Internet Engineering Task Force D. O'Reilly Internet-Draft August 21, 2017 Intended status: Informational Expires: February 22, 2018 Approaches to Address the Availability of Information in Criminal Investigations Involving Large-Scale IP Address Sharing Technologies draft-daveor-cgn-logging-00 Abstract The use of large-scale IP address sharing technologies (commonly known as "carrier-grade NAT") presents a challenge for law enforcement agencies due to the fact that incoming source port information is not routinely logged by Internet-facing servers. The absence of this information means that it is becoming increasingly difficult for law enforcement agencies to identify suspects in criminal activity online. This document considers the reasons why source port information is not routinely logged by Internet-facing servers and proposes some immediate-term actions that can be taken to help improve the situation. A deployment maturity model has been developed and a study of the support for logging incoming source port information in common server software is also presented. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on February 22, 2018. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Centralised Connection Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Challenges to Capturing Source Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1. Lack of Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2. Lack of Support for Logging Source Port . . . . . . . . . 7 3.3. Additional Storage Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.4. Default Log Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.5. Breaking Existing Tooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.6. Accuracy of Recorded Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Comparison Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. Support for Logging Source Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Conclusions and Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.1. Raise Awareness of Logging Source Port in Deployment Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.2. Increase Support for Logging Source Port . . . . . . . . 11 6.3. Changing Default Log Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6.4. Parallel Logging to a Connection Log . . . . . . . . . . 11 6.5. Adequate Timestamp Accuracy in Logs . . . . . . . . . . . 11 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9.1. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9.2. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Appendix A. Support for Source Port Logging in Various Server Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1. Introduction Large-scale IP address sharing technologies (often collectively referred to as "Carrier-Grade NAT") are a helpful tool for extending the life of IPv4 by allowing multiple endpoints to share a small number of IPv4 addresses, and a number of such technologies have been discussed and deployed [RFC6333], [RFC6146], [I-D.shirasaki-nat444], [RFC7757],[RFC6888]. These technologies involve extending the space of available IPv4 addresses by mapping communication from multiple O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 endpoints to a single, or small number of shared addresses, through the use of port numbers. The detail of how this is achieved in each technology varies, but the principle remains the same in all cases. From the perspective of a server on the Internet, endpoint traffic that has passed through IP address sharing infrastructure appears to be originating from the IP of the address sharing appliance. Common practice at the present time is for servers to log the connection time and source IP address of incoming connections. However, the IP address of the address sharing appliance is not sufficient to identify the true source of the traffic because potentially hundreds or thousands of individual endpoints were using that IP address at the same time. If the need arises during a criminal investigation to identify the source of a specific connection, the source port and exact connection time will also be required. Without this additional information it is highly unlikely that it will be possible for law enforcement authorities to progress their investigations. Information is required from at least two sources to establish the link from the logs of an Internet-facing server to a specific subscriber endpoint: 1. The administrator of the Internet-facing server must have logged enough information to enable the operator of the IP address sharing infrastructure to isolate a specific subscriber endpoint. 2. The operator of the IP address sharing infrastructure must have logged sufficient information (for a sufficient length of time) to be able, when provided with adequate data by a law enforcement agency, to isolate the relevant subscriber endpoint. The operators of large-scale IP address sharing infrastructure, typically Internet Service Providers, are usually required by law to maintain records of which endpoint was using a particular IP address and port at a particular time. The period of time for which these records must be retained is defined by national legislation. Irrespective of whether (and for how long) these records are available, a starting point is needed to indicate to an investigating law enforcement agency that a particular endpoint was involved in a suspected criminal activity under investigation. Without such a starting point, it would be very difficult to progress the investigation even as far as engagement with the operator of the address sharing infrastructure. The records of Internet-facing servers are often a crucial source of this type of evidence. It has been recognised for some time that IP address sharing presents a challenge to the ability to trace network use and abuse. Further, it has also been recognised that this challenge is likely to become O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 more severe and widespread with the increased use of large-scale address sharing [RFC6269]. More recently, Europol has highlighted the issue of large-scale IP address sharing as a threat to Internet governance [EUROPOL_IOCTA]. It is reported that the problem of crime attribution related to the use of carrier-grade NAT technologies is regularly encountered by 90% of respondents to a survey requesting information on the topic. Previous work has already suggested as best practice the logging by Internet-facing servers of source IP address, source port and exact connection time [RFC6302]. However, no detailed consideration has been given to the possible approaches to and implications of this proposed logging practice. The purpose of this document is to consider in more detail how it might be possible to bring about routine logging by Internet-facing servers of the information needed to re-establish the ability to trace network abuse for criminal investigative purposes. The discussion begins by considering whether centralised connection logging is a viable solution to the problem of subscriber identification in criminal investigations. This is followed by an examination of the reasons why source port logging is not currently routinely carried out. A model has been developed for the comparison of the maturity of various server deployments to log source port and a study of common server software has been performed to assess the status of support for this functionality. Many, but not all, enterprise server solutions that were examined made the logging of source port either "Possible" or "Feasible", as defined in the maturity model. Only one type of server software examined made the logging of source port "Default". 2. Centralised Connection Logging When large-scale IP address sharing technologies are used, source IP address is no longer a sufficient identifier of an individual subscriber. At a minimum, source port and accurate timestamp information are also required to distinguish between the potentially large number of individual users of a specific IP address at a particular time. [RFC6269] points out that there are two solutions to the question of how adequate information can be recorded to identify the parties to a particular connection. They are: 1. Operators of IP address sharing infrastructure log mappings between (source IP address, source port) combinations and their subscribers. Server operators log the IP address and source port of incoming connections. This is referred to as source port logging. O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 2. Instead of relying on server operators to log the source port of incoming connections, operators of IP address sharing infrastructure log all combinations of (source IP address, source port, destination IP address) for outgoing connections. This is referred to as connection logging. Server operators log only the IP address of incoming connections, which is the common current practice. Two challenges to the use of connection logging by operators of IP address sharing infrastructure are also presented in RFC6269. Briefly: o The volumes of data involved make centralised recording of destination IP addresses infeasible. o Many individuals using the same IP address to access a popular destination (e.g. a popular website) might mean that it is not possible to distinguish between the activity of one subscriber and another, even if connection records are kept by the operator if the address sharing infrastructure. The first issue raised is that the volumes of data involved make centralised recording of destination IP addresses infeasible. In many scenarios, the volume of logs generated by a large-scale IP address sharing infrastructure will be substantial, and some approaches have been proposed to address this hurdle and make central connection logging more feasible, such as deterministic allocation of ports [RFC6269],[RFC7422] or allocation of port ranges [RFC7768], [RFC6346]. While arguments of infeasibility are not arguments in principle why such logging cannot be done, the volumes of data involved in recording every single outgoing connection in a large Internet service provider represent legitimate technical, commercial and operational arguments for why it can not work in practice. Some representative figures for the scales of data involved can be found in [RFC7422], wherein it is estimated that the logging overhead would be of the order of 150MB per subscriber, per month. For a service provider with one million subscribers, this would produce a volume of logs (uncompressed) of the order of 150 terabytes per month. Aside from the technical overhead of storing such a volume of data, searching and locating relevant records over an extended, legally mandated retention period would also present a significant technical challenge. The second point raised in [RFC6269] against connection logging by operators of IP address sharing infrastructure suggests that even if connection logs store all combinations of (timestamp, source IP, source port, destination IP), if this information is queried in the absence of source port because source port has not been recorded by O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 the destination IP, this would not be sufficient to distinguish the activity of one individual from another in cases where the destination IP is a popular one. This problem is further exacerbated in the case of protocols that make multiple connections per session (e.g. HTTP/HTTPS). The implication of this point is that connection logging, despite potential significant technical and operational overhead, cannot guarantee that the information retained is sufficient to identify an individual suspect, even when all required records are available. Finally, the privacy concerns arising from connection logging in this scenario have been repeatedly raised [RFC6888],[I-D.ietf-behave-ipfix-nat-logging]. In summary, it is certainly clear that operators of address sharing infrastructure need to retain records to enable the identification of suspects, and such records must consist of, at least, sufficient information to identify an individual subscriber when provided with a timestamp, source IP, source port and destination IP. However, there is no centralised solution available that removes the need for server operators to retain source port information. 3. Challenges to Capturing Source Port It is relatively easy to articulate the reason why the operator of an Internet-facing server would wish to retain source port information for incoming connections. If the server operator (or the users that they serve) finds themselves the victim of a crime, it is preferable that all information that could be needed by the server operator to facilitiate a criminal investigation is available. On the other hand, there are reasons why a server operator might not have the required source port information. This section enumerates the factors that could negatively influence both the ability and the inclination of server operators to capture and record source port information. 3.1. Lack of Awareness Server operators are principally focussed on delivering the services for which they are operating their infrastructure. One of the main problems with the increasing use of IP address sharing technologies is the lack of awareness on the part of server operators that there are direct implications for them in case they should become the victim of a crime. At the time of writing, a minimal amount of material is available online concerning this issue, even for those actively seeking to find out about source port logging. Where specific guidance or O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 information has been provided by vendors in relation to the configuration of source port logging, no explanation is provided for why this might be something that server operators might consider desirable. For example [MSDN_IIS_LOG]. There is, therefore, a considerable awareness gap between the importance of this issue for the purpose of investigating criminal activity online and the awareness of those who need to act in advance of any criminality taking place to ensure that the information needed to facilitate a future investigation is available. 3.2. Lack of Support for Logging Source Port Before a server operator can decide to log source port information, the server software must support logging of the source port of incoming connections. Many, but not all major software distributions support the logging of the source port of incoming connections. Clearly lack of support in server software is an insurmountable technical obstacle for a server operator. 3.3. Additional Storage Requirements In cases where it is possible to simply add source port to the list of fields recorded in log entries, the additional storage required to preserve source port data is minimal; in the region of six bytes per log entry (maximum of five ASCII digits for the source port plus an additional delimiter). However, in some cases where software supports logging source port of incoming connections, it has been noted that this can only be achieved by enabling verbose or debug logging in the software. This would substantially (and unnecessarily) increase the size of logs produced by the server and would also, in all probability, reduce the production performance of the server. These factors would undoubtedly negatively influence the decision by a server operator to log incoming source port. 3.4. Default Log Formats Many major software distributions provide default log formats in their configuration files. A review of the default log format of some common server software has been carried out and in only one case was it found that the source port of incoming connections is logged by any of the default log formats. O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 3.5. Breaking Existing Tooling Much commercial and free log analysis software, by default, expects logs to be in a particular format. Consider, for example, the ubiquity of the Apache Common and Extended Log Formats. The software can usually be configured to parse arbitrary log formats, but this is additional configuration work for a server operator. For example: [ANALOG_LOG_CONFIG],[AWSTATS_LOG_CONFIG]. Without migration planning, a change to default log formats would most likely cause substantial disruption to a considerable amount of downstream processing of server log files. In addition to commercially available software, many administrators have developed or downloaded scripts that expect logs to be in a standard log format. Therefore, log processing software, and in particular custom scripts, may break if default log formats change unexpectedly. At least, the tooling may need to be updated to correctly process the additional fields newly present in log file. 3.6. Accuracy of Recorded Time As well as recording the IP address and source port of the connection, it is important to record the exact time of the connection. It has been suggested that there is a need for keeping the exact time against some sort of global standard (e.g. NTP) [RFC6302], however this may not be possible for practical, security or legacy reasons. In practice, it is usually not necessary to keep time against a global standard, as long as time is recorded consistently. The reason for this is that any time offset between the server and the time recorded in another organisation's records (running address sharing infrastructure) can be calculated and compensated for manually. Time offsets of this nature are commonly encountered and well understood in the digital forensics world. 4. Comparison Model A model has been developed to assist with comparison of the maturity of server software deployments to store and retrieve source port information for incoming connections. The model is depicted in Figure 1. +-------------------------------------------------------------+ | Possible -> Feasible -> Default -> Manageable -> Accessible | +-------------------------------------------------------------+ Figure 1 O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 o "Possible": Means that the server software supports, in any way, the ability to record source ports for incoming connections. o "Feasible": Means that it there are no significant performance or storage implications for enabling the storage of source ports. o "Default": Means that, at a minimum, at least one of the default log formats provided with the software distribution enables the storage of source ports. o "Manageable": Means that tooling is, or has been, build or adapted to support the storage of source ports. o "Accessible": Means that it is possible to identify and retrieve relevant records in the stored log data. 5. Support for Logging Source Port Open-source research has been conducted to assess the status of support for logging of source port information in common server software. The assessment criteria were as follows: o Server software is categorised as "Possible" if there was any way identified to cause the logging of source port. o Server software is categorised as "Feasible" if the logging of source port does not require increasing the log level to cause the logging of source port to be possible. In other words, if a server requires enabling verbose, debug or audit logging in order to be able to record source port then logging is "Possible" but not "Feasible". o Server sofwtare is categorised as "Default" if at least one of the available default log formats enables logging of the incoming source port, or if source port is logged by default. o The "Manageable" and "Accessible" aspects of the comparison model relate to specific deployments and are therefore not considered in the assessment of server software support. The latest versions of 16 common server software packages have been examined and documentation has been research to identify if and how source port logging can be enabled. The findings are described in Appendix A. Online documentation has been examined to identify if and how source port logging can be enabled. The results are presented in the following table: O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 +----------+----------+---------+------------+------------+ | Possible | Feasible | Default | Manageable | Accessible | +----------+----------+---------+------------+------------+ | 13 | 11 | 1 | N/A | N/A | +----------+----------+---------+------------+------------+ Table 1: Support Table It was noted that only one of the server software packages examined (OpenSSH version 7.5) enables the logging of incoming source port by default. This conclusion has been reached despite using the most generous possible interpretation of "Default", whereby meeting the criteria for "Default" is achieved when logging of source port is offered as a possible default, rather than requiring that logging of source port is enabled by default. In due course, as awareness of this issue increases, it is envisioned that a stricter interpretation of "Default" would be more appropriate, requiring that the logging of source port be enabled by default. 6. Conclusions and Next Steps There is clearly substantial work to be done to bring about the regular recording of source port information at Internet-facing servers and there are undoubtedly criminals free right now because the information required to identify them from their online activity is not available. The next steps presented below are some possible courses of action that have been identified based on the current state of source port logging and the challenges described above. 6.1. Raise Awareness of Logging Source Port in Deployment Guidance Publishers of both free and commercial software should consider releasing deployment guidance or best practice that describes why server administrators need to be recording source port information, with instructions for how this can be done. This will help to address the lack of awareness of the importance of this issue. Considering also the awareness of those who are building software applications, or otherwise involved with coding of Internet-facing applications, secure coding guidance should be updated to include reference to source port information, particularly where such guidance already touches on the issue of logging. For example the OWASP Secure Coding Practices specifies a list of important log event data [OWASP_SCP]. However the "important log event data" list does not, at the time of writing, include source port. O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 6.2. Increase Support for Logging Source Port Many software packages support logging of source port information, but only ten out of the sixteen examined support logging in a way that would not significantly negatively impact the operation of the server software. Software publishers therefore need to consider their level of support of logging source port. In particular, software should support the logging of source port without needing to enable a verbose logging level. 6.3. Changing Default Log Formats In cases where a particular software package has support for logging of incoming source port, one possibility would be to incorporate one or more log formats that include incoming source port as a field logged by default. Obviously this will not have any impact on deployments of the software that are already in place but for future deployments, the incorporation of source port into the log format will mean that those administrators that use the unaltered default log format will automatically store the required information. 6.4. Parallel Logging to a Connection Log Where possible, configuring parallel logging of connection information to a separate log stream would be one possible solution to address the fact that changes to log format might break downstream tooling. This would also be a possible solution that could be used by those server software types that log via syslog. In this case, software publishers could produce guidance on how to configure syslog to log connection information parallel to main log files. Such a solution would help to ease the transition to an alternate log format since current log formats would not need to be changed because the required source port information is stored separately, but can still be correlated with the main log files if needed. 6.5. Adequate Timestamp Accuracy in Logs Operators of large-scale address sharing infrastructure will, most likely need connection times specified with at least the granularity of a second. Most, but not all, server software will log times with this granularity by default but there is no guarantee that this is the case. Consideration should be given by server operators to making sure that the times that are being recorded in their log files have sufficient accuracy to allow identification of the required records. As mentioned earlier, the times do not necessarily need to be recorded O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 with reference to a centralised time source (e.g. NTP) as long as times are recorded consistently. This factor also needs to be considered by software developers when they are producing software and although the recording of time is mentioned in the OWASP Secure Coding Practices, the required accuracy/granularity of the recorded time is not discussed [OWASP_SCP]. 7. IANA Considerations This memo includes no request to IANA. 8. Security Considerations This memo does not define any protocol and therefore creates no new security issues. 9. References 9.1. Informative References [I-D.ietf-behave-ipfix-nat-logging] Sivakumar, S. and R. Penno, "IPFIX Information Elements for logging NAT Events", draft-ietf-behave-ipfix-nat- logging-13 (work in progress), January 2017. [I-D.shirasaki-nat444] Yamagata, I., Shirasaki, Y., Nakagawa, A., Yamaguchi, J., and H. Ashida, "NAT444", draft-shirasaki-nat444-06 (work in progress), July 2012. 9.2. Normative References [ANALOG_LOG_CONFIG] Analog, "Analog 6.0: Log formats", 2017, . [AWSTATS_LOG_CONFIG] AWStats, "AWStats Installation, Configuration and Reporting (for version 7.6)", 2017, . [EUROPOL_IOCTA] Europol, "The Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment", 2016, . O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 [MSDN_IIS_LOG] Microsoft, "IIS 8.5 - How to log client port number", 2015, . [OWASP_SCP] OWASP, "OWASP Secure Coding Practices Quick Reference Guide", 2010, . [RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, DOI 10.17487/RFC6146, April 2011, . [RFC6269] Ford, M., Ed., Boucadair, M., Durand, A., Levis, P., and P. Roberts, "Issues with IP Address Sharing", RFC 6269, DOI 10.17487/RFC6269, June 2011, . [RFC6302] Durand, A., Gashinsky, I., Lee, D., and S. Sheppard, "Logging Recommendations for Internet-Facing Servers", BCP 162, RFC 6302, DOI 10.17487/RFC6302, June 2011, . [RFC6333] Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual- Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion", RFC 6333, DOI 10.17487/RFC6333, August 2011, . [RFC6346] Bush, R., Ed., "The Address plus Port (A+P) Approach to the IPv4 Address Shortage", RFC 6346, DOI 10.17487/RFC6346, August 2011, . [RFC6888] Perreault, S., Ed., Yamagata, I., Miyakawa, S., Nakagawa, A., and H. Ashida, "Common Requirements for Carrier-Grade NATs (CGNs)", BCP 127, RFC 6888, DOI 10.17487/RFC6888, April 2013, . [RFC7422] Donley, C., Grundemann, C., Sarawat, V., Sundaresan, K., and O. Vautrin, "Deterministic Address Mapping to Reduce Logging in Carrier-Grade NAT Deployments", RFC 7422, DOI 10.17487/RFC7422, December 2014, . O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 [RFC7757] Anderson, T. and A. Leiva Popper, "Explicit Address Mappings for Stateless IP/ICMP Translation", RFC 7757, DOI 10.17487/RFC7757, February 2016, . [RFC7768] Tsou, T., Li, W., Taylor, T., and J. Huang, "Port Management to Reduce Logging in Large-Scale NATs", RFC 7768, DOI 10.17487/RFC7768, January 2016, . Appendix A. Support for Source Port Logging in Various Server Software The table below enumerates the findings of best-effort, open-source review of documentation of the various products. Where it has been indicated that it is not possible to log source port then either (a) no reference has been identified in online documentation to indicate how source port logging can be enabled, or (b) a reference positively indicating that logging of source port is not possible has been found. +---------+------------+------------+----------+----------+---------+ | Categor | Server | Version | Possible | Feasible | Default | | y | | | | | | +---------+------------+------------+----------+----------+---------+ | HTTP | Apache | 2.4.25 | Yes | Yes | No | | | HTTPD | | | | | | HTTP | IIS | 10 | Yes | Yes | No | | HTTP | Tomcat | 8.5.15 | Yes | Yes | No | | HTTP | Squid | 3.5.25 | Yes | Yes | No | | HTTP | nginx | 1.12.0 | Yes | Yes | No | | Mail | sendmail | 8.15.2 | Yes | Yes | No | | Mail | Microsoft | 2016 | Yes | No | No | | | Exchange | | | | | | | Server | | | | | | Mail | Postfix | 2.10.0 | Yes | Yes | No | | Mail | Exim | 4.89 | Yes | Yes | No | | Mail | Dovecot | 2.2.30.1 | Yes | Yes | No | | Mail | UW IMAP | imap-2007f | No | No | No | | DBase | Oracle | 12.2.0.1 | No | No | No | | DBase | MySQL | 5.7.18 | No | No | No | | DBase | Microsoft | 2016 | Yes | No | No | | | SQL Server | | | | | | DBase | PostgreSQL | 9.6.3 | Yes | Yes | No | | SSH | OpenSSHD | 7.5 | Yes | Yes | Yes | +---------+------------+------------+----------+----------+---------+ Table 2: Support for Logging Incoming Source Port O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Logging for Large-Scale IP Address Sharing August 2017 Author's Address David O'Reilly Ireland Email: rfc@daveor.com O'Reilly Expires February 22, 2018 [Page 15]