Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 Customer network ISP network +--------------+ +------------------+ Client |IPv4 CPE |IPv4 | +----+ | +-----+ | +----------+ | ^ |-----| |NAT44|----+ |6a44 relay|---- IPv6 +-|-^+ | +-----+ | +----------+^ | | | ^ | ^ | ^ | | | | +----------|---+ | +---------|--------+ | | | | ^ | | | | | >0/0| | |N/32< | | | | | | | | | Mapping | | | | - (*) | | | | | | | |A:W< >B:W| | | | IPv6 |D.N.Z.A/128< |D/48< (*) With NAT44(s) between client and CPE, a:w may differ from A:W |0 47|48 79|80 95|96 127| +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ | 6a44-network | Customer-site |Tunnel | 6a44-client | | IPv6 prefix | IPv4 address |mapped | local IPv4 | | (D) | (N) |port(Z)| address (A)| +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ 6a44-client <-- UDP/IPv4 address --> <------------ 6a44-client IPv6 prefix ---------> <---------------- 6a44-client IPv6 address ---------------------> HOST-ADDRESS CONSTRUCTION Figure 3 NOTE: 6a44 addresses don't comply with the rule of [RFC4291] according to which bits 64-127 of aggregetable unicast addresses have to be the Modified-EUI-64 IID format. This is however acceptable in the particular case of 6a44 addresses because their bits 64-127 never need to be processed as IID's on any IPv6 link. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 6. Specification of Clients and Relays 6.1. Packet Formats 6.2. IPv6 Packet Encapsulations For NAT44 traversal, an IPv6 packet transmitted from a 6a44 client to a 6a44 relay or conversely is encapsulated in a UDP/IP packet whose source and destinations addresses are those of the two endpoints (A:W and B:W in notations of Figure 3). The IPv4 packet is that of a complete datagram (its more-fragment bit is set to 0, its offset is set to 0, and its datagram identification may be set to 0). The UDP checksum is set to 0 (there is no need for an additional layer of checksum protection). The length of the IPv6 packet SHOULD NOT exceed 1280 octets (see Section 6.4). Octets: |0 |20 |28 |68 | +----------+---+-------------------+-------//-----+ | IPv4 |UDP| IPv6 header | IPv6 payload | +----------+---+-------------------+-------//-----+ An IPv6 packet transmitted from a 6a44 client to another 6a44 client of the same site is encapsulated in an IPv4 packet whose source and destination addresses are the private-IPv4 addresses of the two hosts. The IPv4 packet is that of a complete datagram (its more- fragment bit is set to 0, its offset is set to 0, and its datagram identification may be set to 0). The size of the IPv6 packet SHOULD NOT exceed 1280 octets for off-link destinations, and MUST NOT exceed the link MTU minus 20 octets for on-link destinations (see Section 6.4). Octets: |0 |20 |60 | +----------+-------------------+-------//-----+ | IPv4 | IPv6 header | IPv6 payload | +----------+-------------------+-------//-----+ 6.3. 6a44 Bubbles A Bubble is a UDP/IPv4 packet whose UDP payload comprises a "6a44- client IPv6 prefix" field and a "Bubble ID" field, and whose UDP checksum is set to 0. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 "6a44-client IPv6 prefix" field . from a 6a44 client = 0 . from a 6a44 relay = 6a44-client IPv6 prefix | Octets: |0 |20 |28| |40 |48 +----------+---+--|-+---+ | IPv4 |UDP| . | . | +----------+---+----+-|-+ | "Bubble ID" field . from a 6a44 client: a client-selected value . from a 6a44 relay: - in a response bubble, copy of the received bubble ID - in an error signaling bubble, 0 6a44 BUBBLE FORMAT Figure 4 In a bubble from a 6a44 client to a 6a44 relay, the "6a44-client IPv6 prefix" field is only reserved space for the response. It is set to 0. In a bubble from a 6a44 relay to a 6a44 client, it contains the IPv6 prefix of the client. In a bubble from a 6a44 client to a 6a44 relay, the "Bubble ID" field contains a randomly chosen value, renewed in circumstances defined in Section 6.5.1. In a bubble from a 6a44 relay to a 6a44 client: if the bubble is a response to a bubble received from the client, the field contains the value found in the received bubble; if the bubble is it is a reaction to a received IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packet whose IPv6 and UDP/IPv4 sources are inconsistent, the field is set to 0. The purpose of this field is a protection against 6a44-relay spoofing attacks (see Section 7). In order to preserve forward compatibility with any extension of bubble formats, should one prove useful in the future, 6a44 clients and 6a44 relays MUST accept to receive bubbles whose UDP payloads lengths are longer than 20 octets (up to that of an IPv6-packet header since, as detailed in Section 6.6.2 and Section 6.5.3, bubbles are recognized by their lengths being shorter than that of tunneled IPv6 packets). Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 6.4. Maximum Transmission Units Reassembly of a fragmented IPv4 datagram necessitates to remember its identifier from reception of the first fragment to reception the last one, and necessitates a timeout protection against packet losses. If such an IP-layer stateful processing would be necessary for 6a44, it would make it more complex than needed, would introduce a vulnerability to denial of service attacks, and would impose that all fragments of a fragmented IPv4 datagram go to the same relay. This last point would be a constraint on how load balancing may be performed between multiple 6a44 relays, and would therefore be detrimental to scalability. For 6a44 processing to remain completely stateless, IPv4 packets containing encapsulated IPv6 packets must never be fragmented. For this: o In customer sites, 6a44 clients MUST have IPv4 link MTU's that support encapsulated IPv6 packets of lengths up to 1280 octets, i.e., for IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packets that traverse the CPE, link MTU's of at least 1280+20+8=1308 octets. (This condition is in general satisfied). o For the same reason, 6a44 ISP networks must have IPv4 path MTU's of at least 1308 octets. (This condition is in general satisfied). o 6a44 clients SHOULD limit the size of IPv6 packets they transmit to off-link destinations to 1280 octets. They MUST also limit the size of IPv6 packets they transmit to on-link destinations to the link MTU minus the 20 octets of an IPv4 encapsulation header. o 6a44 relays SHOULD set their IPv6 MTU to 1280. (If a relay receives an IPv6 packets longer than this MTU via its IPv6 upstream interface, it MUST return ICMPv6 Packet Too Big message). Typical ISP networks have a path MTU's that would permit IPv6 MTU's of 6a44 to be longer than 1280, but taking 1280 octets is a precaution that guarantees against problems with customer sites that may have internal path MTU's smaller than those supported by their ISP networks. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 6.5. 6a44 Client Specification 6.5.1. Tunnel Maintenance For a 6a44-client IPv6 address to remain valid, the port mapping of the 6a44 tunnel MUST be maintained in the CPE NAT44. Initialization ________v________ / \ | "6a44 disabled" |------------<-----------------+ \_________________/ ^ v no v6-add AND v4-add ^ +--------->--------------v ^ ^ +--------------v--------------+ ^ ^ | Reset the attempt count | ^ ^ | Renew the bubble ID | ^ ^ +--------------+--------------+ ^ ^ +----->-------------v ^ ^ ^ +--------------v--------------+ ^ ^ ^ | Send a bubble | ^ ^ ^ +--------------v--------------+ ^ ^ ^ ________v________ ^ ^ ^ Timer T1 / \ 4 attempts without answer ^ ^ +----<-----| "Bubble sent" |-------->----------------+ ^ ^ (1 to 1.5s)\_________________/ v ^ ^ v \ v6-add OR no v4-add v ^ ^ Bubble received v +-----------------------------+ ^ v-----------------<-----------+ v ^ ^ _________v_________ ^ v ^ ^ Timer T2 / \Bubble received ^ v ^ +----------<---| "Bubble Received" |-------->----------+ v ^ ^ (30s - 4*T1)\___________________/ v ^ ^ \ v6-add OR no v4-add v ^ ^ +------->--------------------+ ^ v ^ ^ +----------------------------------+ ^ ^ _______v________ ^ ^ Timer T3 / \ v6-add OR no v4-add ^ +-----------<----| "No 6a44 relay" |----->-----------------------+ (30 min) \_________________/ TUNNEL MAINTENANCE ALGORITHM Figure 5 Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 For this, the 6a44 client SHOULD apply the equivalent of the following TM-x rules, illustrated in Figure 5: TM-1 At initialization, a timer value T1 is randomly chosen in the recommended range 1 to 1.5 seconds, and the "6a44 disabled" state is entered. (Randomness of this value is a precaution to avoid that, if many hosts happen to be re-initialized at the same time, the bubble traffic resulting from the following rules be synchronized.) TM-2 In the "6a44-disabled" state, if it appears that the the interface has no IPv6 native address BUT has a private IPv4 address, then: the Attempt count (a local variable) is set to 1; a new Bubble ID (another local variable) is randomly chosen; a bubble is sent with this bubble ID; the "Bubble sent" state is entered with the timer set to T1. TM-3 In the "Bubble sent" state, if the timer expires AND the Attempt count is less than 4, then: the Attempt count is increased by 1; a new bubble is sent with the current Bubble ID; the "bubble sent" state is re-entered with the timer reset to T1. TM-4 In the "Bubble sent" state, if a bubble is received, then: the 6a44-client IPv6 address is set to the received 6a44-client IPv6 prefix followed by the host local IPv4 address; the "Bubble received" state is entered with the timer set to T2 whose recommended value is 30 seconds minus 4 times T1. TM-5 In the "Bubble sent" state, if timer T1 expires AND the Attempt count is equal to 4, then: the "No 6a44 relay" state is entered with the timer set to T3 whose recommended value is 30 minutes. TM-6 In the "Bubble sent" state, OR the "Bubble received" state, OR the "No 6a44 relay" state, if a IPv6 native address is obtained by some other mean, OR if the private IPv4 address of the host is no longer valid, then: the timer is disarmed; the "6a44 disabled" state is entered. TM-7 In the "Bubble received" state, if the timer T2 expires, then: the Attempt count is reset to 1; a new Bubble ID is randomly chosen; a bubble is sent with this bubble ID; the "Bubble sent" state is entered with the timer set to T1. TM-8 In the "Bubble received" state, if a bubble is received, then: the timer is reset to T2. (NOTE: Since a bubble is received by a 6a44 client either in response to a bubble it has sent or in reaction to a packet it has sent with inconsistent IPv6 and Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 UDP/IPv4 source addresses, receiving a bubble is a sign that the tunnel mapping reported in the received bubble prefix has recently been used in BOTH directions, a condition required by some NAT44s to maintain their mappings). TM-9 In the "no 6a44 relay" state, if the timer expires, then: the Attempt count is reset to 1; a new Bubble ID is randomly chosen; a bubble is sent with this bubble ID; the "Bubble sent" state is entered with the timer set to T1. 6.5.2. Client Transmission An 6a44 client transmits packets according to the following CT-x rules. In figures which illustrate these rules, symbols of Section 5 are re-used; packets are represented as a succession of significant fields separated by commas, with sources preceding destinations as usual; != means different from. CT-1 BUBBLE SENT BY A 6a44 CLIENT (IPv4, A, B, UDP[::/96, ]) | +-------+--------+ | | | 6a44 | | | | client +------>---------- >B:W | |function|A:W< UDP/IPv4 +-------+--------+ Host Bubbles are transmitted from time to time. Conditions of their transmission are specified specified in Section 6.5.1, and their format is specified in Section 6.3. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 CT-2 IPv6/IPv4 PACKET SENT TO A HOST OF THE SAME SITE [IPv6, , ,...] | | (IPv4, A, A2, IP-in-IP[encapsulated packet]) | | +----|--+--------+ | | | | 6a44 | | | -->--+ client +------>------ >A2 | IPv6 |function|, X != , ...] | | (IPv4, B, A, UDP(W, W, [encapsulated packet]) | | +----|--+--------+ | | | | 6a44 | | | -->--+ client +------>---------- >B:W | IPv6 |function|A:W< UDP/IPv4 +-------+--------+ Host If an IPv6 packet is submitted for transmission and ALL the following conditions are satisfied, the IPv6 packet MUST be encapsulated in a UDP/IPv4 packet whose destination is the 6a44-relay anycast address, and whose source and destination ports are both the 6a44 port: (1) the source address is the local 6a44-client IPV6 address; (2) The destination is not a 6a44 address of the same site (its first 80 bits differ from those of the 6a44-client IPv6 address); (3) The IPv6 packet Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 19] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 does not exceed 1280 octets. CT-4 IPv6 PACKET THAT DOESN'T CONCERN 6a44 If an IPv6 packet is submitted to the 6a44 client function for transmission with an IPv6 source address that is not the 6a44- client IPv6 address, the packet does not concern 6a44. It MUST be left for any other IPv6 transmission function that may apply (the source address can be a link-local address or a ULA of [RFC4193]). 6.5.3. Client Reception Upon reception of an IPv4 packet, a 6a44 client applies the following CR-x rules: CR-1 BUBBLE RECEIVED FROM A 6a44 RELAY (IPv4, B, A, UDP(w, w, [, ]) | +-------+--------+ | | | 6a44 | | | | client +------<---------- , , ...]) | [decapsulated packet] | | | +----|--+--------+ | | | | 6a44 | | | --<--+ client +------<------ ,...]) | [decapsulated packet] | | | +----|--+--------+ | | | | 6a44 | | | --<--+ client +------<---------- 0); (3) the IPv4 packet contains the first or unique fragment of a UDP datagram (protocol = 17, offset = 0), with neither port equal to the 6a44 port. 6.6. 6a44 Relay Specification 6.6.1. Relay Reception in IPv6 Upon reception of a packet via its IPv6 interface with a destination address starting with the 6a44-network IPv6 prefix, a 6a44 relay MUST apply the following RR6-x rules: RR6-1 VALID IPv6 PACKET FROM OUTSIDE THE 6a44 ISP NETWORK [IPv6, (X != AND != ), .Z...>,...] | (IPv4, B, N, UDP(W, Z, | [encapsulated packet])) | | | | +--------+ | | >B:W | 6a44 |D/48< | N:Z< ---<--------| relay |-------<---- D.N.Z...< IPv4 | | IPv6 +--------+ If ALL the following conditions are satisfied, the IPv6 packet MUST be encapsulated in an UDP/IPv4 packet whose UDP/IPv4 destination is copied from bits 48 to 95 of the IPv6 destination address: (1) the IPv6 source address is not that of a 6a44 client of the ISP (it does not start with the 6a44- network IPv6 prefix); (2) the IPv6 source address is not a Teredo address whose embedded UDP/IPv4 address is the 6a44- relay anycast address; (3) the customer-site IPv4 address embedded in the 6a44 destination address is not the 6a44-relay anycast address; (4) the packet has at most 1280 octets. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 22] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 RR6-2 INVALID IPv6 PACKET FROM OUTSIDE THE 6a44 ISP NETWORK If ANY of the following conditions is satisfied, the IPv6 packet MUST be discarded : (1) the packet has more than 1280 octets (in this case, an ICMP Packet Too Big error message MUST be returned to the source); (2) the customer-site IPv4 address embedded in the IPv6 destination address is the 6a44- relay anycast address; (3) the IPv6 source address is a Teredo address whose embedded IPv4 address is the 6a44-relay anycast address. 6.6.2. Relay Reception in IPv4 Upon reception via its IPv4 downstream interface of an IPv4 packet that contains a complete IP datagram (fragment offset = 0 and more- fragment bit = 0), and that contain a UDP datagram whose UDP/IPv4 destination is the 6a44-relay UDP/IPv4 address, a 6a44 relay MUST apply the following rules: RR4-1 BUBBLE FROM 6a44 CLIENT (IPv4, N, B, UDP(Z, W, [::/96, bubble ID])) | IPv4 | +--------+ >B:W ------->----| | >B:W| 6a44 | | relay | N:Z< -------<----| | IPv4 | +--------+ | | (IPv4, B, N, UDP(B, W, [, bubble ID])) If the following condition is satisfied, the 6a 44 relay MUST return to the source a bubble derived from the received one by permuting its UDP/IPv4 source and destination, and by putting in its 6a44-client-IPv6-prefix field the received UDP/IPv4 source address: the UDP payload is a bubble, i.e has at least 20 octets and less than 40 octets Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 23] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 RR4-2 IPv6 PACKET FROM A 6a44 CLIENT TO ANOTHER 6a44 CLIENT (IPv4, N1, B, UDP(Z1, W, [IPv6, , , ...])) | IPv4 | +--------+ >B:W ------->----| | >B:W| 6a44 | | relay | | | N2.Z2< -------<----| | IPv4 | +--------+ | 6a44 Relay | (IPv4, B, N2, UDP(B, Z2, [encapsulated packet])) If ALL the following conditions are satisfied, the 6a44 relay MUST return back via its downstream IPv4 interface an IPv6/ UDP/IPv4 packet containing the same encapsulated packet, having its UDP/IPv4 destination set to the UDP/IPv4 address found in the 6a44 destination address, and having its UDP/IPv4 source set to the 6a44-relay UDP/IPv4 address: (1) the IPv4 packet contains a complete UDP datagram (protocol = 17, offset = 0, more-fragment bit = 0); (2) the UDP payload is an IPv6 packet (length of at least 40 octets, version = 6); (3) the IPv6 source address starts with the 6a44-network IPv6 prefix followed by the UDP/IPv4 source address of the received packet; (3) the IPv6 destination address starts with the 6a44- network IPv6 prefix. RR4-3 IPv6 PACKET FROM A 6a44 CLIENT TO A NON-6a44-CLIENT (IPv4, N, B, UDP(Z, W, [IPv6, , | (X != AND != | 6a44 |B:W --->----------| relay |------->---- > IPv4 | | IPv6 +--------+ If ALL the following conditions are satisfied, the 6a44 relay MUST decapsulate the IPv6 packet and forward it via the IPv6 interface: (1) the IPv4 packet contains a complete UDP datagram (protocol = 17, offset = 0, more-fragment bit = 0); (2) the UDP payload is an IPv6 packet (length of at least 40 octets, version = 6); (3) the IPv6 source address starts with Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 24] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 the 6a44-network IPv6 prefix, followed by the UDP/IPv4 source address of the received packet; (4) the IPv6 destination address does not start with the 6a44-network IPv6 prefix and is not a Teredo address whose embedded IPv4 address is the 6a44-relay anycast address. RR4-4 INVALID IPv6/UDP/IPv4 PACKET If ANY other case, the 6a44 relay MUST discard the packet. 6.7. Implementation of Automatic Sunset 6a44 is designed as an interim transition mechanism, not to be used any longer than strictly necessary. Its sole purpose is to accelerate availability of IPv6 native addresses where, for any reason, CPE's cannot quickly be replaced, or where, for any reason, ISP networks cannot quickly support dual-stack routing or 6rd. A 6a44-capable ISP can first have an increase of its 6a44 traffic, as more and more hosts behind IPv4-only CPEs support the 6a44 client function. But it should later have a decrease of this traffic as more and more CPE's operate in dual stack. When this traffic becomes sufficiently negligible, it may, after due prior notice, discontinue 6a44-relay operation. This terminates its sunset procedure. In a host that obtains a IPv6 native address by some other mean than 6a44, the effect of having the 6a44 function in its protocol stack is inexistent. OS providers may therefore keep this function in their code for many years. When it becomes clear that the number of users of this unction has become negligible they can delete it from later releases. This terminates their sunset procedure. 7. Security Considerations Incoming reachability: Hosts that acquire 6a44 addresses become reachable from the Internet in IPv6 while they remain unreachable in IPv4 at their private IPv4 addresses. For ordinary use, this should not introduce a perceptible new security risk for two reasons: (1) hosts can, without IPv6, use NAT44 hole-punching techniques such as ICE of [RFC5245]) to receive incoming connections; (2) modern operating systems that support IPv6 have by default their own protections against Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 25] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 incoming connections. If nevertheless 6a44 reachability across an ordinary NAT44 has to be barred, this can be done by configuring its port-forwarding function with the 6a44 port bound to any internal address that is not assigned to any host. Thus, no bubble from a 6a44 relay can reach any 6a44-capable host, and this is sufficient to prevent hosts from using 6a44. For more sophisticated uses with managed firewalls, default configuration are in general such that packets that are not explicitly authorized are discarded. Thus, 6a44 can be used only if the 6a44 port is consciously opened to incoming traffic. Subscriber authentication: Any authentication that applies to an IPv4 address extends its effect to 6a44 addresses that are derived from it. Host-address spoofing: With ingress filtering required in 6a44 ISP networks, and with address checks of Section 6, no new IPv6 address-spoofing vulnerability is introduced by 6a44. Denial-of-service: Provided 6a44 relays are provisioned with enough processing power, which is facilitated by their being completely stateless, 6a44 introduces no denial of service vulnerabilities of its own. Routing-loops: A risk of routing-loop attacks has been identified in [draft-ietf-v6ops-tunnel-loops]. Without precaution, it applies to some combinations of automatic-tunnel mechanisms such as 6to4, ISATAP, 6rd and Teredo. This risk does not exist with 6a44 for the following reasons: 1. When an packet enters a 6a44 relay via its IPv6 interface: + An IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packet cannot be sent to another 6a44 relay because its IPv4 destination would have to be 6a44- relay IPv4 address. This is prevented by rule RR6-1 of Section 6.6.1. + If an IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packet is sent to the address of a 6to4 relay, 6rd relay, or ISATAP relay, it will be discarded Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 26] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 there because these relays don't accept UDP/IPv4 packets. + If an IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packet is sent to a Teredo relay, it will be discarded there because: (1) Teredo relays check that the IPv4 addresses that is embedded in the IPv6 source address of a received IPv6/IPv4 packet does match the IPv4 source address of the encapsulating packet (section 5.4.2 of [RFC4380]); (2) encapsulating packets sent by 6a44 relays have the 6a44-relay anycast address as IPv4 source address; (3) a 6a44 relay forwards a received IPv6 packet as an IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packets only if its IPv6 source address is not a Teredo address whose embedded IPv4 address is the 6a44-relay IPv4 address. 2. When a packet enters a 6a44 relay via its IPv4 interface: + The received packet cannot come from another 6a44 relay (as just explained, 6rd relays do not send IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packets to other 6a44-relays). + If the IPv4 packet comes a 6to4 relay, a 6rd relay, or an ISATAP relay, its IPv6 encapsulated packet cannot be forwarded (the received packet is IPv6/IPv4 instead of being IPv6/UDP/IPv4, as required by rules RR4-2 and RR4-3 of Section 6.6.2). + If the received packet is an IPv6/UDP/IPv4 packet coming from a Teredo relay, this packet cannot have been sent to the Teredo relay by a 6a44 relay ((1) in order to reach the 6a44 relay, the IPv6 destination of the IPv6 encapsulated packet must be a Teredo address whose embedded IPv4 address is the 6a44-relay anycast address (section 5.4.1 of [RFC4380]); (2) a 6a44 relay does not forward via its IPv6 interface an IPv6 packet whose destination is a Teredo address whose embedded IPv4 address is the 6a44-relay anycast address (rule RR4-3 of Section 6.6.2). 6a44-relay spoofing: In a 6a44 network, no node can spoof a 6a44 relay because ingress filtering prevents any 6a44-relay anycast address to be spoofed. In a network that does not support ingress filtering (and therefore is not a 6a44 network): * 6a44 packets sent by 6a44-capable hosts are discarded in the IPv4 backbone because their IPv4 destination, the 6a44-relay anycast address, does not start with any ISP assigned prefix. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 27] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 * If an attacker tries to send to a 6a44-capable host a faked relay-to-client bubble, the probability that it would be accepted by its destination is negligible. It would require that all the following conditions be simultaneously satisfied: + The UDP/IPv4 destination set by the attacker must reach a NAT44 node in which it is the external mapping of a 6a44 tunnel established by a 6a44-capable host. + This host must be in the "Bubble sent" state, the only one in which it listens to bubbles when its ISP is not 6a44 capable. This state is taken only for a few seconds every 30 minutes (rule TM-5 of Section 6.5.1). + This host accepts the bubble only if its bubble ID has the right value, an extremely unlikely possibility with a 64- bits randomly chosen Bubble ID (see Section 6.3). If, despite its negligible probability, a host would accept a faked bubble, the effect would be that a 6a44-capable host believes, for about 30 seconds, that it has an IPv6 address. All IPv6 packets it would then send with this address as source would not reach any destination (no relay will receive them, and and no host of the same site will accept them). The consequence would therefore not impair security. 8. IANA considerations IANA is solicited: to assign 192.88.99.2 as the 6a44 IPv4 anycast address; to extend, according to the above specification, the use of the Teredo UDP port 3544. The choice of 192.88.99.2 as 6a44 IPv4 anycast address doesn't conflict with any existing IETF specification because: o It starts with the 6to4 prefix 92.88.99.0/24 of [RFC3068]. o It differs from the only currently assigned address that starts with this prefix (the anycast address of 6to4 relays 92.88.99.1 of [RFC3068]). Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 28] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 This choice is made to permit implementations of 6a44 relays both in physical nodes that are independent from any 6to4 relay or, if found more optimum, in nodes in which 6to4 relays and 6a44 relays are collocated. The 6a44 UDP port is chosen to be 3544, the same as the Teredo UDP port, to permit implementations of 6a44 clients either independently of Teredo or, if found more optimum, as extensions of Teredo clients. (In the latter case, the Teredo-client behavior of [RFC4380] is replaced by that of 6a44 whenever the client finds that its ISP supports 6a44.) 9. Acknowledgments This specification, whose origin is a convergence effort based on two independent proposals, [6rd+] and [SAMPLE], has benefited from various suggestions, the most important of which has been to align the presentation with that of Teredo as much as possible. Comments have been received during this process, in particular from Dave Thaler, Fred Templin, Ole Troan, Olivier Vautrin, Pascal Thubert, Washam Fan, and Yu Lee. Authors wish to thank them, and all others, for their useful contributions. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. [RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006. 10.2. Informative References [6rd+] Despres, R., "Rapid Deployment of Native IPv6 Behind IPv4 NATs (6rd+) - draft-despres-softwire-6rdplus-00", July 2010. [NAT444] Yamaguchi, J., Shirasaki, Y., Miyakawa, S., Nakagawa, A., and H. Ashida, "NAT444 addressing models - draft-shirasaki-nat444-isp-shared-addr-03 - Work in progress", March 2010. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 29] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 [RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996. [RFC2827] Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, May 2000. [RFC3053] Durand, A., Fasano, P., Guardini, I., and D. Lento, "IPv6 Tunnel Broker", RFC 3053, January 2001. [RFC3056] Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001. [RFC3068] Huitema, C., "An Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay Routers", RFC 3068, June 2001. [RFC3704] Baker, F. and P. Savola, "Ingress Filtering for Multihomed Networks", BCP 84, RFC 3704, March 2004. [RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005. [RFC4380] Huitema, C., "Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through Network Address Translations (NATs)", RFC 4380, February 2006. [RFC5245] Rosenberg, J., "Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols", RFC 5245, April 2010. [RFC5569] Despres, R., "IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd)", RFC 5569, January 2010. [RFC5626] Jennings, C., Mahy, R., and F. Audet, "Managing Client- Initiated Connections in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 5626, October 2009. [RFC5969] Townsley, W. and O. Troan, "IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) -- Protocol Specification", RFC 5969, August 2010. [RFC5991] Thaler, D., Krishnan, S., and J. Hoagland, "Teredo Security Updates", RFC 5991, September 2010. [RFC6081] Thaler, D., "Teredo Extensions", RFC 6081, January 2011. Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 30] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 [SAMPLE] Carpenter, B. and S. Jiang, "Legacy NAT Traversal for IPv6: Simple Address Mapping for Premises - Legacy Equipment (SAMPLE) - draft-carpenter-softwire-sample-00", July 2010. [The Tool] Saint-Exupery, A de., "Wind, sand and Stars, Chap. III - The tool", 1939. [draft-ietf-v6ops-tunnel-loops] Nakibly, G. and F. Templin, "Routing Loop Attack using IPv6 Automatic Tunnels: Problem Statement and Proposed Mitigations (Work in progress)". Authors' Addresses Remi Despres (editor) RD-IPtech 3 rue du President Wilson Levallois, France Email: remi.despres@free.fr Brian Carpenter University of Auckland Department of Computer Science PB 92019 Auckland, 1142 New Zealand Email: brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com Dan Wing Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, California 95134 USA Email: dwing@cisco.com Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 31] Internet-Draft Native IPv6 Behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) July 2011 Sheng Jiang Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd KuiKe Building, No.9 Xinxi Rd., Shang-Di Information Industry Base, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, P.R. China Email: shengjiang@huawei.com Despres, et al. Expires January 7, 2012 [Page 32]