SPRING Working Group R. Bonica
Internet-Draft S. Hegde
Intended status: Standards Track Juniper Networks
Expires: January 9, 2020 Y. Kamite
NTT Communications Corporation
A. Alston
D. Henriques
Liquid Telecom
J. Halpern
Ericsson
J. Linkova
Google
G. Chen
Baidu
July 8, 2019

IPv6 Support for Segment Routing: SRv6+
draft-bonica-spring-srv6-plus-04

Abstract

This document describes SRv6+. SRv6+ is a Segment Routing (SR) solution that leverages IPv6. It supports a wide variety of use-cases while remaining in strict compliance with IPv6 specifications. SRv6+ is optimized for for ASIC-based forwarding devices that operate at high data rates.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on January 9, 2020.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

1. Overview

Network operators deploy Segment Routing (SR) so that they can forward packets through SR paths. An SR path provides unidirectional connectivity from its ingress node to its egress node. While an SR path can follow the least cost path from ingress to egress, it can also follow any other path.

An SR path contains one or more segments. A segment provides unidirectional connectivity from its ingress node to its egress node. It also includes a topological instruction that controls its behavior.

The topological instruction is executed on the segment ingress node. It determines the segment egress node and the method by which the segment ingress node forwards packets to the segment egress node.

Per-segment service instructions can augment a segment. Per-segment service instructions, if present, are executed on the segment egress node.

Likewise, a per-path service instruction can augment a path. The per-path service instruction, if present, is executed on the path egress node. Section 3 of this document illustrates the relationship between SR paths, segments and instructions.

A Segment Identifier (SID) identifies each segment. Because there is a one-to-one mapping between segments and the topological instructions that control them, the SID that identifies a segment also identifies the topological instruction that controls it.

A SID is different from the topological instruction that it identifies. While a SID identifies a topological instruction, it does not contain the topological instruction that it identifies. Therefore, a SID can be encoded in relatively few bits, while the topological instruction that it identifies may require many more bits for encoding.

An SR path can be represented by its ingress node as an ordered sequence of SIDs. In order to forward a packet through an SR path, the SR ingress node encodes the SR path into the packet as an ordered sequence of SIDs. It can also augment the packet with service instructions.

Because the SR ingress node is also the first segment ingress node, it executes the topological instruction associated with the first segment. This causes the packet to be forwarded to the first segment egress node. When the first segment egress node receives the packet, it executes any per-segment service instructions that augment the first segment.

If the SR path contains exactly one segment, the first segment egress node is also the path egress node. In this case, that node executes any per-path service instruction that augments the path, and SR forwarding is complete.

If the SR path contains multiple segments, the first segment egress node is also the second segment ingress node. In this case, that node executes the topological instruction associated with the second segment. The above-described procedure continues until the packet arrives at the SR egress node.

In the above-described procedure, only the SR ingress node maintains path information. Segment ingress and egress nodes maintain information regarding the segments in which they participate, but they do not maintain path information.

The SR architecture, described above, can leverage either an MPLS data plane or an IPv6 data plane. SR-MPLS leverages MPLS. SRv6 [I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header] leverages IPv6.

This document describes SRv6+. SRv6+ is another SR variant that leverages IPv6. It supports a wide variety of use-cases while remaining in strict compliance with IPv6 specifications. SRv6+ is optimized for ASIC-based forwarding devices that operate at high data rates. Section 9 of this document highlights differences between SRv6 and SRv6+.

2. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

3. Paths, Segments And Instructions

An SRv6+ path is determined by the segments that it contains. It can be represented by its ingress node as an ordered sequence of SIDs.

A segment is determined by its ingress node and by the topological instruction that controls its behavior. The topological instruction determines the segment egress node and the method by which the segment ingress node forwards packets to the segment egress node.

Per-segment service instructions augment, but do not determine, segments. A segment ingress node can:

Likewise, per-path service instructions augment, but do not determine, paths.

  ----      ----      ----      ----      ----      ----
 |Node|----|Node|----|Node|----|Node|----|Node|----|Node|
 | A  |    | B  |    | C  |    | D  |    | E  |    | F  |
  ----      ----      ----      ----      ----      ----
    |                   |         |                   |         
     -------------------|         |-------------------|
        Segment A-C     |---------|    Segment D-F
                        Segment C-D
    |                                                 |
     -------------------------------------------------
                          SRv6+ Path 

Figure 1: Paths, Segments And Instructions

Figure 1 depicts an SRv6+ path. The path provides unidirectional connectivity from its ingress node (i.e., Node A) to its egress node (i.e., Node F). It contains Segment A-C, Segment C-D and Segment D-F.

In Segment A-C, Node A is the ingress node, Node B is a transit node, and Node C is the egress node. Therefore, the topological instruction that controls the segment is executed on Node A, while per-segment service instructions that augment the segment (if any exist) are executed on Node C.

In Segment C-D, Node C is the ingress node and Node D is the egress node. Therefore, the topological instruction that controls the segment is executed on Node C, while per-segment service instructions that augment the segment (if any exist) are executed on Node D.

In Segment D-F, Node D is the ingress node, Node E is a transit node, and Node F is the egress node. Therefore, the topological instruction that controls the segment is executed on Node D, while per-segment service instructions that augment the segment (if any exist) are executed on Node F.

Node F is also the path egress node. Therefore, if a per-path service instruction augments the path, it is executed on Node F.

Segments A-C, C-D and D-F are also contained by other paths that are not included in the figure.

4. Segment Types

SRv6+ supports the following segment types:

Strictly routed segments forward packets through a specified link that connects the segment ingress node to the segment egress node. Loosely routed segments forward packets through the least cost path from the segment ingress node to the segment egress node.

Each segment type is described below.

4.1. Strictly Routed

When a packet is submitted to a strictly routed segment, the topological instruction associated with that segment operates upon the packet. The topological instruction executes on the segment ingress node and accepts the following parameters:

The topological instruction behaves as follows:

4.2. Loosely Routed

When a packet is submitted to a loosely routed segment, the topological instruction associated with that segment operates upon the packet. The topological instruction executes on the segment ingress node and accepts an IPv6 address as a parameter. The IPv6 address identifies an interface on the segment egress node.

The topological instruction behaves as follows:

5. Segment Identifiers (SID)

A Segment Identifier (SID) is an unsigned integer that identifies a segment. Because there is a one-to-one mapping between segments and the topological instructions that control them, the SID that identifies a segment also identifies the topological instruction that controls it.

A SID is different from the topological instruction that it identifies. While a SID identifies a topological instruction, it does not contain the topological instruction that it identifies. Therefore, a SID can be encoded in relatively few bits, while the topological instruction that it identifies may require many more bits for encoding.

SIDs have node-local significance. This means that a segment ingress node MUST identify each segment that it originates with a unique SID. However, a SID that is used by one segment ingress node to identify a segment that it originates can be used by another segment ingress node to identify another segment.

Although SIDs have node-local significance, an SRv6+ path can be uniquely identified by its ingress node and an ordered sequence of SIDs. This is because the topological instruction associated with each segment determines the ingress node of the next segment (i.e., the node upon which the next SID has significance.)

Although SIDs have node-local significance, they can be assigned in a manner that facilitates debugging. See Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 for details.

5.1. Range

SID values range from 0 to a configurable Maximum SID Value (MSV). The values 0 through 15 are reserved for future use. The following are valid MSVs:

packet encoding, network operators can configure all nodes within an SRv6+ domain to have the smallest feasible MSV. The following paragraphs explain how an operator determines the smallest feasible MSV.

In order to optimize

Consider an SRv6+ domain that contains 5,000 nodes connected to one another by point-to-point infrastructure links. The network topology is not a full-mesh. In fact, each node supports 200 point-to-point infrastructure links or fewer. Given this SRv6+ domain, we will determine the smallest feasible MSV under the following conditions:

If an SRv6+ domain contains strictly routed segments only, and each node creates a strictly routed segment to each of its neighbors, each node will create 200 segments or fewer and consume 200 SIDs or fewer. This is because each node has 200 neighbors or fewer. Because SIDs have node-local significance (i.e., they can be reused across nodes), the smallest feasible MSV is 65,535.

Adding nodes to this SRv6+ domain will not increase the smallest feasible MSV, so long as each node continues to support 65,519 point-to-point infrastructure links or fewer. If a single node is added to the domain and that node supports 240 infrastructure links, the smallest feasible MSV will increase to 65,535.

If an SRv6+ domain contains loosely routed segments only, and every node creates a loosely routed segment to every other node, every node will create 4,999 segments and consume 4,999 SIDs. This is because the domain contains 5,000 nodes. Because SIDs have node-local significance (i.e., they can be reused across nodes), the smallest feasible MSV is 65,535.

Adding nodes to this SRv6+ domain will not increase the smallest feasible MSV until the number of nodes exceeds 65,519. When the smallest feasible MSV increases, it becomes 4,294,967,295.

If an SRv6+ domain contains both strictly and loosely routed segments, each node will create 5,199 segments or fewer and consume 5,199 SIDs or fewer. This value is the sum of the following:

Because SIDs have node-local significance (i.e., they can be reused across nodes), the smallest feasible MSV is 65,535.

Adding nodes to this SRv6+ domain will not increase the smallest feasible MSV until the number of nodes plus the maximum number of infrastructure links per node exceeds 65,519. When the smallest feasible MSV increases, it becomes 4,294,967,295.

5.2. Assigning SIDs to Strictly Routed Segments

Network operators can establish conventions by which they assign SIDs to strictly routed segments. These conventions can facilitate debugging.

For example, a network operator can reserved a range of SIDs for strictly routed segments. It can further divide that range into subranges, so that all segments sharing a common egress node are identified by SIDs from the same subrange.

5.3. Assigning SIDs to Loosely Routed Segments

In order to facilitate debugging, all loosely routed segments that share a common egress node are identified by the same SID. In order to maintain this discipline, network wide co-ordination is required.

For example, assume that an SRv6+ domain contains N nodes. Network administrators reserve a block of N SIDs and configure one of those SIDs on each node. Each node advertises its SID into the control plane. When another node receives that advertisement, it creates a loosely routed segment between itself and the advertising node. It also associates the SID that it received in the advertisement with the newly created segment. See [I-D.bonica-lsr-crh-isis-extensions] for details.

6. Service Instructions

SRv6+ supports the following service instruction types:

Each is described below.

6.1. Per-Segment

Per-segment service instructions can augment a segment. Per-segment service instructions, if present, are executed on the segment egress node. Because the path egress node is also a segment egress node, it can execute per-segment service instructions.

The following are examples of per-segment service instructions:

Per-segment Service Instruction Identifiers identify a set of service instructions. Per-segment Service Instruction Identifiers are allocated and distributed by a controller. They have domain-wide significance.

6.2. Per-Path

A per-path service instruction can augment a path. The per-path service instruction, if present, is executed on the path egress node.

The following are examples of per-path service instructions:

Per-path Service Instruction Identifiers identify per-path service instructions. Per-path Service Instruction Identifiers are allocated and distributed by the processing node (i.e., the path egress node). They have node-local significance. This means that the path egress node MUST allocate a unique Per-path Service Instruction Identifier for each per-path service instruction that it instantiates.

7. The IPv6 Data Plane

SRv6+ ingress nodes generate IPv6 header chains that represent SRv6+ paths. An IPv6 header chain contains an IPv6 header. It can also contain one or more extension headers.

An extension header chain that represents an SRv6+ path can contain any valid combination of IPv6 extension headers. The following bullet points describe how SRv6+ leverages IPv6 extension headers:

The following subsections describe how SRv6+ uses the Routing header and the Destination Options header.

7.1. The Routing Header

SRv6+ defines a new Routing header type, called the Compressed Routing Header (CRH). The CRH contains the following fields:

As per [RFC8200], when an IPv6 node receives a packet, it examines the packet's destination address. If the destination address represents an interface belonging to the node, the node processes the next header. If the node encounters and recognizes the CRH, it processes the CRH as follows:

When the packet arrives at the segment egress node, the above-described procedure is repeated.

7.2. The Destination Options Header

According to [RFC8200], the Destination Options header contains one or more IPv6 options. It can occur twice within a packet, once before a Routing header and once before an upper-layer header. The Destination Options header that occurs before a Routing header is processed by the first destination that appears in the IPv6 Destination Address field plus subsequent destinations that are listed in the Routing header. The Destination Options header that occurs before an upper-layer header is processed by the packet's final destination only.

Therefore, SRv6+ defines the following new IPv6 options:

The SRv6+ Per-Segment Service Instruction Option is encoded in a Destination Options header that precedes the CRH. Therefore, it is processed by every segment egress node. It includes a Per-Segment Service Instruction Identifier and causes segment egress nodes to execute per-segment service instructions.

The SRv6+ Per-Path Service Instruction Option is encoded in a Destination Options header that precedes the upper-layer header. Therefore, it is processed by the path egress node only. It includes a Per-Path Service Instruction Identifier and causes the path egress node to execute a per-path service instruction.

8. Control Plane

IS-IS extensions have been defined for the following purposes:BGP extensions are being defined so that SRv6+ path egress nodes can associated path-terminating service instructions with Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI).

9. Differences Between SRv6 and SRv6+

9.1. Routing Header Size

SRv6 defines a Routing header type, called the Segment Routing Header (SRH). The SRH contains a field that represents the SRv6 path as an ordered sequence of SIDs. Each SID contained by that field is 128 bits long.

Likewise, SRv6+ defines a Routing Header Type, called the Compressed Routing Header (CRH). The CRH contains a field that represents the SRv6+ path as an ordered sequence of SIDs. Within that field, SIDs can be 16 or 32 bits long.

Routing Header Size (in Bytes) As A Function Of Routing Header Type and Number Of SIDs
SIDs SRv6 SRH (128-bit SID) SRv6+ CRH (16-bit SID) SRv6+ CRH (32-bit SID)
1 24 16 16
2 40 16 16
3 56 16 24
4 72 16 24
5 88 24 32
6 104 24 32
7 120 24 40
8 136 24 40
9 152 32 48
10 168 32 48
11 184 32 56
12 200 32 56
13 216 40 64
14 232 40 64
15 248 40 72
16 264 40 72

Table 1 reflects Routing header size as a function of Routing header type and Number of SIDs contained by the Routing header.

Large Routing headers are undesirable for the following reasons:

9.2. Decoupling of Topological and Service Instructions

SRv6+ decouples topological instructions from service instructions. Topological instructions are invoked at the segment ingress node, as a result of CRH processing, while service instructions are invoked at the segment egress node, as a result of Destination Option processing. Therefore, network operators can use SRv6+ mechanisms to support topological instructions, service instructions, or both.

        
               ----------           ----------          ----------    
              | Ethernet |         | Ethernet |        | Ethernet |
               ----------           ----------          ----------    
 Service      |  VXLAN   |         |  Dest    |        |   Dest   |
 Instruction   ----------          |          |        |          |
              |   UDP    |         |  Option  |        |  Option  |
               ----------           ----------          ----------
 Topological  |                    |          |        |          |
 Instructions |   CRH    |         |          |        |    CRH   |
               ----------          |          |         ----------
              |   IPv6   |         |   IPv6   |        |   IPv6   |
               ----------           ----------          ----------

               Option 1             Option 2             Option 3    

Figure 2: EVPN Design Alternatives

Figure 2 illustrates this point by depicting design options available to network operators offering Ethernet Virtual Private Network services over Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN). In Option 1, the network operator encodes topological instructions in the CRH, while encoding service instructions in a VXLAN header. In Option 2, the network operator encodes service instructions in a Destination Options header, while allowing traffic to traverse the least cost path between the ingress and egress Provider Edge (PE) routers. In Option 3, the network operator encodes topological instructions in the CRH, and encodes service instructions in a Destination Options header.

9.3. Authentication

The IPv6 Authentication Header (AH) can be used to authenticate SRv6+ packets. However, AH processing is not defined in SRv6.

9.4. Traffic Engineering Capability

SRv6+ supports traffic engineering solutions that rely exclusively upon strictly routed segments. For example, consider an SRv6+ network whose diameter is 12 hops and whose minimum feasible MSV is 65,525. In that network, in the worst case, SRv6+ overhead is 72 bytes (i.e., a 40-byte IPv6 header and a 32-byte CRH).

SRv6 also supports traffic engineering solutions that rely exclusively upon strictly routed segments (i.e., END.X SIDs). However, SRv6 overhead may be prohibitive. For example, consider an SRv6 network whose diameter is 12 hops. In the worst case, SRv6 overhead is 240 bytes (i.e., a 40 byte IPv6 header and a 200-byte SRH).

9.5. IP Addressing Architecture

In SRv6, an IPv6 address can represent either of the following:

In SRv6+ an IPv6 address always represents a network interface, as per [RFC4291].

10. Compliance

In order to be compliant with this specification, an SRv6+ implementation MUST:

Additionally, an SRv6+ implementation MAY:

11. Operational Considerations

11.1. Ping and Traceroute

Ping and Traceroute both operate correctly in SRv6+ (i.e., in the presence of the CRH).

11.2. ICMPv6 Rate Limitting

As per [RFC4443], SRv6+ nodes rate limit the ICMPv6 messages that they emit.

11.3. SID Lengths And SID Length Transitions

An SRv6+ implementation MAY include a configuration option that determines how it encodes SIDs (i.e., in 16 or 32 bits). In order to reduce operational complexity, network operators typically configure their networks so that every node encodes SIDs identically.

As a network grows, its minimum feasible MSV may increase. In this case, the network may need to migrate from one SID encoding to another. The following bullet points describe a migration strategy for an SRv6+ network that is migrating from 16-bit SIDs to 32-bit SIDs:.

12. IANA Considerations

SID values 0-15 are reserved for future use. They may be assigned by IANA, based on IETF Consensus.

IANA is requested to establish a "Registry of SRv6+ Reserved SIDs". Values 0-15 are reserved for future use.

13. Security Considerations

SRv6+ domains MUST NOT span security domains. In order to enforce this requirement, security domain edge routers MUST do one of the following:

14. Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Vanessa Ameen and John Scudder.

15. References

15.1. Normative References

[I-D.bonica-6man-comp-rtg-hdr] Bonica, R., Kamite, Y., Niwa, T., Alston, A., Henriques, D., So, N., Xu, F., Chen, G., Zhu, Y., Yang, G. and Y. Zhou, "The IPv6 Compressed Routing Header (CRH)", Internet-Draft draft-bonica-6man-comp-rtg-hdr-05, July 2019.
[I-D.bonica-6man-seg-end-opt] Bonica, R., Halpern, J., Kamite, Y., Niwa, T., So, N., Xu, F., Chen, G., Zhu, Y., Yang, G. and Y. Zhou, "The Per-Segment Service Instruction (PSSI) Option", Internet-Draft draft-bonica-6man-seg-end-opt-04, July 2019.
[I-D.bonica-6man-vpn-dest-opt] Bonica, R., Kamite, Y., Lenart, C., So, N., Xu, F., Presbury, G., Chen, G., Zhu, Y., Yang, G. and Y. Zhou, "The Per-Path Service Instruction (PPSI) Option", Internet-Draft draft-bonica-6man-vpn-dest-opt-06, July 2019.
[I-D.bonica-lsr-crh-isis-extensions] Kaneriya, P., Shetty, R., Hegde, S. and R. Bonica, "IS-IS Extensions To Support The IPv6 Compressed Routing Header (CRH)", Internet-Draft draft-bonica-lsr-crh-isis-extensions-00, May 2019.
[I-D.ssangli-idr-bgp-vpn-srv6-plus] Ramachandra, S. and R. Bonica, "BGP based Virtual Private Network (VPN) Services over SRv6+ enabled IPv6 networks", Internet-Draft draft-ssangli-idr-bgp-vpn-srv6-plus-01, July 2019.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February 2006.
[RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S. and M. Gupta, "Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 89, RFC 4443, DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200, DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017.
[RFC8402] Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Ginsberg, L., Decraene, B., Litkowski, S. and R. Shakir, "Segment Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402, July 2018.

15.2. Informative References

[I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header] Filsfils, C., Dukes, D., Previdi, S., Leddy, J., Matsushima, S. and d. daniel.voyer@bell.ca, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header (SRH)", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-6man-segment-routing-header-21, June 2019.
[I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing-mpls] Bashandy, A., Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Decraene, B., Litkowski, S. and R. Shakir, "Segment Routing with MPLS data plane", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-spring-segment-routing-mpls-22, May 2019.
[I-D.ietf-spring-srv6-network-programming] Filsfils, C., Camarillo, P., Leddy, J., daniel.voyer@bell.ca, d., Matsushima, S. and Z. Li, "SRv6 Network Programming", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-spring-srv6-network-programming-01, July 2019.
[RFC2151] Kessler, G. and S. Shepard, "A Primer On Internet and TCP/IP Tools and Utilities", FYI 30, RFC 2151, DOI 10.17487/RFC2151, June 1997.
[RFC3031] Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A. and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture", RFC 3031, DOI 10.17487/RFC3031, January 2001.
[RFC4302] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302, DOI 10.17487/RFC4302, December 2005.
[RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 4303, DOI 10.17487/RFC4303, December 2005.
[RFC7348] Mahalingam, M., Dutt, D., Duda, K., Agarwal, P., Kreeger, L., Sridhar, T., Bursell, M. and C. Wright, "Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN): A Framework for Overlaying Virtualized Layer 2 Networks over Layer 3 Networks", RFC 7348, DOI 10.17487/RFC7348, August 2014.
[RFC7432] Sajassi, A., Aggarwal, R., Bitar, N., Isaac, A., Uttaro, J., Drake, J. and W. Henderickx, "BGP MPLS-Based Ethernet VPN", RFC 7432, DOI 10.17487/RFC7432, February 2015.
[RFC8201] McCann, J., Deering, S., Mogul, J. and R. Hinden, "Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", STD 87, RFC 8201, DOI 10.17487/RFC8201, July 2017.

Authors' Addresses

Ron Bonica Juniper Networks Herndon, Virginia 20171 USA EMail: rbonica@juniper.net
Shraddha Hegde Juniper Networks Embassy Business Park Bangalore, KA 560093 India EMail: shraddha@juniper.net
Yuji Kamite NTT Communications Corporation 3-4-1 Shibaura, Minato-ku Tokyo, 108-8118 Japan EMail: : y.kamite@ntt.com
Andrew Alston Liquid Telecom Nairobi, Kenya EMail: Andrew.Alston@liquidtelecom.com
Daniam Henriques Liquid Telecom Johannesburg, South Africa EMail: daniam.henriques@liquidtelecom.com
Joel Halpern Ericsson P. O. Box 6049 Leesburg, Virginia 20178 USA EMail: joel.halpern@ericsson.com
Jen Linkova Google Mountain View, California 94043 USA EMail: furry@google.com
Gang Chen Baidu No.10 Xibeiwang East Road Haidian District Beijing, 100193 P.R. China EMail: phdgang@gmail.com