Network Working Group G. Bernstein Internet Draft Grotto Networking Intended status: Standards Track Y. Lee Expires: August 2008 Huawei February 21, 2008 Signaling Extensions for Wavelength Switched Optical Networks draft-bernstein-ccamp-wson-signaling-01.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html This Internet-Draft will expire on August 21, 2008. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). Abstract Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 This memo provides extensions to Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) signaling for control of wavelength switched optical networks (WSON). These extensions build on previous work for the control of G.709 based networks. Conventions used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [RFC2119]. Table of Contents 1. Introduction...................................................2 2. Terminology....................................................3 3. WSON Signal Types, Forward Error Correction, and Rates.........3 3.1. Traffic Parameters for WSON signals.......................3 4. Distributed Wavelength Assignment..............................5 4.1. Wavelength Sets...........................................5 4.1.1. Inclusive/Exclusive Wavelength Lists.................6 4.1.2. Inclusive/Exclusive Wavelength Ranges................7 4.1.3. Bitmap Wavelength Set................................7 4.2. Wavelength Assignment Method Selection....................9 4.3. Supplemental Information for Wavelength Assignment........9 4.4. Least-Loaded Wavelength Assignment (informational).......11 5. Security Considerations.......................................12 6. IANA Considerations...........................................12 7. Acknowledgments...............................................12 8. References....................................................13 8.1. Normative References.....................................13 8.2. Informative References...................................13 9. Contributors..................................................14 Author's Addresses...............................................14 Intellectual Property Statement..................................15 Disclaimer of Validity...........................................15 1. Introduction This memo provides extensions to Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) signaling for control of wavelength switched optical networks (WSON). In particular, extensions are given to characterize optical signal types via traffic parameters, control a distributed wavelength assignment process, and convey information necessary for that process in a compact manner. These extensions build on previous work for the control of G.709 based networks. Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 2. Terminology CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing. DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. FOADM: Fixed Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer. ROADM: Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer. A reduced port count wavelength selective switching element featuring ingress and egress line side ports as well as add/drop side ports. RWA: Routing and Wavelength Assignment. Wavelength Conversion/Converters: The process of converting an information bearing optical signal centered at a given wavelength to one with "equivalent" content centered at a different wavelength. Wavelength conversion can be implemented via an optical-electronic- optical (OEO) process or via a strictly optical process. WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing. Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSON): WDM based optical networks in which switching is performed selectively based on the center wavelength of an optical signal. 3. WSON Signal Types, Forward Error Correction, and Rates Although WSONs are fairly transparent to the signals they carry, to ensure compatibility amongst various networks devices and end systems it can be important to include key lightpath characteristics as traffic parameters in signaling [WSON-Frame]. 3.1. Traffic Parameters for WSON signals As in [RFC4606] and [RFC4328] the following traffic parameters would become the contents for the RSVP SENDER_TSPEC and FLOWSPEC objects. The WSON traffic parameters SHOULD be defined as follows: Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Mod Type | Mod Params| Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | BitRate/Analog Bandwidth | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Modulation (Mod) Types: We have potentially the following: Value Type ----- ---- 0 Unspecified or Unknown 1 NRZ 2 RZ Modulation Parameters(Mod Params): RZ 0 - 33%, 1 - 50%, 2 - 67% duty cycles See [G.959.1] and [Winzer06]. These are specific to the modulation type employed and may or may not be used. For example NRZ modulation typically doesn't have extra parameters, while RZ modulation has a duty cycle parameter. Bitrate/Analog Bandwidth: For digital signals this is the bit rate given as a 32 bit IEEE floating point number. For analog signals or when modulation type is given as 0 (unspecified), this is the bandwidth of the signal around the center frequency (c/lambda) and not the bit/byte rate. This is given as a 32 bit IEEE floating point number that represents the bandwidth in Hertz. The exact definition of bandwidth, e.g., 3dB power bandwidth, etc. is TBD and may be network specific. Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 4. Distributed Wavelength Assignment As indicated in the WSON framework document [WSON-Frame] that the use of a signaling protocol to perform distributed wavelength assignment may be highly desirable. 4.1. Wavelength Sets The LABEL_SET mechanism of [RFC3471] and [RFC3473] can be used to describe the current set of available labels. However, the size of the label set object is of potential concern in WSON signaling since the number of channels in commercial WDM systems continues to grow. In the following, a more compact representation of wavelength label sets is given. The starting point for our label sets is the lambda label format defined in [Otani] and enhance on the CCAMP mailing list shown below: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Where Grid is used to indicate which ITU-T grid specification is being used. C.S. = Channel spacing used in a DWDM system, i.e., with a ITU-T G.694.1 grid. S = sign of the offset from the center frequency of 193.1THz for the ITU-T 6.694.1 grid. n = Used to specify the frequency as 193.1THz +/- n*(channel spacing) where the + or - is chosen based on the sign (S) bit. The general format for a wavelength set is given below. This format uses the Action concept from [RFC3471] with an additional Action to define a "bit map" type of label set. Note that the second 32 bit field is a lambda label in the previously defined format. This provides important information on the WDM grid type and channel spacing that will be used in the more compact encodings. Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Action | Reserved | Num Wavelengths | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n for lowest frequency | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Additional fields as necessary per action | | Action: 0 - Inclusive List 1 - Exclusive List 2 - Inclusive Range 3 - Exclusive Range 4 - Bitmap Set 4.1.1. Inclusive/Exclusive Wavelength Lists In the case of the inclusive/exclusive lists the wavelength set format is given by: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Action=0 or 1 | Reserved | Num Wavelengths | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n for lowest frequency | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | n2 | n3 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | ... | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | nm | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Where Num Wavelengths tells us the number of wavelength in this inclusive or exclusive list this does not include the initial wavelength in the list hence if the number of wavelengths is odd then zero padding of the last half word is required. Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 This format for the wavelength set results in over a 50% reduction in the size wavelength set object and that this object can get significantly larger as the number of WDM channels grows. 4.1.2. Inclusive/Exclusive Wavelength Ranges In the case of inclusive/exclusive ranges the wavelength set format is given by: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Action=2 or 3 | Reserved | Num Wavelengths | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n for lowest frequency | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ In this case Num Wavelengths specifies the number of wavelengths in the range starting at the given wavelength and incrementing the Num Wavelengths number of channel spacing up in frequency (regardless of the value of the sign bit). This encoding results in over a 50% space saving over the RFC3471 label set. However since the label set object in this case was quite compact already this only important when multiple ranges are used to specify a complete wavelength set. 4.1.3. Bitmap Wavelength Set In the case of Action = the bitmap the wavelength set format is given by: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Action = 4 | Reserved | Num Wavelengths | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n for lowest frequency | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Bit Map Word #1 (Lowest frequency channels) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | ... | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Bit Map Word #N (Highest frequency channels) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Where Num Wavelengths in this case tells us the number of wavelengths represented by the bit map which is required to be ceiling[(Num Wavelengths)/32]. Each bit in the bit map represents a particular Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 frequency with a value of 1/0 indicating the frequency is available/not-available. Bit position zero represents the lowest frequency, while each succeeding bit position represents the next frequency a channel spacing (C.S.) above the previous. Example: A 40 channel C-Band DWDM system with 100GHz spacing with lowest frequency 192.0THz (1561.4nm) and highest frequency 195.9THz (1530.3nm). These frequencies correspond to n = -11, and n = 28 respectively. Now suppose the following channels are available: Frequency(THz) n Value bit map position -------------------------------------------------- 192.0 -11 0 192.5 -6 5 193.1 0 11 193.9 8 19 194.0 9 20 195.2 21 32 195.8 27 38 With the Grid value set to indicate an ITU-T G.694.1 DWDM grid, C.S. set to indicate 100GHz, and with S (sign) set to indicate negative this lambda bit map set would then be encoded as follows: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Action = 4 | Reserved | Num Wavelengths = 40 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n for lowest frequency = 11 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0| Not used in 40 Channel system (all zeros) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Note that the consistent use of a bit map wavelength set allows for simple and efficient bit/byte operations to determine available wavelengths along a path rather than processing lists of wavelength labels. Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 4.2. Wavelength Assignment Method Selection As discussed in [HZang00] a number of different wavelength assignment algorithms maybe employed. In addition as discussed in [WSON-Frame] the wavelength assignment can be either for a unidirectional lightpath or for a bidirectional lightpath constrained to use the same lambda in both directions. A simple TLV could be used to indication wavelength assignment directionality and wavelength assignment method. This would be placed in an LSP_REQUIRED_ATTRIBUTES object per [RFC4420]. The use of a TLV in the LSP required attributes object was pointed out in [Xu]. Directionality: 0 unidirectional, 1 bidirectional Wavelength Assignment Method: 0 unspecified (any), 1 First-Fit, 2 Random, 3 Least-Loaded (multi-fiber). Others TBD. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Direction | WA Method | Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 4.3. Supplemental Information for Wavelength Assignment Distributed wavelength assignment makes extensive use of the label set object/TLV of [RFC3471]. Some higher performance algorithms suitable for multi-fiber networks such as Least-Loaded assignment require supplemental information concerning the potential lambdas to be used. An ordered set of TLVs in correspondence with the group of one or more label set TLVs can be used to convey this information in the form of a general wavelength "acceptability" metric. Note that the label set syntax of [RFC3471] allows group of wavelengths into ranges. For the purpose of supplementing this information with wavelength count only those wavelengths with the same counts could be grouped. The general format for supplemental wavelength selection information could be as follows: The information carried in a Wavelength Set Metric TLV is: Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Info Type | Metric Size | Num Metrics | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Wavelength Metric Info | | From lowest to highest frequency if more that one value | | ... | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Info Type: 8 bits 0 - Single Value The enclosed single value for the wavelength metric is given to all wavelengths in the corresponding wavelength set. 1 - List The enclosed list gets applied in a one-to-one fashion to each wavelength in the corresponding wavelength set. An error occurs if the number of metrics in this list and the number of wavelengths in the wavelength set is not equal. Metric Size: Indicates the size of the wavelength metric information as follows 0 - 8 bits 1 - 16 bits 2 - 32 bits Number 0f Metrics: 24 bits Wavelength Metric: (1, 2, or 4 octets) The wavelength metric represents in some fashion the desirability or lack thereof to use this wavelength over another available wavelength. Different wavelength assignment algorithms may use this information differently. Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 4.4. Least-Loaded Wavelength Assignment (informational) The Least-Loaded wavelength assignment algorithm [HZang00] can be implemented in a distributed fashion via signaling with the addition of channel count metric information. Least-loaded assignment applies to multi-fiber links hence the supplemental information pertains to the number of available channels at a particular wavelength. Hence the subchannel metric of section 4.3. would simple be the channel count of a particular wavelength. The per node processing to implement the least-loaded assignment algorithm consists of receiving the label set and supplementary information TLVs (wavelengths and their channel counts) and taking the minimum of the received channel counts and the egress channel counts on a per wavelength basis. Where wavelengths with zero available channels will be discarded from the label set. The resulting channel counts and wavelength set will then be forwarded on to the next node for processing. For more details on least loaded wavelength assignment see [WSON-Frame] and [HZang00]. Example: Wavelength set and wavelength channel count metric for the previous 40 Channel DWDM system. Suppose that in the previous 40 channel system was also a multi-fiber system and that the wavelengths (frequencies) have the following number of channels (this is a multi- fiber system) available: Frequency(THz) channels available ----------------------------------------- 192.0 3 192.5 2 193.1 1 193.9 2 194.0 2 195.2 1 195.8 1 Then the wavelength metric list corresponding to the wavelength set of the example in section 4.1.3. could be given by: Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Info Type=1 | M.Size = 0 | Num Metrics = 7 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 2 | 1 | 1 | Padded to 0 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 5. Security Considerations This document has no requirement for a change to the security models within GMPLS and associated protocols. That is the OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE, and PCEP security models could be operated unchanged. However satisfying the requirements for RWA using the existing protocols may significantly affect the loading of those protocols. This makes the operation of the network more vulnerable to denial of service attacks. Therefore additional care maybe required to ensure that the protocols are secure in the WSON environment. Furthermore the additional information distributed in order to address the RWA problem represents a disclosure of network capabilities that an operator may wish to keep private. Consideration should be given to securing this information. 6. IANA Considerations TBD. Once finalized in our approach we will need identifiers for such things and modulation types, modulation parameters, wavelength assignment methods, etc... 7. Acknowledgments This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot. Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 8. References 8.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3471] Berger, L., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional Description", RFC 3471, January 2003. [RFC3473] Berger, L., Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol- Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions", RFC 3473, January 2003. [RFC4328] Papadimitriou, D., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Extensions for G.709 Optical Transport Networks Control", RFC 4328, January 2006. [RFC4420] Farrel, A., Ed., Papadimitriou, D., Vasseur, J.-P., and A. Ayyangar, "Encoding of Attributes for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Switched Path (LSP) Establishment Using Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)", RFC 4420, February 2006. [RFC4606] Mannie, E. and D. Papadimitriou, "Generalized Multi- Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Extensions for Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Control", RFC 4606, August 2006. 8.2. Informative References [WSON-Frame] G. Bernstein, Y. Lee, W. Imajuku, "Framework for GMPLS and PCE Control of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks", work in progress: draft-bernstein-ccamp-wavelength- switched-03.txt, February 2008. [HZang00] H. Zang, J. Jue and B. Mukherjeee, "A review of routing and wavelength assignment approaches for wavelength-routed optical WDM networks", Optical Networks Magazine, January 2000. Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 [Otani] T. Otani, H. Guo, K. Miyazaki, D. Caviglia, "Generalized Labels of Lambda-Switching Capable Label Switching Routers (LSR)", work in progress: draft-otani-ccamp-gmpls-lambda- labels-01.txt, November 2007. [Xu] S. Xu, D. King, "Extensions to GMPLS RSVP-TE for Bidirectional Lightpath the Same Wavelength", work in progress: draft-xu-rsvpte-bidir-wave-01, November 2007. [Winzer06] Peter J. Winzer and Rene-Jean Essiambre, "Advanced Optical Modulation Formats", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 952-985, May 2006. [G.959.1] ITU-T Recommendation G.959.1, Optical Transport Network Physical Layer Interfaces, March 2006. [G.694.1] ITU-T Recommendation G.694.1, Spectral grids for WDM applications: DWDM frequency grid, June 2002. [G.694.2] ITU-T Recommendation G.694.2, Spectral grids for WDM applications: CWDM wavelength grid, December 2003. [G.Sup43] ITU-T Series G Supplement 43, Transport of IEEE 10G base-R in optical transport networks (OTN), November 2006. 9. Contributors Author's Addresses Greg Bernstein (ed.) Grotto Networking Fremont, CA, USA Phone: (510) 573-2237 Email: gregb@grotto-networking.com Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 Young Lee (ed.) Huawei Technologies 1700 Alma Drive, Suite 100 Plano, TX 75075 USA Phone: (972) 509-5599 (x2240) Email: ylee@huawei.com Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Disclaimer of Validity This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Wavelength Switched Optical Networks February 2008 This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Bernstein and Lee Expires August 21, 2008 [Page 16]