HOKEY Working Group T. Clancy, Editor Internet-Draft LTS Intended status: Informational January 3, 2007 Expires: July 7, 2007 Handover Key Management and Re-authentication Problem Statement draft-clancy-hokey-reauth-ps-01 Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on July 7, 2007. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2007). Abstract This document describes the Handover Keying (HOKEY) problem statement. The current EAP keying framework is not designed to support re-authentication and handovers. This often cause unacceptable latency in various mobile wireless environments. HOKEY plans to address these HOKEY plans to address these problems by implementing a generic mechanism to reuse derived EAP keying material for hand-off. Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 1] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 Table of Contents 1. Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Design Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Security Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6.1. Key Context and Domino Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6.2. Key Freshness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.3. Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.4. Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.5. Channel Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6.6. Transport Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7. Use Cases and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7.1. IEEE 802.11r Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.2. CAPWAP Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.3. Inter-Technology Hand-Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 12 Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 2] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 1. Authors The following authors contributed to the HOKEY problem statement draft: o Julien Bournelle, France Telecom R&D, julien.bournelle@orange-ftgroup.com o Lakshminath Dondeti, QUALCOMM, ldondeti@qualcomm.com o Rafael Marin Lopez, Universidad de Murcia, rafa@dif.um.es o Madjid Nakhjiri, Huawei, mnakhjiri@huawei.com o Vidya Narayanan, QUALCOMM, vidyan@qualcomm.com o Mohan Parthasarathy, Nokia, mohan.parthasarathy@nokia.com o Hannes Tschofenig, Siemens, Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com 2. Introduction The extensible authentication protocol (EAP), specified in RFC3748 [RFC3748] is a generic framework supporting multiple authentication methods. The primary purpose of EAP is network access control. It also supports exporting session keys derived during the authentication. The EAP keying hierarchy defines two keys that are derived at the top level, the master session key (MSK) and the extended MSK (EMSK). In many common deployment scenario, an EAP peer and EAP server authenticate each other through a third party known as the pass- through authenticator (hereafter referred to as simply "authenticator"). The authenticator is responsible for translating EAP packets from the layer 2 (L2) or layer 3 (L3) network access technology to the AAA protocol. According to [RFC3748], after successful authentication, the server transports the MSK to the authenticator. The underlying L2 or L3 protocol uses the MSK to derive additional keys, including the transient session keys (TSK) used per-packet access encryption and enforcement. Figure Figure 1 depicts this process. Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 3] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 +--------+ +---------------+ +----------+ | EAP |<----->| Passthrough |<--->| EAP | | Client | L2/L3 | Authenticator | AAA | Server | +--------+ +---------------+ +----------+ <------------- EAP Authentication ----------> <---- MSK Transport ---- <-- TSK Generation --> Figure 1: Logical diagram of EAP authentication and key derivation using passthrough authenticator Note that while the authenticator is one logical device, there can be many physical devices involved. For example, in the CAPWAP model [RFC3990] WTPs communicate using L2 protocols with the EAP client and ACs communicate using AAA to the EAP server, while using CAPWAP protocols to communicate with each other. Depending on the configuration, authenticator features can be split in a variety of ways between physical devices, however from the EAP perspective there is only one logical authenticator. The current models of EAP authentication and keying are unfortunately not efficient in case of mobile and wireless networks. When a peer arrives at the new authenticator, or is expected to re-affirm its access through the current authenticator, the security restraints will require the peer to run an EAP method irrespective of whether it has been authenticated to the network recently and has unexpired keying material. A full EAP method execution involves several round trips between the EAP peer and the server. There have been attempts to solve the problem of efficient re- authentication in various ways. However, those solutions are either EAP-method specific, EAP lower-layer specific, or are otherwise limited in scope. Furthermore, these solutions do not deal with scenarios involving handovers to new authenticators, or do not conform to the AAA keying requirements specified in [I-D.housley-aaa-key-mgmt]. This document provides a detailed description of EAP efficient re- authentication protocol requirements. 3. Terminology In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements of the specification. These words are often capitalized. The key Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 4] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. This document follows the terminology that has been defined in RFC3748 [RFC3748] and the EAP Keying Framework [I-D.ietf-eap-keying]. 4. Problem Statement When a peer needs to re-affirm access to an authenticator or moves from one authenticator and reattaches to another authenticator, the current EAP keying model requires the peer to engage in a full EAP exchange with the authentication server in its home domain [RFC3748]. An EAP conversation with a full EAP method run takes several round trips and significant time to complete, causing delays in re- authentication and hand-off times. Some methods [RFC4187] specify the use of keys and state from the initial authentication to finish subsequent authentications in fewer round trips. However, even in those cases, several round trips to the EAP server are still involved. Furthermore, many commonly-used EAP methods do not offer such a fast re-authentication feature. In summary, it is undesirable to have to run a full EAP method each time a peer associates with a new authenticator or needs to extend its current association with the same authenticator. Furthermore, it is desirable to specify a method-independent, efficient, re-authentication protocol. Keying material from the full authentication can be used to enable efficient re-authentication. Another problem with respect to authentication is when the EAP server is several hops away from the peer, causing too much delay in executing the re-authentication. It is desirable to allow a locally reachable server with EAP efficient re-authentication capability with which the peer can execute such re-authentication without having to involve the original EAP server all the time. An EAP re- authentication solution defined MUST NOT prevent its extension to a fast re-authentication protocol that operates between EAP servers, and the defined keying hierarchy MUST be designed such that this could be supported. These problems are the primary issue to be resolved. In solving them, there are a number of constraints to conform to and those result in some additional work to be done in the area of EAP keying. Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 5] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 5. Design Goals The following are the goals and constraints in designing the EAP re- authentication and key management protocol: Low latency operation: The protocol MUST be responsive to handover and re-authentication latency performance objectives within a mobile access network. A solution that minimizes the number of packet round trips and/or proactively distributes keying material will be most favorable. EAP lower-layer independence: Any keying hierarchy and protocol defined MUST be lower layer independent in order to provide the capability over heterogeneous technologies. The defined protocols MAY require some additional support from the lower layers that use it. Any keying hierarchy and protocol defined MUST accommodate inter-technology heterogeneous handover. EAP method independence: Changes to existing EAP methods MUST NOT be required as a result of the extensions to EAP itself. Note that the only EAP methods for which independence is required are those that conform to the specifications of [I-D.ietf-eap-keying] and [RFC4017]. AAA protocol compatibility and keying: Any modifications to EAP and EAP keying MUST be compatible with RADIUS and Diameter. Extensions to both RADIUS and Diameter to support these EAP modifications are acceptable. The designs and protocols must satisfy the AAA key management requirements specified in [I-D.housley-aaa-key-mgmt]. Compatability: Compatibility and especially co-existence with current EAP implementations and deployment SHOULD be provided. Compatibility with other fast transition mechanisms SHOULD also be provided. The keying hierarchy or protocol extensions MUST NOT preclude the use of CAPWAP or IEEE 802.11r. 6. Security Goals The section draws from the guidance provided in [I-D.housley-aaa-key-mgmt] to further define the security goals to be achieved by a complete re-authentication keying solution. 6.1. Key Context and Domino Effect Any key MUST have a well-defined scope and MUST be used in a specific context and for the intended use. This specifically means the lifetime and scope of each key MUST be defined clearly so that all entities that are authorized to have access to the key have the same context during the validity period. In a hierarchical key structure, the lifetime of lower level keys MUST NOT exceed the lifetime of Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 6] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 higher level keys. This requirement MAY imply that the context and the scope parameters have to be exchanged. Furthermore, the semantics of these parameters MUST be defined to provide proper channel binding specifications. The definition of exact parameter syntax definition is part of the design of the transport protocol used for the parameter exchange and that may be outside scope of this protocol. If a key hierarchy is deployed, compromising lower level keys MUST NOT result in a compromise of higher level keys which they were used to derive the lower level keys. The compromise of keys at each level MUST NOT result in compromise of other keys at the same level. The same principle applies to entities that hold and manage a particular key defined in the key hierarchy. Compromising keys on one authenticator MUST NOT reveal the keys of another authenticator. Note that the compromise of higher-level keys has security implications on lower levels. Guidance on parameters required, caching, storage and deletion procedures to ensure adequate security and authorization provisioning for keying procedures MUST be defined in a solution document. All the keying material MUST be uniquely named so that it can be managed effectively. 6.2. Key Freshness As [I-D.housley-aaa-key-mgmt] defines, a fresh key is one that is generated for the intended use. This would mean the key hierarchy MUST provide for creation of multiple cryptographically separate child keys from a root key at higher level. Furthermore, the keying solution needs to provide mechanisms for authorized refreshing each of the keys within the key hierarchy. 6.3. Authentication Each party in the handover keying architecture MUST be authenticated to any other party with whom it communicates, and securely provide its identity to any other entity that may require the identity for defining the key scope. The identity provided MUST be meaningful according to the protocol over which the two parties communicate. 6.4. Authorization The EAP Key management document [I-D.ietf-eap-keying] discusses several vulnerabilities that are common to handover mechanisms. One important issue arises from the way the authorization decisions might be handled at the AAA server during network access authentication. Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 7] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 For example, if AAA proxies are involved, they may also influence in the authorization decision. Furthermore, the reasons for making a particular authorization decision are not communicated to the authenticator. In fact, the authenticator only knows the final authorization result. The proposed solution MUST make efforts to document and mitigate authorization attacks. 6.5. Channel Binding Channel Binding procedures are needed to avoid a compromised intermediate authenticator providing unverified and conflicting service information to each of the peer and the EAP server. In the architecture introduced in this document, there are multiple intermediate entities between the peer and the back-end EAP server. Various keys need to be established and scoped between these parties and some of these keys may be parents to other keys. Hence the channel binding for this architecture will need to consider layering intermediate entities at each level to make sure that an entity with higher level of trust can examine the truthfulness of the claims made by intermediate parties. 6.6. Transport Aspects Depending on the physical architecture and the functionality of the elements involved, there may be a need for multiple protocols to perform the key transport between entities involved in the handover keying architecture. Thus, a set of requirements for each of these protocols, and the parameters they will carry, MUST be developed. Following the requirement specifications, recommendations will be provided as to whether new protocols or extensions to existing protocols are needed. As mentioned, the use of existing AAA protocols for carrying EAP messages and keying material between the AAA server and AAA clients that have a role within the architecture considered for the keying problem will be carefully examined. Definition of specific parameters, required for keying procedures and to be transferred over any of the links in the architecture, are part of the scope. The relation of the identities used by the transport protocol and the identities used for keying also needs to be explored. 7. Use Cases and Related Work In order to further clarify the items listed in scope of the proposed work, this section provides some background on related work and the use cases envisioned for the proposed work. Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 8] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 7.1. IEEE 802.11r Applicability One of the EAP lower layers, IEEE 802.11, provides a mechanism to avoid the problem of repeated full EAP exchanges in a limited setting, by introducing a two-level key hierarchy. The EAP authenticator is collocated with what is known as an R0 Key Holder (R0-KH), which receives the MSK from the EAP server. A pairwise master key (PMK-R0) is derived from the last 32 octets of the MSK. Subsequently, the R0-KH derives an PMK-R1 to be handed out to the attachment point of the peer. When the peer moves from one R1-KH to another, a new PMK-R1 is generated by the R0-KH and handed out to the new R1-KH. The transport protocol used between the R0-KH and the R1-KH is not specified at the moment. In some cases, a mobile may seldom move beyond the domain of the R0-KH and this model works well. A full EAP authentication will generally be repeated when the PMK-R0 expires. However, in general cases mobiles may roam beyond the domain of R0-KHs (or EAP authenticators), and the latency of full EAP authentication remains an issue. Another consideration is that there needs to be a key transfer protocol between the R0-KH and the R1-KH; in other words, there is either a star configuration of security associations between the key holder and a centralized entity that serves as the R0-KH, or if the first authenticator is the default R0-KH, there will be a full-mesh of security associations between all authenticators. This is undesirable. Furthermore, in the 802.11r architecture, the R0-KH may actually be located close to the edge, thereby creating a vulnerability: If the R0-KH is compromised, all PMK-R1s derived from the corresponding PMK- R0s will also be compromised. The proposed work on EAP efficient re-authentication protocol aims at addressing the problem in a lower layer agnostic manner that also can operate without some of the restrictions or shortcomings of 802.11r mentioned above. 7.2. CAPWAP Applicability The IETF CAPWAP WG is developing a protocol between what is termed an Access Controller (AC) and Wireless Termination Points (WTP). The AC and WTP can be mapped to a WLAN switch and Access Point respectively. The CAPWAP model supports both split and integrated MAC architectures, with the authenticator always being implemented at the AC. Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 9] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 The proposed work on EAP efficient re-authentication protocol addresses an inter-authenticator hand-off problem from an EAP perspective, which applies during hand-off between ACs. Inter- controller hand-offs is a topic yet to be addressed in great detail and the re-authentication work can potentially address it in an effective manner. 7.3. Inter-Technology Hand-Off EAP is used for access authentication by several technologies and is under consideration for use over several other technologies going forward. Given that, it should be feasible to support smoother hand- offs across technologies. That is one of the big advantages of using a common authentication protocol. Authentication procedures typically add substantial hand-off delays. An EAP peer that has multiple radio technologies (802.11 and GSM, for instance) must perform the full EAP exchange on each interface upon every horizontal or vertical hand-off. With a method independent EAP efficient re-authentication, it is feasible to support faster hand- offs even in the vertical hand-off cases, when the peer may be roaming from one technology to another. 8. Security Considerations This document details the HOKEY problem statement. Since HOKEY is an authentication protocol, there are a myriad of security-related issues surrounding its development and deployment. In this document, we have detailed a variety of security properties inferred from [I-D.housley-aaa-key-mgmt] to which HOKEY must conform, including the management of key context, scope, freshness, and transport; resistance to attacks based on the domino effect; and authentication and authorization. See section Section 6 for further details. 9. IANA Considerations This document does not introduce any new IANA considerations. 10. References Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 10] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 10.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3748] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H. Levkowetz, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 3748, June 2004. [RFC4017] Stanley, D., Walker, J., and B. Aboba, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Method Requirements for Wireless LANs", RFC 4017, March 2005. [I-D.ietf-eap-keying] Aboba, B., "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework", draft-ietf-eap-keying-15 (work in progress), October 2006. [I-D.housley-aaa-key-mgmt] Housley, R. and B. Aboba, "Guidance for AAA Key Management", draft-housley-aaa-key-mgmt-06 (work in progress), November 2006. 10.2. Informative References [RFC3990] O'Hara, B., Calhoun, P., and J. Kempf, "Configuration and Provisioning for Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP) Problem Statement", RFC 3990, February 2005. [RFC4187] Arkko, J. and H. Haverinen, "Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for 3rd Generation Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA)", RFC 4187, January 2006. Author's Address T. Charles Clancy, Editor DoD Laboratory for Telecommunications Sciences 8080 Greenmead Drive College Park, MD 20740 USA Email: clancy@LTSnet.net Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 11] Internet-Draft HOKEY PS January 2007 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2007). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA). Clancy, Editor Expires July 7, 2007 [Page 12]