| ippm | F. Brockners |
| Internet-Draft | S. Bhandari |
| Intended status: Informational | V. Govindan |
| Expires: September 13, 2017 | C. Pignataro |
| Cisco | |
| H. Gredler | |
| RtBrick Inc. | |
| J. Leddy | |
| Comcast | |
| S. Youell | |
| JMPC | |
| T. Mizrahi | |
| Marvell | |
| D. Mozes | |
| Mellanox Technologies Ltd. | |
| P. Lapukhov | |
| R. Chang | |
| Barefoot Networks | |
| March 12, 2017 |
Encapsulations for In-situ OAM Data
draft-brockners-inband-oam-transport-03
In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) records operational and telemetry information in the packet while the packet traverses a path between two points in the network. In-situ OAM is to complement current out-of-band OAM mechanisms based on ICMP or other types of probe packets. This document outlines how in-situ OAM data fields can be transported in protocols such as NSH, Segment Routing, VXLAN-GPE, native IPv6 (via extension headers), and IPv4. Transport options are currently investigated as part of an implementation study. This document is intended to only serve informational purposes.
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This document discusses transport mechanisms for "in-situ" Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) data fields. In-situ OAM records OAM information within the packet while the packet traverses a particular network domain. The term "in-situ" refers to the fact that the OAM data is added to the data packets rather than is being sent within packets specifically dedicated to OAM. A discussion of the motivation and requirements for in-situ OAM can be found in [I-D.brockners-inband-oam-requirements]. Data types and data formats for in-situ OAM are defined in [I-D.brockners-inband-oam-data].
This document outlines transport encapsulations for the in-situ OAM data defined in [I-D.brockners-inband-oam-data]. This document is to serve informational purposes only. As part of an in-situ OAM implementation study different protocol encapsulations for in-situ OAM data are being explored. Once data formats and encapsulation approaches are settled, protocol specific specifications for in-situ OAM data transport will address the standardization aspect.
The data for in-situ OAM defined in [I-D.brockners-inband-oam-data] can be carried in a variety of protocols based on the deployment needs. This document discusses transport of in-situ OAM data for the following protocols:
This list is non-exhaustive, as it is possible to carry the in-situ OAM data in several other protocols and transports.
A feasibility study of in-situ OAM is currently underway as part of the FD.io project [FD.io]. The in-situ OAM implementation study should be considered as a "tool box" to showcase how "in-situ" OAM can complement probe-packet based OAM mechanisms for different deployments and packet transport formats. For details, see the open source code in the FD.io [FD.io].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Abbreviations used in this document:
This mechanisms of in-situ OAM in IPv6 complement others proposed to enhance diagnostics of IPv6 networks, such as the IPv6 Performance and Diagnostic Metrics Destination Option described in [I-D.ietf-ippm-6man-pdm-option]. The IP Performance and Diagnostic Metrics Destination Option is destination focused and specific to IPv6, whereas in-situ OAM is performed between end-points of the network or a network domain where it is enabled and used.
A historical note: The idea of IPv6 route recording was originally introduced by [I-D.kitamura-ipv6-record-route] back in year 2000. With IPv6 now being generally deployed and new concepts such as Segment Routing [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing] being introduced, it is imperative to further mature the Operations, Administration, and Maintenance mechanisms available to IPv6 networks.
The in-situ OAM options translate into options for an IPv6 hop by hop extension header. The extension header would be inserted by either a host source of the packet, or by a transit/domain-edge node. If the addition of the in-situ OAM Hop-by-Hop Option header would lead to the packet exceeding the MTU of the domain an error should be reported. The methods and procedures of how the error is reported are outside the scope of this document. Likewise if an ICMPv6 forwarding error occurs between encapsulating and decapsulating nodes, the node generating the ICMPv6 error should strip the in-situ OAM Hop-by-Hop Option header before sending the ICMPv6 message to the source.
This section defines in-situ OAM for IPv6 transport. In-situ OAM Options are transported in IPv6 hop-by-hop extension header.
IPv6 hop-by-hop option format for carrying in-situ OAM data fields:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Option Type | Opt Data Len | Reserved (MBZ) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
| | |
. . I
. Option Data . O
. . A
. . M
. . .
. . O
. . P
. . T
. . I
. . O
. . N
. . |
| | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
Option Type 8-bit identifier of the type of option.
Opt Data Len 8-bit unsigned integer. Length of the
Reserved and Option Data field of this option,
in octets.
Reserved (MBZ) 16-bit field MUST be filled with zeroes.
Option Data Variable-length field. Option-Type-specific
data.
In-situ OAM Options are inserted as Option data as follows:
Transport of in-situ OAM data in IPv4 will use GRE encapsulation.
GRE encapsulation is defined in [RFC2784]. IOAM is defined as a "Protocol Type" TBD_IANA_ETHERNET_NUMBER_IOAM and follows GRE header. The different IOAM data fields defined in [I-D.brockners-inband-oam-data] are added as options within a new IOAM protocol header following GRE header. In an administrative domain where IOAM is used, insertion of the IOAM protocol header in GRE is enabled at the GRE tunnel endpoints which also serve as IOAM encapsulating/decapsulating nodes by means of configuration.
In-situ OAM header following GRE header: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+ |C| Reserved0 | Ver | Protocol Type | G +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ R | Checksum (optional) | Reserved1 (Optional) | E +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+ | Version | IOAM HDR len | Next Protocol Type | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+IOAM | IOAM options | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+ | | | | | Payload + Padding (L2/L3/ESP/...) | | | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Option Type | Opt Data Len | .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ .
| .
. .
. Option Data .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Option Type 8-bit identifier of the type of option.
Opt Data Len 8-bit unsigned integer. Length of the
Option Data field of this option, in octets.
Option Data Variable-length field. Option-Type-specific
data.
[RFC2784] with Protocol Type set to TBD_IANA_ETHERNET_NUMBER_IOAM. IOAM specific fields and header are defined here:[I-D.brockners-inband-oam-data] are encoded with an option type allocated in the new IOAM IANA registry - IOAM_PROTOCOL_OPTION_REGISTRY_IANA_TBD. In addition the following padding options are defined to be used when necessary to align subsequent options and to pad out the containing header to a multiple of 8 octets in length.
Pad1 option (alignment requirement: none)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
NOTE: The format of the Pad1 option is a special case -- it does
not have length and value fields.
The Pad1 option is used to insert one octet of padding into the
Options area of a header. If more than one octet of padding is
required, the PadN option, described next, should be used, rather
than multiple Pad1 options.
PadN option (alignment requirement: none)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- - - - - - - - -
| 1 | Opt Data Len | Option Data
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- - - - - - - - -
The PadN option is used to insert two or more octets of padding
into the Options area of a header. For N octets of padding, the
Opt Data Len field contains the value N-2, and the Option Data
consists of N-2 zero-valued octets.
VXLAN-GPE [I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe] encapsulation is somewhat similar to IPv6 extension headers in that a series of headers can be contained in the header as a linked list. The different iIOAM types are added as options within a new IOAM protocol header in VXLAN GPE. In an administrative domain where IOAM is used, insertion of the IOAM protocol header in VXLAN GPE is enabled at the VXLAN GPE tunnel endpoint which also serve as IOAM encapsulating/decapsulating nodes by means of configuration.
In-situ OAM header in VXLAN GPE header: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Outer Ethernet Header | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Outer IP Header | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Outer UDP Header | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |R|R|Ver|I|P|R|O| Reserved | NP = IOAM | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ GPE | Virtual Network Identifier (VNI) | Reserved | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Type =IOAM | IOAM HDR len | Reserved | Next Protocol | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+IOAM | IOAM options | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | | | | Payload + Padding (L2/L3/ESP/...) | | | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Option Type | Opt Data Len | Reserved (MBZ) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. .
. Option Data .
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Option Type 8-bit identifier of the type of option.
Opt Data Len 8-bit unsigned integer. Length of the
Option Data field of this option, in octets.
Reserved (MBZ) 16-bit field MUST be filled with zeroes.
Option Data Variable-length field. Option-Type-specific
data.
[I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe]. IOAM specific fields and header are defined here:[I-D.brockners-inband-oam-data] are encoded with an option type allocated in the new in-situ OAM IANA registry - in-situ OAM_PROTOCOL_OPTION_REGISTRY_IANA_TBD. In addition the following padding options are defined to be used when necessary to align subsequent options and to pad out the containing header to a multiple of 8 octets in length.
Pad1 option (alignment requirement: none)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
NOTE: The format of the Pad1 option is a special case -- it does
not have length and value fields.
The Pad1 option is used to insert one octet of padding into the
Options area of a header. If more than one octet of padding is
required, the PadN option, described next, should be used, rather
than multiple Pad1 options.
PadN option (alignment requirement: none)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- - - - - - - - -
| 1 | Opt Data Len | Option Data
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- - - - - - - - -
The PadN option is used to insert two or more octets of padding
into the Options area of a header. For N octets of padding, the
Opt Data Len field contains the value N-2, and the Option Data
consists of N-2 zero-valued octets.
In Service Function Chaining (SFC) [RFC7665], the Network Service Header (NSH) [I-D.ietf-sfc-nsh] already includes path tracing capabilities [I-D.penno-sfc-trace]. Tracing information can be carried in-situ as IOAM data fields over NSH Type 2 metadata TLVs.
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | TLV Class= TBD |C| Type=Trace |R| Len=n | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | IOAM-Trace-Type | Octets-left | Flags | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+ | | | | node data list [0] | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ D | | a | node data list [1] | t | | a +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ... ~ S +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ p | | a | node data list [n-1] | c | | e +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | | | | node data list [n] | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-++
The "Proof of Transit" capabilities (see [I-D.brockners-inband-oam-requirements] and [I-D.brockners-proof-of-transit]) of in-situ OAM can be leveraged within NSH. In an administrative domain where in-situ OAM is used, insertion of the in-situ OAM data into the NSH header is enabled at the required nodes (i.e. at the in-situ OAM encapsulating/decapsulating nodes) by means of configuration.
Proof of transit in-situ OAM data is added as NSH Type 2 metadata:
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | TLV Class=TBD |C| Type=POT |R| Len=20 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+ |IOAM POT Type|P| Reserved (MBZ) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | Random | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ P | Random(contd.) | O +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ T | Cumulative | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | Cumulative (contd.) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
The "Edge-to-Edge" capabilities (see [I-D.brockners-inband-oam-requirements]) of in-situ OAM can be leveraged within NSH. In an administrative domain where in-situ OAM is used, insertion of the in-situ OAM data into the NSH header is enabled at the required nodes (i.e. at the in-situ OAM encapsulating/decapsulating nodes) by means of configuration.
Edge-to-Edge in-situ OAM data is added as NSH Type 2 metadata:
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | TLV Class=TBD |C| Type=E2E |R| Len | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+ |IOAM E2E Type | Reserved (MBZ) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ E2E | E2E Option data field determined by IOAM-E2E-Type | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
Similar to NSH, a policy defined using Segment Routing for IPv6 can be verified using the in-situ OAM "Proof of Transit" approach. The Segment Routing Header (SRH) for IPv6 offers the ability to transport TLV structured data, similar to what NSH does (see [I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header]). In an domain where in-situ OAM is used, insertion of the in-situ OAM data is enabled at the required edge nodes (i.e. at the in-situ OAM encapsulating/decapsulating nodes) by means of configuration.
A new "POT TLV" is defined for the SRH which is to carry proof of transit in situ OAM data.
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | RESERVED |F| Flags | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+ |IOAM POT Type|P| Reserved (MBZ) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | Random | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ P | Random(contd.) | O +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ T | Cumulative | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | Cumulative (contd.) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+<-+
In-situ OAM "Proof of Transit" data can also be carried as part of the MPLS label stack. Details will be addressed in a future version of this document.
IANA considerations will be added in a future version of this document.
Manageability considerations will be addressed ín a later version of this document..
Security considerations will be addressed ín a later version of this document. For a discussion of security requirements of in-situ OAM, please refer to [I-D.brockners-inband-oam-requirements].
The authors would like to thank Eric Vyncke, Nalini Elkins, Srihari Raghavan, Ranganathan T S, Karthik Babu Harichandra Babu, Akshaya Nadahalli, Stefano Previdi, Hemant Singh, Erik Nordmark, LJ Wobker, and Andrew Yourtchenko for the comments and advice. The authors would like to acknowledge Craig Hill for contributing GRE IOAM encapsulation. For the IPv6 encapsulation, this document leverages and builds on top of several concepts described in [I-D.kitamura-ipv6-record-route]. The authors would like to acknowledge the work done by the author Hiroshi Kitamura and people involved in writing it.
| [ETYPES] | IANA Ethernet Numbers" | , "
| [I-D.brockners-inband-oam-data] | Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., Pignataro, C., Gredler, H., Leddy, J., Youell, S., Mizrahi, T., Mozes, D., Lapukhov, P. and R. <>, "Data Formats for In-situ OAM", Internet-Draft draft-brockners-inband-oam-data-02, October 2016. |
| [I-D.brockners-inband-oam-requirements] | Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., Dara, S., Pignataro, C., Gredler, H., Leddy, J., Youell, S., Mozes, D., Mizrahi, T., <>, P. and r. remy@barefootnetworks.com, "Requirements for In-situ OAM", Internet-Draft draft-brockners-inband-oam-requirements-02, October 2016. |
| [I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header] | Previdi, S., Filsfils, C., Field, B., Leung, I., Linkova, J., Aries, E., Kosugi, T., Vyncke, E. and D. Lebrun, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header (SRH)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-6man-segment-routing-header-05, February 2017. |
| [I-D.ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe] | Maino, F., Kreeger, L. and U. Elzur, "Generic Protocol Extension for VXLAN", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-nvo3-vxlan-gpe-03, October 2016. |
| [I-D.ietf-sfc-nsh] | Quinn, P. and U. Elzur, "Network Service Header", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-sfc-nsh-12, February 2017. |
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997. |
| [RFC2784] | Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D. and P. Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784, DOI 10.17487/RFC2784, March 2000. |
| [RFC3232] | Reynolds, J., Assigned Numbers: RFC 1700 is Replaced by an On-line Database", RFC 3232, DOI 10.17487/RFC3232, January 2002. |
| [FD.io] | Fast Data Project: FD.io" | , "
| [I-D.brockners-proof-of-transit] | Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., Dara, S., Pignataro, C., Leddy, J., Youell, S., Mozes, D. and T. Mizrahi, "Proof of Transit", Internet-Draft draft-brockners-proof-of-transit-02, October 2016. |
| [I-D.ietf-ippm-6man-pdm-option] | Elkins, N., Hamilton, R. and m. mackermann@bcbsm.com, IPv6 Performance and Diagnostic Metrics (PDM) Destination Option", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-ippm-6man-pdm-option-09, March 2017. |
| [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing] | Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Decraene, B., Litkowski, S. and R. Shakir, "Segment Routing Architecture", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-spring-segment-routing-11, February 2017. |
| [I-D.kitamura-ipv6-record-route] | Kitamura, H., "Record Route for IPv6 (PR6) Hop-by-Hop Option Extension", Internet-Draft draft-kitamura-ipv6-record-route-00, November 2000. |
| [I-D.penno-sfc-trace] | Penno, R., Quinn, P., Pignataro, C. and D. Zhou, "Services Function Chaining Traceroute", Internet-Draft draft-penno-sfc-trace-03, September 2015. |
| [RFC7665] | Halpern, J. and C. Pignataro, "Service Function Chaining (SFC) Architecture", RFC 7665, DOI 10.17487/RFC7665, October 2015. |