INTERNET DRAFT D. Collier-Brown Expires March 1997 Sept 1996 On Experimental Top Level Domains Rev 0 draft-collier-brown-itld-exper-00.txt Status This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress". To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the "1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet- Drafts Shadow Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim), ds.internic.net (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast). Abstract This memorandum describes a proposed mechanism under which differing schemes for the naming, allocation and management of new international top-level domains may be tried without their interfering with each other. This memorandum discusses the trademrk issues underlying the current debate on International TLDs, and proposes non-interfering simultaneous experiments, following the proposals of [DENNINGER],[HIGGS],[MASEK] and [POSTEL]. This memo is being distributed to the Internet community in order to solicit their opinions of the proposals contained in it. In particular, The IETF, IANA, NEWDOM SHARED-TLD and related mailing lists are invited to read and comment on this material. Collier-Brown [Page 1] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Index Status 1 Abstract 1 Index 2 Revisions 2 Introduction 2 Historical Background 3 Trademark Issues 4 Appreciation of the Situation 4 Aim 4 Factors 5 Courses 6 Conclusions 12 Reccomendations 12 Mechanism 13 Appendices 14 Appendix A: International Trademark Categories 14 Appendix B: Appreciations of the Situation 52 References 53 Thanks 54 Author's Address 54 Revisions As a draft, this document may be revised at any time. The revision number of the document in question is displayed at the top of the masthead, and should be referred to when commenting on the proposal contained in this draft. Introduction This paper was written to inform the community, to suggest adapting existing practices of the IETF (two implementations before standardization) to a mixed technical and political problem and to suggest means by which this practice could be carried out. It was once pointed out to the author that it was a serious error to try to deal with a problem indirectly, without explicitly stating the problem and taking account of it in the solutions. This paper therefor directly raises the question of how much the U.S. and world trademark system affects domain names, and particularly domain name in the international top-level domains. Following that it considers what effects particular proposed changes in the available domains might reasonably have on the trademark issues. This is the main body of the paper, and is written in the form of an Collier-Brown [Page 2] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 appreciation of the situation. The paper draws some interim conclusions, and suggests further work before we settling on a final solution or set of solutions. Finally, it points out means by which we can continue the investigation without interference with the proposals of Postel at all. Historical Background Commercial organizations have recently found problems with the availability of particular domain names, since they have generally fallen into the practice of requesting their business names and trademarks as their domain names. Since the current domain naming scheme is a naming scheme, designed to map arbitrary but meaningful names into IP numbers, the business community rapidly fell into difficulties with the fact that domain names are unique. There can only be one ``united'' subdomain in the ``.com'' top-level domain, for example. Alas, ``United Airlines'' and ``United Vanlines'' and presumably ``United Trucklines'' all use the word United as part of their trademark, and might well all desire the ```united.com'' domain. This has caused difficulties and bad feelings, exacerbated by the resolution policies which the operator of the .com registry has tried in order to deal with the problem. The problem is moderately serious, in that it affects major commercial organizations. It does not pose a threat to the operation of the net, but does pose problems in its use by commercial organizations, especially international organizations which wish to register in the international top-level domain ``.com''. There is great interest and debate about the problem, however, as it is very topical. Several IETF and ISOC-related conferences have included sessions on the subject and numerous initiatives have commenced: Several proposals [DENNINGER],[HIGGS],[MASEK],[POSTEL] have been made, in the form of internet drafts, to create additional top- level domains. One organization, ALTERNIC, has commenced an initiative to register and serve these additional experimental top-level Collier-Brown [Page 3] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 domains. Numerous organizations have applied to be registries for the new domains when a procedure to do so is standardized. Trademark Issues Trademark is a well-studied and well-understood subject in jurispru- dence and business practice. Trademark law keeps one manufacturer from misrepresenting his goods as someone else's, by protecting the first user of a mark from others who might try to use identical or misleadingly similar marks. Like domain-names, they are established by someone starting to use them. Also like domain names, they are unique. However, because there are only so many words in the english (or any other) language, they have come to be used as "proper adjectives". We say the Allied van lines, Esso gasoline or the Unix timesharing system. The use of a category serves to disambiguate the trademark from other, similar, ones. Similarly, they are often geographically disambiguated: one can have Judy's Cafe in Tucson Arizona and Judy's Cafe in El Paso, Texas. Most jurisdictions allow registry of trademarks within that particu- lar state or country as a part of the use of the legal system to pro- tect them. There are internationally known trademarks, but there are only voluntary means of settling disputes about those. In common usage, a trademark is often used as part of a phrase, such as ``the Unix timesharing system'' or ``Standard Oil of New Jersey''. This is a distinguished name, the thing from which it is dis- tinguished and sometimes a broader category. In domain-name notation these might be stated as ``unix.operatingsystems'' and ``standard.oilrefiners.nj''. As such, several proposals have been made to employ a similar disam- biguation in the allocation of domain names to such companies. Expanding on this is the contents of the next part of the paper, an appreciation (cf Appendix A) of the possible naming schemes which might be employed. Appreciation of the Situation Aim The aim of the appreciation is to provide in brief the material factors and plausible courses of action which a body setting out Collier-Brown [Page 4] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 the form of future top-level domain names will need to consider. The paper is limited to discussing issues centered around the form of domain names and their interaction with trademark and trademark litigation. Criteria for choosing a solution sufficient to meet best current practice standards have been proposed in [AGMON]. It is the intention of the author to advance discussion, not to exclude or propose particular courses. Factors Trademarks The primary factor in this discussion is the issue of trademark on names which organizations wish to use as domain names. There is a rich history of jurisprudence on the subject: for our purposes, a trademark holder which wishes to establish a presence on the internet may wish: A domain name identical to one or more of their trademarks (referred to in the rest of the document as [identical]). Protection against dilution of their trademark from the use of a similar name as a domain name by another party on the net (referred to henceforth as [dilution]). Companies registering domains in the United States have evi- denced such desires, with numerous lawsuits currently underway. This is exacerbated by the conflict resolution mechanisms used by NSI, the U.S. InterNIC operator. However, it should be noted that this problem has not yet become significant in any of the national top-level domains. A further variant is that some trademark holders, notably of very well-known names, have expressed an intention to register their name in all applicable domains, to proactively prevent infringement or dilution in any context. This is especially true of well-known multinational companies, and conflicts in suhc registration is a known problem in the allocation of 800 numbers (referred to as [all domains] below). Collier-Brown [Page 5] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Inferrability A second factor is the desire of the companies registering domain to have their domain names ``guessable'' from their com- pany names (referred to in the following as [guessable]). For example, a company named ``SeaTech'' might wish the domain ``seatech.com''. With a name of this form, persons made aware of it would assume that it was doing business throughout North America (and indeed the world), and that one could send mail to @seatech.com and find their web page at www.seatech.com. If the company does not have a short, unique name, it is to their advantage to have a name which can be found by a domain name system or web search. For example, the American Airlines web page can be found in a few seconds as ``www.americanair.com'' by an Alta Vista search for ``american airlines''. Courses of Action Course 0: Do Nothing. We could, of course, do nothing. This would leave us with a problem in the .com domain, and place the responsibility for solving it on the NIC operator. Based on their lack of success to date, this is probably inadvisable. (Course 0 is always ``do nothing'', and is conventionally included to ensure that all reasonable courses of action are considered. This includes a failure to make a decision, which is implicitly an unintentional decision to do nothing.) Course 1: Revert to First-Come, First Served We could revert to allocating domain names in .com and the other existing domains to the first person requesting them, without other conditions. This would not directly address either of the above problems, but would remove the NIC operator from the center of the debate, as they could merely disclaim responsibility for trademark problems, require the parties to go to court, and agree to abide by the result. In the case of either identical or very similar names, the Collier-Brown [Page 6] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 trademark holders would have to ``fight it out'' in court. [identical][dilution] As there would only be a single international .com domain (and some similar national domains), the ability of a company which holds a trademark in the airline business to distinguish itself from one which holds the same trademark in the trucking busi- ness would be limited. Litigation would presumably continue in the international domain and to a lesser degree in national domains. Companies desiring a presence in all domains would need only to establish a single international domain, in .com, and might attempt to establish domains in national domains, .edu and/or .org [all domains] Company's domain names would be in one sense hard to guess, as there is no rule about which trademark holder would get the domain in .com. In another sense, they would be easy to guess, so long as you wanted the site of the winner of the race to register. Other trademark holders might elect to add distinguishing words to their domain names, such as ``americanair'' or ``allied- vanlines''.[guessable] There would be little or no effect on domains looked up via search services. Course 2: Synonyms We could establish more domains in parallel to .com, such as .biz, an existing experimental top-level domain. Companies desiring the ``same'' name as another could simply register in .biz as opposed to .com, so that allied.biz would be united vanlines and united.com would be united airlines.[identical] This would not address the dilution problem, however: there would be ``two'' uniteds, with nothing to distinguish between them in the mind of the customer save which synonym for ``busi- ness'' they were registered under. It is likely that at least one allied would be displeased with this lack of differentia- tion and ask for relief on the basis of dilution of their trademark.[dilution] Collier-Brown [Page 7] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Companies inclined to defend their trademarks strongly would attempt to register the same domain in all synonymous domains. This would be a brand-new point of contention between trademark holders in different businesses.[all domains] Company names would be hard to guess, as there would be a com- ponent of the domain name which would not be predictable (which synonym) and which would have to be memorized or looked up by the customer.[guessable] There would be little effect on domains looked up via search services, and more people would find it necessary to use such services. Course 3: Meaningless Names We could establish domains whose names were meaningless: for example, we could have .AAA, .AAB, .AAC and so on, and allow or coerce companies to register in randomly-chose ones. If we allowed companies to register in the one of their choice, many companies would choose domains meaningful to them, with many desiring to be in the first, last or most meaningful domain. Companies desiring the ``same'' name as another could simply register in a different domain, so that allied.aaa might be united vanlines and united.bbb might be united airlines.[identical] This would not address the dilution problem, however: there would be ``two'' uniteds, with nothing to distinguish between them in the mind of the customer save a random string. It is likely that companies would be displeased with this lack of differentiation and ask for relief on the basis of dilution of their trademark by someone in another domain.[dilution] Companies inclined to defend their trademarks strongly would attempt to register the same domain in all random domains. This would be (like .biz/.com) a new point of contention between trademark holders in different businesses.[all domains] Company names would be hard to guess, as there would be a com- ponent of the domain name which would be random and which would have to be memorized or looked up by the customer.[guessable] As before, there would be little effect on domains looked up via search services, and more people would find it necessary to Collier-Brown [Page 8] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 use such services. Course 4: Meaningful Names We could establish domains whose names were meaningful business categories drawn from existing trademark categories established by national bodies or international agreement. For example, we could have .soap, and names like lever-brothers.soap for the cleaner-related branches of Lever Brothers. This is also called a controlled vocabulary, and is commonly used in library searching and categorization (eg, the U.S. Library of Congress system). Companies wishing to have identical domain names, if in dif- ferent categories, would simply register their desired name. We could have american.buslines and american.airlines without difficulty. If the categories are over-broad, we would have problems with clashes, such as if bus-, truck- and air-lines were all grouped together under the .transport domain.[identical] Companies fearing dilution would suffer directly only if the categories were over-broad. They could suffer dilution if the general public was inclined to assume that the same ``united'' operated united.vanlines, united.airlines and united.buslines. This is possible, but appears far-fetched.[dilution] Companies desiring to protect their trademark by defending it broadly would find it difficult and expensive to justify regis- tration in a very large number of arguably inappropriate domains. If the bozotron company wished to proactively defend its good name by registering bozotron.soap, while not manufac- turing soap, there would be room for litigation if a soap com- pany with bozotron as a trademark desired the bozotron.soap domain. [all domains] (This might be a solved problem in trade- mark law: comments are invited from the reader.) Domain names would be relatively guessable, given a small enough set of categories and some experience with the system by the customer. Persons unsure of the business categories would need to look those up with a search service. Persons who do not know the business's category, only its name, would have to use search services, as above.[guessable] Collier-Brown [Page 9] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Course 5: Obfuscated Meaningful Names We could establish domains whose names were meaningful business categories, but refer to them by the category number, thus giv- ing us C10, C02 and so forth. This has a result indistinguishable from random names, save the names will not chance to match meaningful short words. If the obfuscation were progressively less effective, such that categories could be inferred to increasing degrees from the names, it would come more and more to resemble meaningful names. Course 6: Unconstrained Names We could establish domains with unconstrained names: any organ- ization could propose a name and have it made a top-level domain. This is in fact the former case within .com, with the limita- tion that only nominally commercial entities can be registered. Films are seemingly businesses, however, so the limitation is not absolute. This has a result indistinguishable from reverting to first- come first-served in com, save that the load on the root name servers would be remarkable, as most enquiries would have to go to them. Course 7: Partially Unconstrained Names We could allow names to be drawn from a vocabulary which is constrained only in that it distinguishes different kinds of business. This might start with the existing categories and subcategories established in international trademark law, and be expanded by reference to the literature of trademark with more and more precise terms. For example, transportation might be an initial category, from which companies might well ask that trucklines, buslines and airlines be added, sufficient to distinguish their businesses. Companies doing business in several specific subcategories would have the option of regis- tering in each (x.trucklines and x.railways) or in the parent category (x.transport). Companys seeking to distinguish themselves would ask for regis- tration in the category that most accurately describes their business, to avoid being mistaken for another, like-named business.[identical] Collier-Brown [Page 10] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Companies concerned with dilution might choose more specific names, to avoid anyone mistaking them for someone else. In effect, the category they choose would become closely associ- ated with their names (eg, the Unix[tm] Timesharing System) and would appear to the customer to be part of the name.[dilution] Companies wishing to defend their trademarks strongly could regard the above as sufficient. If not, they would have the option of trying to register their name in all domains where they believed there was a chance some-one might use the same name. This would be expensive and time-consuming, though: the International Olympic Committee might well find itself faced with registering olympic.restaurant.brampton.on.ca in one known extreme case. [all domains] Names would be guessable, but less so than with a more con- trolled vocabulary. A search service with a knowledge of the requisite synonyms would be straightforward to provide, however.[guessable] Course 9: Retire the International Domains We could cease registering domains in the international top- level domains. The problem would immediately be relocated to the registries and courts of individual countries. This would be very similar to reverting to first-come, first-served in .com, save it would now be in (eg) .com.us and presumably in .com.az.us. In the case of either identical or very similar names, the trademark holders would have to ``fight it out'' in court, but would have a clear indication of what court system to use. [identical][dilution] Companies which were in different jurisdictions such as Judy's Cafe in Tucson AZ and Judy's Cafe in El Paso, Texas, would be able to easily distinguish themselves from one another. Com- panies in the same jurisdiction would still suffer from the inability to distinguish airlines from the like-named companies in the trucking business. Litigation would presumably continue over these issues. Companies desiring a presence in all domains would need to establish themselves in all possible national domains. [all domains] Company's domain names would be substantially easier to guess: Collier-Brown [Page 11] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 one would have to have an idea of how wide an area they do business in in order to know whether to look in .com.us or .com.tucson.az.us. This has not proved a problem un the .ca domain, where a similar scheme is employed.[guessable] Course 9: Restrict the .com Domain to Multinationals This would separate the problem into two: one relocatable, as in the previous example, and one in correspondingly less chance of clashes. As multinationals tend to avoid name-clashes in any case, this might significantly reduce the size of the prob- lem. [identical][dilution] Multinationals also are among the main companies who desire to protect their trademarks strongly and proactively. [all domains] Otherwise, the analysis is the same as the last case. Course 10: Combinations Finally, we might elect to try combinations of courses based on their relative strengths and weaknesses. It is plausible to have constrained or partially constrained names with a special category for companies who are both inclined to protect their trademarks strongly and who are internationally known. If Ortel found it necessary to defend its name against all similar names (eg, Nortel), then it might ask for a higher-level domain than all other companies. In the root if necessary, in .com if all the categories were to exist within .com. It is also plausible to have combinations of geography in sub- national domains, and categories in national and international domains. Conclusions Contrary to the author's previous opinion, it appears that some combination of courses might meet the needs of copyright holders as set out in the factors section above, and the public policy recommendations of [AGMON]. Nevertheless, it is not apparent at this time what the correct combination might be. Collier-Brown [Page 12] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Recommendations The author recommends further study. Allow the experiment to continue: this would allow allow multiple different streams of development, inclusing those of Postel, Higgs, Denninger, and similar experiments by autonomous national domains (eg, .ca) This is a direct parallell to the normal practice of requiring multi- ple working implementations before proceeding to standardization. The difference here is that at least two working instances of a viable (if imperfect) solution might be asked for, rather than two examples of working code. Set groundrules so there would be no ``pollution'' of one experiment by another: keep the experiments orthogonal to one another, so suc- cess in a particular aspect could be clearly identified. The author suggests commercial vs non-commercial registries (done), shared versus singular-registry domains, synonym domains vs categories (using unshared registries) and shared registries (using any domain or domains). Run the experiment for no less that one year nor more than two. Mechanism IANA shall seperate the namespaces. The IANA shall reserve names from the U.S. and International Trade- mark Classes for use by category-based top-level domains. It shall authorize the creation of top-level domains with names which appear on the World Intellectual Property Organizations' list, or in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's ``Trademark Acceptable Identifica- tion of Goods and Services Manual'' only for experiments in categori- cal naming. Suitable forms of the main categories will be acccepted by the IANA for such categorical domains, and at their sole discre- tion, names of sub-categories may be made available if in IANA's opinion the category is over-broad. IANA shall refrain from author- izing any top-level domains synonymous with those names. These names are enumerated in Appendix B below, and forms suitable for use as domain names are partially enumerated in [HIGGS]. IANA shall expressly permit creation of new top-level domains synonymous to others, including existing domains, so long as they are not synonymous with these categories. Collier-Brown [Page 13] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Finally, IANA shall permit at its discretion the creation of other top-level domains, with naming schemes not discussed here, so long as they are not synonymous with either of the above. Within these new top-level domains, IANA shall reserve all second- level names which match existing top-level domains categories and sub-categories, to avoid the inadvertent creation of ambigous, redun- dant or non-meaningfull domains such as oil.oil. IANA may elect to authorize multi-level categorizations like lubricants.oil if, after initial experimentation, it is their opinion that such are desirable in place of or in addition to narrowly defined top-level domains. Appendices Appendix A: International and U.S. Trademark Categories From the World Intellectual Property Organization's (WIPO) list, as established by the Nice Treaty and the U.S. Patent and Trade- mark Office[USPTO] Goods: Class 001 Chemicals Agar Alum Antifreeze Compost Desiccants Humus Loam Manure Saccharin Additives (Concrete) Admixtures (Concrete) Agricultural lime Artificial sweeteners Blueprint paper Brake fluid Ceramic glazings Chemicals (Chromatography) Chemicals (Lithographic) Chemicals (Photographic) Chromatography chemicals Concrete additives Concrete admixtures Distilled water Dry ice Fermentation extrat Collier-Brown [Page 14] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Flower preservative Flush (Radiator) Flux (Soldering) Food (Plant) Glazings (Ceramic) Ice (Dry) Lime (Agricultural) Lithographic chemicals Litmus paper Paper (Blueprint) Paper (Litmus) Paper (Photosensitive) Paste (Wallpaper) Peat (fertilizer) Photographic chemicals Class 002 Paints Varnish Bactericidal paints Color pigments Enamels (Pottery) Engraving ink Gum turpentine House paint Ink (Printers') Paint (Exterior) Paint (House) Paint (Interior) Paint primer Paint sealers Paint thinner Pigments (Color) Pottery enamel Preservatives (Wood) Primers (Paint) Printers' ink Putty (Glaziers') Sealers (Paint) Size (Wall) Stains (Leather) Stains (Wood) Toner cartridges Turpentine (Gum) Wall size Watercolor paints Wood preservatives Agglutinates for paints Anti-rust greases Collier-Brown [Page 15] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Anti-rust oils Glazes (paints, lacquers) Greases (Anti-rust) Oil (Anti-rust) Paint for artists Photocopier toner Size for walls Toner for copiers Wallpaper removing preparations Class 003 Cosmetics and cleaning preparations Antiperspirants Blusher Cologne Dentifrices Eyeliners Incense Lipstick Makeup Mascara Mouthwash Perfume Potpourri Rouge Sachets Sandpaper Artificial eyelashes Artificial fingernails Baby oil Baby powder Baby shampoo Baby wipes Balm (Shaving) Bath gel Bath oil Bath powder Beauty masks Bleach (Laundry) Blush Body cream Body oil Body powder Breath freshener Bubble bath Chrome polish Cobblers' wax Cold cream Conditioners (Hair) Collier-Brown [Page 16] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Cosmetic pencils Cream (Body) Cream (Cold) Class 004 Lubricants and fuels Anthracite Candles Firewood Gasoline Kerosene Kindling Naphtha Paraffin Tallow Tapers Automobile lubricants Automotive greases Automotive lubricants Belt dressings Briquettes (Charcoal) Carnauba wax Charcoal briquettes Diesel fuel Fireplace logs Fuel oil Fuels (Diesel) Greases (Automotive) Industrial lubricants Industrial oils Lamp oil Lighter fluid Logs (Fireplace) Lubricants (Automobile) Lubricants (Graphite) Lubricants (Industrial) Motor oil Oil (Crude) Oil (Fuel) Oil (Industrial) Oil (Lamp) Oil (Motor) Scented candles Transmission fluid Wax (Carnauba) Charcoal lighter fluid Class 005 Pharmaceuticals Analgesics Collier-Brown [Page 17] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Antacids Anthelmintics Antiarrhythmics Antibiotics Anticoagulants Anticonvulsants Antidepressants Antiemetics Antiflatulants Antihistamines Antihypertensives Antiparasitics Antiseptics Antivirals Aspirin Bronchodilators Decongestants Dermatologicals Douches Electrolytes Expectorants Gargles Gauze Hemoglobin Hormones Hydrocortisone Hypnotics Insulin Iodine Laxatives Liniments Merthiolate Mildewstats Poultices Psychotropics Rodenticides Sedatives Steroids Suppositories Class 006 Metal goods Andirons Anvils Handcuffs Nails Spurs Wire Aluminum foil Collier-Brown [Page 18] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Anchors (Marine) Barbed wire Barrels (Metal) Beams (Metal) Bells (Metal) Bins (Metal) Bolts (Metal) Boxes (Metal) Brads (Metal) Brazing rods Buoys (Metal) Cabinet stops Casks (Metal) Casters (Metal) Casting alloys Castings (Metal) Chains (Metal) Chests (Metal) Chimneys (Metal) Clamps (Metal) Cornices (Metal) Doorknobs (Metal) Doorknockers (Metal) Doors (Metal) Eye bolts Figurines (Pewter) Flooring (Metal) Floors (Metal) Foil (Aluminum) Foil (Metal) Gate stops Gates (Metal) Gold solder Andirons Anvils Handcuffs Nails Spurs Wire Aluminum foil Anchors (Marine) Barbed wire Barrels (Metal) Beams (Metal) Bells (Metal) Bins (Metal) Bolts (Metal) Boxes (Metal) Collier-Brown [Page 19] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Brads (Metal) Brazing rods Buoys (Metal) Cabinet stops Casks (Metal) Casters (Metal) Casting alloys Castings (Metal) Chains (Metal) Chests (Metal) Chimneys (Metal) Clamps (Metal) Cornices (Metal) Doorknobs (Metal) Doorknockers (Metal) Doors (Metal) Eye bolts Figurines (Pewter) Flooring (Metal) Floors (Metal) Foil (Aluminum) Foil (Metal) Gate stops Gates (Metal) Gold solder Andirons Anvils Handcuffs Nails Spurs Wire Aluminum foil Anchors (Marine) Barbed wire Barrels (Metal) Beams (Metal) Bells (Metal) Bins (Metal) Bolts (Metal) Boxes (Metal) Brads (Metal) Brazing rods Buoys (Metal) Cabinet stops Casks (Metal) Casters (Metal) Casting alloys Castings (Metal) Collier-Brown [Page 20] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Chains (Metal) Chests (Metal) Chimneys (Metal) Clamps (Metal) Cornices (Metal) Doorknobs (Metal) Doorknockers (Metal) Doors (Metal) Eye bolts Figurines (Pewter) Flooring (Metal) Floors (Metal) Foil (Aluminum) Foil (Metal) Gate stops Gates (Metal) Gold solder Class 007 Machinery Bulldozers Centrifuges Conveyors Cranes Cyclones Derricks Dynamos Elevators Escalators Hoists Lathes Plows Snowblowers Turbogenerators Winches Air compressors Aircraft engines Airplane motors Aquarium pumps Augers (Earth) Bellows (Forge) Boat engines Boat motors Boring machines Brushes (Dynamo) Cartoning machines Centrifugal pumps Compactors (Trash) Compressors (Air) Collier-Brown [Page 21] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Compressors (Refrigerator) Concrete mixers Cranes (Mobile) Cyclone separators Disposals (Garbage) Dredging machines Drivers (Pile) Dynamo brushes Earth augers Egg incubators Electric generators Class 008 Hand tools Axes Bayonets Chopsticks Cleavers Forks Gimlets Hoes Machetes Mallets Mattocks Nightsticks Penknives Pickaxes Pliers Rakes Razors Sabres Scissors Scythes Shovels Sickles Sledgehammers Spades Spears Spoons Swords Trowels Tweezers Whetstones Aprons (Tool) Belts (Tool) Billy clubs Blades (Planing) Blades (Razor) Branding irons Collier-Brown [Page 22] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Buffers (Nail) Butcher knives Carpenter's clamps Cases (Razor) Caulking guns Class 009 Electrical and scientific apparatus Actinometers Aerometers Altimeters Ammeters Anemometers Antennas Barometers Batteries Binoculars Calculators Capacitors Clinometer Computers Condensers Converters Cyclotrons Dosimeters Dynamometers Epidiascopes Eyeglasses Galvanometers Gasometers Headphones Hydrometers Hygrometers Kaleidoscopes Loudspeakers Megaphones Metronomes Microcomputers Microfiche Micrometers Microphones Microscopes Minicomputers Modems Multiplexers Odometers Ohmmeters Oscilloscopes Collier-Brown [Page 23] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Class 010 Medical apparatus Cannulae Condoms Crutches Defibrillators Dentures Electrocardiographs Gastroscopes Lancets Laryngoscopes Ophthalmometers Ophthalmoscopes Otoscopes Resuscitators Retinoscopes Scalpels Sphygmomanometers Stethoscopes Sutures Trusses Abdominal belts Abdominal corsets Abdominal pads Acupuncture needles Anesthetic masks Articulators (dental) Artificial limbs Artificial teeth Baby bottles Baby nursers Bandages (Compression) Bandages (Elastic) Bed pans Bed vibrators Belts (Abdominal) Belts (Orthopedic) Birthing chairs Blades (Surgical) Blood filters Bone implants Bone screws Class 011 Environmental control apparatus Autoclaves Bathtubs Bidets Chandeliers Dehumidifiers Collier-Brown [Page 24] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Faucets Fireplaces Flares Flashlights Freezers Furnaces Humidifiers Hydrants Incinerators Kilns Lamps Lavatories Refrigerators Saunas Searchlights Showers Sinks Toilets Whirlpools Acetylene burners Acetylene flares Air conditioners Aquarium heaters Aquarium lights Barbecue grills Baths (Whirlpool) Bathtub enclosures Bicycle lights Boilers (Furnace) Burners (Acetylene) Candelabras (Electric) Ceiling fans Clean rooms Clothes dryers Combustion chambers Class 012 Vehicles Airplanes Ambulances Automobiles Barges Bicycles Boats Buses Canoes Cars Gliders Gycopters Collier-Brown [Page 25] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Helicopters Hovercraft Hydroplanes Kayaks Locomotives Mopeds Motorcycles Oars Parachutes Rafts Railcars Sailboats Sailplanes Sculls Seaplanes Ships Tires Tractors Tricycles Trolleys Trucks Vans Wagons Wheelchairs Yachts Amphibious airplanes Automobile bodies Automobile bumpers Automobile chassis Class 013 Firearms Ammunition Bombs Caissons Cannons Detonators Dynamite Explosives Firearms Firecrackers Fuse Grenades Gunpowder Guns Holsters Munitions Muskets Rifles Collier-Brown [Page 26] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Squibs Torpedoes Air rifles Ammunition bags Ammunition wagons Armored turrets Artillery guns Automatic carbines Automatic guns Automatic pistols Automatic revolvers Automatic rifles Bags (Ammunition) Barrels (Gun) Barrels (Rifle) Belts (Cartridge) Belts (Shell) Belts (Shot) Blank cartridges Blasting caps Blasting compounds Blasting explosives Blasting gelatin Class 014 Jewelry Brooches Charms Chronometers Clocks Diamonds Earrings Emeralds Jewelry Medallions Necklaces Pearls Pendants Watches Wristwatches Alarm clocks Ankle bracelets Bands (Watch) Bands (Wedding) Bracelets (Ankle) Bracelets (jewelry) Cases (Watch) Chains (Jewelry) Chains (Watch) Collier-Brown [Page 27] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Clips (Ear) Clips (Tie) Clocks (Alarm) Clocks (Wall) Costume jewelry Cuff-links Ear clips Fasteners (Necktie) Fasteners (Tie) Findings (Jewelry) Fobs (Watch) Gemstones (Precious) Gemstones (Semi Jewelry (Costume) Jewelry findings Movements (Watch) Necktie fasteners Class 015 Musical instruments Accordions Bagpipes Banjos Bugles Castanets Clarinets Drumheads Drums Drumsticks Flutes Guitars Handbells Harmonicas Harps Lyres Mandolins Organs Pianos Saxophones Tambourines Trombones Ukeleles Xylophones Zithers Acoustic guitars Batons (Conductor's) Boxes (Music) Conductor's batons Guitar picks Collier-Brown [Page 28] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Guitar strings Guitars (Acoustic) Guitars (Electric) Harmoniums Music boxes Music synthesizers Picks (Guitar) Player pianos Strings (Guitar) Synthesizers (Music) Keyboards (Electronic musical) Class 016 Paper goods and printed matter Almanacs Aquariums Atlases Bibles Binders Blackboards Blotters Blueprints Bookbindings Bookends Bookmarks Calendars Cardboard Caricatures Chalk Collages Confetti Copy Copyholders Coupons Crayons Decalcomanias Decals Diaries Dictionaries Easels Electrotypes Engravings Envelopes Etchings Gazetteers Globes Hectographs Illustrations Lithographs Collier-Brown [Page 29] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Maps Markers Monographs Murals Oleographs Class 017 Rubber goods Caulking Air hoses Building insulation Caulking compounds Clutch linings Duct tape Electrical tape Fire hoses Garden hoses Gaskets (Pipe) Hoses (Air) Hoses (Fire) Hoses (Garden) Hoses (Lawn) Hoses (Watering) Insulation (Building) Lawn hoses Linings (Clutch) Masking tape Strapping tape Tape (Duct) Tape (Electrical) Tape (Masking) Tape (Strapping) Watering hoses Bottle stoppers (Rubber) Carpet seam tape Ceramic insulators (Electrical) Cylinder joinings (seals) Drywall joint tape Electrical ceramic insulators Electrical insulating tape Fiberglass insulation (Residential) Insulating plaster Insulating tape (Electrical) Insulation (Residential fiberglass) Insulation for aircraft Insulators (Electrical ceramic) Joint tape (Drywall) Jointings (seals) (Cylinder) Collier-Brown [Page 30] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Class 018 Leather goods Alpenstocks Backpacks Bandoliers Billfolds Briefbags Briefcases Canes Daypacks Handbags Harnesses Haversacks Knapsacks Luggage Muzzles Parasols Pelts Pocketbooks Portmanteaus Pullmans Purses Reins Rucksacks Saddlery Saddles Satchels Suitcases Thongs Umbrellas Valises Wallets Whips Animal carriers Animal harnesses Animal leashes Athletic bags Attache cases Baby backpacks Backpacks (Baby) Bags (Athletic) Bags (Barrel) Class 019 Non-metallic building materials Alabaster Asphalt Balustrades Bricks Concrete Collier-Brown [Page 31] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Fiberboard Flagstones Granite Gravel Grout Hardboard Limestone Lumber Marble Mortars Pavers Pitch Planks Plaster Plywood Quartz Sand Shingles Skylights Slate Staircases Stones Asphalt (Bitumen) Asphalted felts Bitumen asphalt Blocks (Concrete) Blocks (Refractory) Booths (Telephone) Bricks (Fireplace) Bricks (Refractory) Cement (Hydraulic) Cement (Portland) Cement (Roofing) Cement mixes Class 020 Furniture and articles not otherwise classified Antlers Armchairs Bassinets Beds Beehives Benches Bookcases Cabinetwork Caskets Casks Chairs Coatstands Collier-Brown [Page 32] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Coffins Corks Cots Couches Credenzas Cribs Cupboards Cushions Desks Divans Drawers Flagpoles Footstools Furniture Hampers Ivory Lecterns Lockers Mannequins Mattresses Ottomans Pillowforms Pillows Plaques Playpens Settees Shelves Shelving Class 021 Housewares and glass Beverageware Bowls Brooms Buckets Buttonhooks Canteens Cauldrons Cups Decanters Epergnes Flasks Funnels Goblets Jugs Mops Mugs Pails Pitchers Collier-Brown [Page 33] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Plates Pots Saucepans Saucers Scoops Toothpicks Trivets Troughs Urns Vases Whisks Back scratchers Basins (Earthenware) Basins (Hand) Basins (Sugar) Basins (Wash) Basins (bowls) Baskets (Steamer) Baskets (Wastepaper) Basting spoons Bathtubs (Baby) Class 022 Cordage and fibers Clothesline Cord Cordage Fiberfill Hammocks Hemp Horsehair Jute Kapok Liber Linter Ropes Sails Sawdust String Tents Tow Twine Acrylic fibers Animal hair Bags (Laundry) Baling twine Batting (Polyester) Brattice cloth Bungie cords Collier-Brown [Page 34] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Camel hair Canopies (Canvas) Canvas canopies Canvas tarpaulins Cloth (Brattice) Coconut fibers Commercial nets Cord (Macrame) Cord (Sash) Cords (Bungie) Cotton (Raw) Down (Eider) Down feathers Eiderdown (feathers) Esparto grass Class 023 Yarns and threads Thread Yarn Angora yarn Chenille yarn Coir thread Coir yarn Cotton (Spun) Cotton thread Cotton yarn Darning thread Darning yarn Eiderdown yarn Elastic thread Elastic yarn Embroidery floss Embroidery thread Embroidery yarn Fiberglass thread Floss (Embroidery) Hair yarn Hemp thread Hemp yarn Jute thread Jute yarn Knitting yarn Linen thread Linen yarn Plastic thread Rayon thread Rayon yarn Rubber thread Collier-Brown [Page 35] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Sail thread Sewing thread Sewing yarn Shoemaker's thread Silk (Spun) Silk thread Silk yarn Spun cotton Spun silk Class 024 Fabrics Afghans Brocade Buckram Calico Comforters Curtains Damask Dimity Draperies Duvets Flannel Frieze Fustian Handkerchiefs Linen Quilts Sackcloth Saris Shams Shrouds Taffeta Towels Tulle Velvet Washcloths Banners (Cloth) Barbecue mitts Bath linen Bed canopies Bed linen Bed pads Bed sheets Bed spreads Billiard cloth Bolting cloth Bumpers (Crib) Bunting (Cloth) Collier-Brown [Page 36] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Canopies (Bed) Canopies (Crib) Cascades (Fabric) Class 025 Clothing Aprons Ascots Babushkas Bandanas Bandeaux Bathrobes Beachwear Berets Bikinis Blazers Bloomers Blouses Blousons Boas Boleros Bonnets Booties Boots Bottoms Bras Brassieres Breeches Bustiers Caftans Camisoles Capes Cardigans Cassocks Chaps Chemises Clogs Coats Collars Corselets Coveralls Coverups Cravats Creepers Cuffs Culottes Class 026 Fancy goods Barrettes Collier-Brown [Page 37] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Braids Embroidery Eyelets Fringes Needles Passementerie Ribbons Thimbles Toupees Wigs Zippers Appliques (Fabric) Artificial flowers Artificial fruit Artificial garlands Artificial plants Bands (Hair) Basket clasps Baskets (Sewing) Belt clasps Bobbin lace Bows (Hair) Boxes (Sewing) Buckles (Clothing) Buckles (Hair) Buckles (Shoe) Buttons (Press) Buttons (Rivet) Buttons (Shirt) Campaign buttons Chenille (passementerie) Clasps (Basket) Clasps (Belt) Clothing buckles Collar stays Cosies (Tea) Covers (Toaster) Crochet hooks Curling pins Class 027 Floor coverings Carpets Rugs Wallpaper Artificial turf Carpet padding Carpet tiles Carpet underlining Collier-Brown [Page 38] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Cork mats Mats (Cork) Mats (Door) Mats (Reed) Mats (Rubber) Mats (Straw) Padding (Carpet) Reed mats Rubber mats Turf (Artificial) Automobiles (Carpets for) Bath mats (Plastic) Bath mats (Rubber) Carpet underlay Carpets for automobiles Coverings (Plastic wall) Coverings (Vinyl wall) Door mats (Wooden) Exercise mats (Gymnasium) Gymnasium exercise mats Mats (Gymnasium exercise) Mats (Plastic bath) Mats (Rubber bath) Mats (Wooden door) Vinyl wall coverings Wall coverings (Plastic) Wall coverings (Vinyl) Door mats of textile Floor mats for vehicles Mats for vehicles (Floor) Mats of textile (Door) Vinyl floor coverings Coverings for floors (Hard surface) Class 028 Toys and sporting goods Pinatas Balloons Barbells Baseballs Basketballs Bobsleds Boomerangs Crossbows Darts Dice Discuses Dolls Dominoes Collier-Brown [Page 39] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Dumbbells Footballs Handballs Kites Marbles Netballs Paragliders Puppets Skateboards Skis Skittles Snorkels Spinning Surfboards Targets Volleyballs Waterskis Action figures Airplanes (Paper) Airplanes (Toy) Armor (Toy) Arrows (Archery) Arrows (toy) Athletic supporters Athletic tape Baby rattles Badminton rackets Class 029 Meats and processed foods Applesauce Aspic Bacon Beef Bologna Bouillon Butter Caviar Charcuterie Chicken Chowder Cream Eggs Escargot Gherkins Guacamole Ham Jams Jellies Collier-Brown [Page 40] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Jerky Kefir Lard Laver Lentils Liver Margarine Marmalade Meat Milk Mincemeat Omelets Pate' Piccalilli Pickles Pork Quenelles Raisins Rennet Salami Sardines Class 030 Staple foods Allspice Bagels Biscuits Bran Bread Brioches Brownies Buns Burritos Cakes Candy Capers Caramels Catsup Chalupas Cheesecake Chervil Chimichanga Chocolate Chutney Cinnamon Cloves Cocoa Coffee Cookies Collier-Brown [Page 41] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Couscous Crackers Crepes Crumpets Curry Custards Dough Doughnuts Dumplings eclairs Empanadas Enchiladas Fajitas Farina Flour Class 031 Natural agricultural products Hay Mulch Seedlings Sod Anchovies (Fresh) Anchovies (Raw) Anchovies (Unprocessed) Animal feed Animal foodstuffs Apples (Fresh) Apples (Raw) Apples (Unprocessed) Apricots (Fresh) Apricots (Raw) Apricots (Unprocessed) Artichokes (Fresh) Artichokes (Raw) Artichokes (Unprocessed) Asparagus (Fresh) Asparagus (Raw) Asparagus (Unprocessed) Avocados (Fresh) Avocados (Raw) Avocados (Unprocessed) Bark (Raw) Beans (Fresh) Beans (Raw) Beans (Unprocessed) Beets (Fresh) Beets (Raw) Beets (Unprocessed) Collier-Brown [Page 42] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Beverages (Pet) Bird seed Blueberries (Fresh) Blueberries (Raw) Blueberries (Unprocessed) Bulbs (Flower) Bushes (Live) Cabbage (Fresh) Cabbage (Raw) Class 032 Light beverages Ale Beer Lager Lemonade Stout Ale (Brunswick) Beer (Ginger) Beer (Malt) Beer (Pale) Beer wort Brunswick ale Cider (Sweet) Fruit drinks Fruit juices Fruit nectars Fruit punch Ginger ale Ginger beer Malt beer Malt wort Mineral water Must (unfermented) Nectars (Fruit) Porter (beer) Punch (Fruit) Quinine water Seltzer water Soda water Sports drinks Spring water Table water Water (Aerated) Water (Drinking) Water (Lithia) Water (Mineral) Water (Quinine) Water (Seltzer) Collier-Brown [Page 43] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Water (Soda) Water (Spring) Water (Table) Class 033 Wines and spirits Amontillado Anisette Arrack Calvados Champagne Cognac Cordials Gin Kirsch Liqueurs Mead Ouzo Rum Sangria Schnapps Sherry Tequila Vermouth Vodka Whiskey Aperitif wines Bitters (Alcoholic) Brandy spirits Cider (Hard) Cooking wine Curacao Herb liqueurs Liqueurs (Herb) Port wines Punch (Alcoholic) Punch (Wine) Spirits (Brandy) Wine (Aperitif) Wine (Cooking) Wine (Fruit) Wine punches Alcoholic cocktail (Prepared) Aperitif bitters (Alcoholic) Bitters (Alcoholic aperitif) Cocktail (Prepared alcoholic) Class 034 Smokers' articles Cigarettes Collier-Brown [Page 44] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Cigarillos Cigars Matches Snuff Tobacco Chewing tobacco Cigar cutters Cigarette papers Cutters (Cigar) Papers (Cigarette) Pipes (Smoking) Pouches (Tobacco) Smokeless tobacco Smoking tobacco Spittoons (Tobacco) Tobacco (Chewing) Tobacco (Smokeless) Tobacco (Smoking) Tobacco pouches Cigarette rolling papers Flints for lighters Herbs for smoking Papers (Cigarette rolling) Pipe cleaners (Smoking) Rolling papers (Cigarette) Ashtrays, not of precious metal Cigarettes (Pocket machines for rolling) Machines for rolling cigarettes (Pocket) Cases not of precious metal (Cigarette) Cigarette cases, not of precious metal Cigarette holders, not of precious metal Cigarette lighters not for land vehicles Cigarette lighters not of precious metal Holders not of precious metal (Cigarette) Lighters not for land vehicles (Cigarette) Lighters not of precious metal (Cigarette) Snuff boxes, not of precious metal Match boxes not of precious metal Match holders not of precious metal Services: Class 035 Advertising and business services Auctioneering Billing Bookkeeping Photocopying Collier-Brown [Page 45] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Stenography Telemarketing Typing Account auditing Accounting (Cost) Accounting services Advertising agencies Agencies (Employment) Agencies (Modeling) Analysis (Market) Appraisal (Business) Attorney referrals Auditing (Account) Auditing (Business) Business appraisals Business auditing Business consultation Business information Business investigations Business management Business networking Business planning Business relocation Business research Business supervision Buying clubs Career placement Clerical services Clubs (Buying) Commodity quotations Consultation (Business) Consultation (Demographic) Consultation (Tax) Copyright management Cost accounting Demographic consultation Class 036 Insurance and financial services Banking Actuarial services Administration (Insurance) Annuity underwriting Appraisal (Coin) Appraisal (Jewelry) Appraisal (Numismatic) Appraisal (Stamp) Art brokerage Bail bonding Collier-Brown [Page 46] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Banking (Mortgage) Betting services Bonding (Bail) Bonding services Brokerage (Art) Brokerage (Business) Brokerage (Commodity) Brokerage (Customs) Brokerage (Insurance) Brokerage (Investment) Brokerage (Mortgage) Brokerage (Pawn) Brokerage (Security) Brokerage (Stock) Brokerage (Yacht) Business brokerage Cash management Check cashing Check processing Check verification Coin appraisal Collection agencies Commodity brokerage Commodity exchange Consultation (Insurance) Consultation (Investment) Credit agencies Credit bureaus Credit unions Customs brokerage Class 037 Construction and repair services Asphalting Bricklaying Countersinking Disinfecting Fumigating Plastering Pumicing Riveting Rustproofing Tinkering Asbestos removal Automobile cleaning Automobile detailing Automobile greasing Automobile lubrication Automobile painting Collier-Brown [Page 47] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Automobile pinstriping Automobile polishing Automobile washing Automotive refinishing Balancing (Tire) Building demolition Building inspection Cabinet repair Car cleaning Car washing Carpet cleaning Chimney sweeping Cleaning (Automobile) Cleaning (Car) Cleaning (Carpet) Cleaning (Diaper) Cleaning (Rug) Cleaning (Textile) Clock repair Cloth ironing Cloth laundering Cloth laundry Cloth pressing Cloth washing Class 038 Communication services Teleprinting Audio broadcasting Audio teleconferencing Broadcasting (Audio) Broadcasting (Radio) Broadcasting (Television) Broadcasting (Video) Communication (Radio) Communication (Telephone) Facsimile transmission Paging services Radio broadcasting Radio communication Teleconferencing (Audio) Teleconferencing (Video) Telegram transmission Telegraph services Telematic services Teletext services Television broadcasting Transmission (Facsimile) Transmission (Telegram) Collier-Brown [Page 48] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Video broadcasting Video teleconferencing Videotext services Broadcasting (Cable radio) Broadcasting (Cable television) Broadcasting (Subscription television) Cable radio broadcasting Cable radio transmission Cable television broadcasting Cable television transmission Cellular telephone services Communication (Mobile radio) Communication (Telegram transmission and) Communication by telegram Electronic mail services Mail services (Electronic) Mobile radio communication Network conferencing services Class 039 Transportation and storage services Air transportation Airplane chartering Airport services Ambulance transport Automobile salvage Barge transport Boat chartering Boat cruises Boat storage Boathouse services Bridge operation Brokerage (Freight) Brokerage (Ship) Brokerage (Transport) Bus chartering Car parking Cargo handling Cargo unloading Chauffeur services Clubs (Travel) Courier services Cruises (Boat) Delivery (Document) Delivery (Food) Delivery (Message) Delivery (Parcel) Delivery (Pizza) Drayage services Collier-Brown [Page 49] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Food delivery Forwarding (Freight) Freight brokerage Freight forwarding Fur storage Furniture moving Furniture storage Handling (Cargo) Hauling (Truck) Lighterage services Limousine services Marina services Class 040 Material treatment services Blacksmithing Boilermaking Bookbinding Coppersmithing Dressmaking Electroplating Embroidering Engraving Galvanizing Gilding Grinding Metallizing Photofinishing Photogravure Recycling Silversmithing Smithing Soldering Tailoring Tanning Taxidermy Welding Woodworking Air deodorizing Air freshening Air purification Alteration (Clothing) Blasting (Sand) Blowing (Glass) Cabinet making Cadmium plating Canning (Food) Casting (Die) Casting (Jewelry) Collier-Brown [Page 50] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Casting (Metal) Ceramic glazing Chromium plating Clothing alteration Crushing (Fruit) Demineralization (Water) Class 041 Education and entertainment services Casinos Discotheques Gymnasiums Libraries Museums Planetariums Zoos Amusement arcades Amusement centers Amusement parks Animal exhibitions Arcades (Amusement) Ballet schools Bookmobile services Botanical gardens Bowling alleys Camps (Recreational) Camps (Sport) Camps (Summer) Cinema studios Cinema theaters Clubs (Country) Clubs (Fan) Clubs (Health) Clubs (Yacht) Correspondence schools Country clubs Dance schools Dance studios Demonstrations (Educational) Dinner theaters Dog races Dog shows Educational demonstrations Educational research Educational testing Exhibitions (Animal) Fan clubs Figure salons Gardens (Botanical) Collier-Brown [Page 51] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Class 042 Miscellaneous services Arbitration Barbershops Blueprinting Bottling Cabarets Cafes Cafeterias Catering Chaperoning Cremation Delicatessens Dentistry Drafting Engineering Guardianship Hospices Hospitals Hostels Hotels Keypunching Locksmithing Manicuring Mapping Massage Mediation Motels Pharmacies Printing Restaurants Sanitariums Supermarkets Tattooing Typesetting Typography Undertaking Videotaping Accident investigations Adoption agencies Adoption placement Aerial photography Appendix B: Appreciations of the Situation This is a kind of document used by the military to teach junior off- icers ``to use their heads for more than hatracks''. Writing Collier-Brown [Page 52] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 appreciations is taught as a means of clarifying one's thoughts about difficult problems. An appreciation has /in +2 a single aim, stated without the use of ``and'' or ``or'', limitations, which may constrain the problem, factors, each of which affects at least one course of action, courses of action, each of which is affected by some or all of the factors, and a conclusion. All courses are annotated with the names of the factors which affect them. Readers are encouraged to look for missing relevant factors, missing courses of action, factors which are not used by any (or some) of the courses and courses which do not follow from the factors which sup- posedly affect them. References [AGMON] Agmon, Jonathan , Stacey Halpern and David Pauker, `` What's In A Name?'', Chapter 6, ``The Problem And Criteria For A Solution'', a publication of the Georgetown University Law Center, http://www.law.georgetown.edu/lc/internic/domain1.html. [DENNINGER] Denninger, Karl, ``TOP LEVEL DOMAIN DELEGATION DRAFT'', ftp://ietf.cnri.reston.va.us/internet-drafts/draft-denninger-itld- admin-00.txt [HIGGS] Higgs, Simon, ``Top Level Domain Classification and Categoriza- tion'', ftp://ietf.cnri.reston.va.us/internet-drafts/draft-higgs- tld-cat-02.txt [MASEK] Masek, Jan, ``New Registries assignment, new iTLD formats and implementation of International Top Level Domains", ftp://ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-masek-itld-admin-00.txt [POSTEL] Collier-Brown [Page 53] INTERNET DRAFT September 1996 Postel, Jon, ``New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains'', ftp://ietf.cnri.reston.va.us/internet- drafts/draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01.txt [USPTO] Definitive terms from the Trademark Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual are searchable at http://www.uspto.gov/cgi-bin/goods-services.pl?NNN, where NNN is the search string. Thanks The author wishes to thank Arron Leonard, Greg Woods, Carl Oppedahl, Kent Crispin, Dan Busarow, Vince Wolodkin, Kathryn Kleiman and Simon Higgs for their insights and spirited criticisms, with special thanks to John R. Levine, who pointed out significant problems with using generics and categories within TLDs and so inadvertently triggered this paper. All the errors and omissions, however, are the author's. ``I can see so far because I stand upon the shoulders of Giants''. Author's Address David Collier-Brown Email: davecb@hobbes.ss.org Home: (416) 223-8968 Http: //java.science.yorku.ca/~davecb Collier-Brown [Page 54]