INTERNET-DRAFT Y. Arrouye
August 1, 2001 V. Parikh
Expires February 1, 2002 N. Popp
RealNames Corp.
Keyword Lookup Systems As a Class of Naming Systems
draft-arrouye-kls-00.txt
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document emphasizes the convergence of thinking regarding
Internet naming in the industry and the technical community.
There is strong consensus for establishing a layer above the current
DNS to address some of its current limitations. At the same time, the
community stresses the necessity for the new layer to go beyond the
sole needs of the domain name system to realize an architecture
capable of accommodating diverse services, with separate ownerships,
different scopes and distinct operating models. In that context,
interoperability is critical.
This Internet-Draft introduces critical requirements for supporting
multiple namespaces, in particular the crucial need for discovering
namespaces across service providers. Acknowledging the direction
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opened by a reflection on the DNS [DNSROLE, DNSSEARCH] as well as the
need to support flexible naming for various services [SLS], we
describe the Keywords systems as a unique class of Service Lookup
Systems [SLS].
1. Introduction
During the course of the past few years, a number of companies have
looked into providing an easier user interface for Web navigation
than that of typing a URI into a browser's address line. Examples of
such companies are RealNames (worldwide network), Netword (North
America), Netpia (Korea), and 3721 (China).
All of these companies recognized the fact that URIs are unwieldy at
best for users: they are hard to remember, due to their syntax, and
as far as Web users are concerned, the only URIs that they commonly
type into a browser are those forms that consist of the sole DNS name
of the server they want to contact, eventually preceded by a valid
protocol scheme. Therefore, identifiers like "www.ietf.org,"
"www.yahoo.com," and others, have replaced URIs in daily interaction
with the Web.
Unfortunately, even these short names do not address users' needs.
For example, while "www.ford.com" does belong to Ford Motor
Corporation, it is "www.fordvehicles.com" that shows vehicles of the
Ford brand. Not only is it unfortunate that people think of one name
("ford") and need to use another one ("fordvehicles"), but the DNS
labels are not user-friendly names: "fordvehicles" has no space
between the words, for example.
While companies have been very creative in fitting their brand names
into DNS labels (as can be seen by the company "Bird & Bird" getting
the DNS name "twobirds.com"), if one looks at the Web in general,
there is a big disconnect between the DNS labels that are used to
identify Web sites, and the actual names by which people refer to
these sites, which are typically brand or product names.
This should not come as a surprise considering that the role of DNS
is to map unique identifiers to network resources, not to give human
friendly names to information or services. DNS has been abused to
fulfill naming needs on the Web for a few years. It is actually a
testimony to the strength of DNS that it has not crumbled under the
additional requirements it has been put through.
User behavior and expectations are just one part of the problem that
DNS was not designed to and cannot be expected to address. In
addition, the Internet world is truly multilingual, bringing in a
whole new set of names that are used to refer to information and
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services. People in different parts of the world want to use their
own languages and scripts to refer to things, on the Web, in e-mail,
on the Internet. So do companies. A Chinese company does not want to
offer its Chinese products to its Chinese customers via a URI in
Roman Script.
Because DNS is the visible tip of the naming iceberg, the one that is
already working and freely accessible (obtaining a domain name is
pretty easy), people want to add capabilities to support DNS names
that are truly multilingual, and the existence of the IETF
Internationalized Domain Name (IDN) working group is a recognition of
that desire.
Unfortunately, a number of limitations of today's domain names still
apply to IDNs as they are being considered now. Amongst them, the
inability to use a space to separate words, strong limitations in the
length of labels, and the lack to carry enough expression power to
handle the visual requirements of names in Persian, for example.
The technical community has begun to recognize that naming for humans
is something that needs to be addressed outside of DNS, because DNS
is a system of identifiers for network resources, not a system of
easy-to-use names. Companies selling keywords and other friendly
names have been the first to address this need. One only needs to be
aware of the existence of John Klensin's drafts about the role of DNS
and how to extend it by adding other layers [DNSROLE, DNSSEARCH] to
acknowledge that this view is becoming a well-regarded one.
Keywords systems, which are based on natural language names in native
languages, were the first to turn the recognition about the paradigm
shift that happened in the use of DNS names into a new product and
protocol layer.
Their existence has fostered the creation of the Common Name
Resolution Protocol [CNRP] in 1999. CNRP was an acknowledgment that
users and applications wanted to use simple names to denote arbitrary
resources on the Web. CNRP did not address the existence of many
namespaces that were task-oriented.
SLS builds on this foundation. It recognizes that people primarily
use services such as the DNS, the Web, or email, and that those
services use names to denote information. Using SLS, and thus CNRP,
one can get from human-friendly names to network or information
resource identifiers for a number of applications.
2. Keyword Systems and Lessons Learned
The primary goal of a keyword system is to make it easy for users to
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refer to things by their common, or human-friendly name in their
local language. Keyword systems also take into account what users
commonly expect - that the network will have information about them
and use that context on their behalf to navigate them to the "best"
destinations on the Web based on their query.
It is a fact that a given name may refer to different things:
"Woolworth" is a dime store in the USA but a high-end clothing store
in South Africa; there may be one "Joe's Pizza" per city, or even
more; and trademarks of the same name, but different applicability
fields, coexist in a given country. Users, however, are typically
only interested in giving one name to get some information.
What RealNames learned from this is that while it is important for
names to co-exist and be differentiated by facets(e.g. country, city,
language, ...), it is also important that this differentiation is
done transparently for the user wherever possible.
Let's look at the RealNames keyword system for example. A Keyword has
many facets, amongst them a name, a country, a language, a
description, a URI, and a service code. Service codes (also called
content codes) differentiate between the "web" and "mobile phone web"
for which content is typically formatted differently. Countries let
people refer to a global brand such as "Coca-Cola" by using the same
name in different places. Language addresses the needs of countries
with various ethnic populations, or official languages, to cater to
the language requirements of their population. Description is a
purely informative property. Finally, through a URI, one can point to
the exact physical address associated to a given name in a given
context.
We've just used the word "context" and it is worth examining it. If
names need to be associated to some meta-data to be useful and not
fall into the flat namespace trap that the DNS has fallen into with
gTLDs like .com, and, if users are going to expect satisfactory
results using just names but not all the meta-data when using a
keyword, then it is clear that the remaining meta-data must be
supplied from the user's context.
As namespaces will become more specialized, allowing for more
identical names to exist in different dimensions, the reliance on
context will increase. As we have operated our Keyword system these
past four years, we have found that obtaining more meta-data is a
difficult task. It is a formidable chicken and egg situation. If
users' applications and devices cannot supply the relevant data, then
name buyers will not be willing to supply the appropriate ones when
registering keywords. Keyword name buyers will only supply meta-data
if they see a benefit. Benefits are derived from applications that
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perform more efficient navigation based on meta-data. No
specification, regardless of how robust it may be, can alter this
dynamic by itself. This combination of meta-data requirements and
reluctance to provide meta-data cannot be ignored as we lay down the
foundation for a new standard.
At the same time, once a name buyer uses a Keyword system the
importance of meta-data becomes clear and they are willing to provide
appropriate meta-data to support the names they buy.
However, name buyers are generally unwilling to supply more than a
name at the time of use of the system (primarily because they take
the rest of context for granted), so the burden of supplying the
contextual information falls solely on the application or device.
One key to resolving this problem is mining and using whatever
context can be supplied. For example, as devices get smarter, they
can also supply more context. For example, a Web browser typically
knows about the user's language (from its language preferences, which
then translate into an HTTP header for language negotiation), and can
make a (risky) assumption about the country from the language. But a
cellular phone nowadays can also know about the user's location to
some reasonable accuracy. The existence of both devices also means
that the kind of device is part of the available context.
Another lesson from the requirement for context is that not all the
properties of a keyword are useful in order to use the keyword as a
way to go get some information (through the URI associated to it).
The URI, which is what one wants to get, is definitely not one of
these properties. Also, in a system where keywords are associated to
a description, one does not want to require the description in order
to enable direct resolution.
In terms of supplying meta-data, the description associated with a
keyword in the RealNames system is not necessary for lookups, while
it is very useful for displaying entries in a directory of keywords.
Some properties, like an industry category, are useful in both cases,
but cannot be used today for navigation because of difficulty of
establishing their value as part of a user's context.
We call unique key the set of properties that are required to match a
keyword and get a single result from a lookup. These properties
translate into required context if an application wants to offer
direct navigation from a name to a destination through a keywords
system. Unique keys may differ from one keywords system to another
(for example, RealNames uses a few properties while Netword only uses
a name today). Unique keys may, and will, change, depending on the
sophistication of the devices that are used to access a given
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service.
As unique keys become smarter and able to know more about the context
of their uses, more discriminating namespaces can come into existence
and proliferate. Today, given the simplicity of the devices we use,
keywords systems use short unique keys for the emerging namespaces
that Keywords systems are.
Because the unique key lets one access a record with other meta-data,
it can be used not only to enable applications to fetch a URI and use
it, but also to give one a place to store state.
3. The Importance of Multiple Namespaces Above DNS
A keyword system is an example of a namespace made up of records
which consist of the unique keys and other helpful information. This
namespace is dedicated to providing keyword-based natural language
navigation. We believe that this is only one of many types of
namespaces that will emerge as the Internet continues the significant
transformation it is now undergoing.
Like many in the industry, we believe that the limitations of DNS
will be best addressed by facilitating the emergence of many
interoperable namespaces. These multiple namespaces will be largely
distributed, with distinct owners and administrative rules. In fact,
that has already occurred, to the good of Internet users and service
providers. We believe the right course is to encourage this
innovation, and that industry and the technical community should work
together to define a set of standard protocols through which all of
these namespaces can interoperate.
As the network continues its evolution, namespaces will offer
different types of content and information to users and will be based
on a continuum of business models. Although a namespace is likely to
focus on one or a few types of network resources, it will be
necessary for applications to interact with many namespaces at the
same time in the course of a user session. Clearly, a flexible,
lightweight protocol needs to define and facilitate interaction.
This interaction is likely to encompass at the minimum registration,
resolution (lookup) and discovery (search) services. Application
developers must be able to rely on a common set of protocols for
interacting with namespaces both to reduce the burden of adding new
services to the network and also to enable users to freely choose
between a rich offering of providers.
Based on current industry development, it is not difficult to
anticipate tomorrow's importance of companies, people, and products
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namespaces whose services will be delivered to user applications
through the network and across multiple devices ranging from desktops
to PDAs and data enabled cell phones.
Many important instances of namespaces have already appeared in the
last few years, and the fast-growing concept of Web services is
likely to increase the reliance of user application on these
namespaces as a core component. The increased tie and reliance
between applications and namespaces accessible through the network
exacerbates the need for open standards and interoperability.
For example, if ICQ was one of the first major community namespace,
Firefly was the first company to identify the need for separate
specialized namespaces. Passport and its Hailstorm incarnation will
be a namespace for people as network end-points that will not only
provide unique identity (email address) to people but also personal
context storage, and presence detection. Namespaces for people as
network end-points are likely to become fundamental elements of all
user-centric applications. Namespaces will likely encompass many
aspects of our user experience. Napster was the first P2P music
namespace to profoundly impact the way users lookup and discover
songs on the network and MusicNet is a more recent attempt to create
a commercial music namespace that can be distributed through multiple
applications.
Other namespaces will be business enablers. UDDI is an industry-wide
attempt to create a namespace for small and medium companies to
discover each other and conduct business across the Internet and
Keywords systems like RealNames are specialized toward human-friendly
access to companies, products and services. There will obviously be
many more valuable namespaces in the future.
Since one cannot and does not want to anticipate any single one of
them to dominate, it is important to facilitate the interaction of
applications with multiple namespaces through a common sets of
protocols accessible across multiple devices and operating systems.
4. Requirements Arising From Multiple Independent Namespaces
The growing proliferation of many independent namespaces places
important constraints and requirements on the standard that will be
created. We believe that some of these requirements may have been
absent or minimized in previous proposals. Such critical constraints
include:
- The definition of a mechanism for discovering Namespaces.
- The standardization of all core namespace services: resolution
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(lookup), discovery (search) and registration.
- The need to simplify Klensin's layer 2 [DNSROLE] in order to
facilitate the adoption of the standard by most client applications
and service providers.
- The support for different rules of uniqueness and disambiguation
across namespaces.
The first requirement is about enabling applications to discover all
available Namespaces.
The second is about service interoperability. In a world of many
namespaces, these requirements are straightforward (and the solutions
non trivial).
The third requirement underlines the need to minimize the definition
of the schema that Klensin's layer 2 services must all implement for
interoperability. It is mainly driven by the need to simplify client
implementations. As we impose more facets on this layer, we impose
more burden on application developers and the user-interface
(especially considering that as pointed out above, the user context
carried by applications today is fairly minimal). This model cannot
be successful in practice.
Application developers' adoption of the standard is obviously
essential since the prospect of increased distribution will be the
main driver for namespace owners to implement the standard and make
their service interoperable.
However, we also recognize that from a service provider standpoint,
the complexity of the Klensin's layer 2 schema is not a major
impediment since facets within a query can simply be ignored. For
example, all things being equal, a service that would not support
category, for example, could return the same results whatever value
of the category facet the user may specify. Obviously, one would
expect that the ability to accurately match results to the query
context passed by the client to be a strong service differentiator,
hence a market force to drive providers to fully implement the
required schema.
This last observation leads to the third point. Like the authors of
[SLS], we do not think that it is possible to impose a single context
of uniqueness to all namespaces (we define uniqueness of a namespace
as the minimum set of facets required to uniquely identify a record
within the namespace). We too, believe that the proper notion of
uniqueness is tied to the problem space tackled by the namespace, and
hence, will vary from one provider to another.
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At the same time, we do not believe that it is possible to define a
Klensin's layer 2 schema capable of providing all namespaces with
sufficient context to ensure uniqueness and disambiguation for
lookups.
Instead, we see a practical solution in the middle. We believe that
some namespaces will require narrower context of uniqueness than the
complete schema that they expose to an application, using the extra
facets to facilitate disambiguation by end-users through an
interactive process (e.g. a user typing "Joe" could be asked to
disambiguate between the unique Keyword "Joe's seafood" in the
restaurant category and the unique Keyword "Joe body repair shop" in
the "body shop" category).
If this is true, defining the aforementionned layer as the ceiling to
provide disambiguation for lookup is not very useful. Indeed, it is
easy to envision that whichever standard set of facets we eventually
agree upon for this layer, a new namespace will emerge with new
requirements for uniqueness and disambiguation to prove us wrong.
In that case, we propose that it might be more appropriate to
consider defining the sets of facets that all namespaces should
support in order to provide interoperability, while at the same time
enabling each namespace to advertise to the applications the exact
set of facets that it really needs for uniqueness. The definition of
facets should be consistent, but each application should be able to
dynamically choose which facets to use. As applications exist and
will emerge that have different needs than DNS envisioned, use of
facets should be determinable by each application, not by a protocol
designed to suit the needs of the existing DNS system.
To illustrate that last point, let us consider a music namespace that
supports all the layer 2 facets proposed by John Klensin and a new
one called "singer" (the common name in this namespace is the title
of the song). Let us assume now that in this database of songs, the
context provided by the song and the singer's name is enough to
pinpoint a unique record. It is easy to see that:
- It would not be sufficient for an application to only use the
standardized layer 2 facets to disambiguate between songs (the
"singer" property is missing).
- It would be bad to prompt the user for the entire context
(language, geography, and category) supported by the namespace for
accessing a specific song, considering that in this case, only 2
facets would suffice.
- It would not be efficient for the application to store the full
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context of the record if the goal is to bookmark a song for future
reference.
This observation leads to separating the notion of schema for
interoperability (the Klensin's layer 2 schema) from the notion of
uniqueness. There seems to be an agreement in the technical community
that one of the main reasons for introducing a new layer above DNS is
the lack of support for context in DNS names. At the same time, there
is no clear consensus on what scope of uniqueness should be
standardized.
Our feeling is that agreeing on a fixed context for uniqueness would
be an error. Context will always vary across providers and
namespaces, and it is not, nor should it be, a requirement to ensure
interoperability.
However, if we agree to let service providers disagree on rules of
uniqueness, we believe it is still important for applications to be
able to discover these rules at the service level. In fact,
applications need to understand how much context needs to be captured
from the user in order to disambiguate a query (lookup), and how much
context needs to be saved to be able to reference the same unique
record (bookmark). Without such capability, applications would have
to default to using layer one identifiers for uniquely referencing a
record.
Hence, there is a need for formalizing the notion of context-based
identifiers. Context-based identifiers or unique keys (to use a
database terminology) would allow a namespace to publish its own
context of uniqueness (the sets of facets that it uses for uniquely
identifying a record). Service providers would advertise one or many
of these unique keys.
Unique keys could subsequently be recognized and used by applications
to uniquely reference a record. We anticipate that applications will
take advantage of unique keys to minimize the user interface and the
interaction with the user for disambiguation during the lookup
process. As explained above, in a keyword system, such interaction is
kept to a minimum. The user simply types the common name (keyword)
although the application transparently passes the required context
(user country, language and the target service) for disambiguation.
If the name is unambiguous, the user accesses the resource directly;
otherwise a list of records is returned and presented to the user for
an interactive disambiguation.
5. Unique Keys
To formalize the notion of a context-based identifier or unique key
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and enable each namespace to publish its rules of uniqueness, we
propose to introduce to CNRP a new mechanism to declare which facets
are part of the unique key. This mechanism will be used to express
the set of facets necessary to uniquely identify a single record for
a given service (possibly within each different service type). In
CNRP, a reference to facets is expressed using the
"propertyreference" property. This makes it relatively
straightforward for a service to describe its unique keys.
To illustrate this last point, let us consider a namespace of people
uniquely identified by their telephone number very much like the type
of service provided by ENUM [RFC2916]. Such service could advertise
its unique identifier comprised of the telephone number and the SLS
service target as follows (the common name is the telephone number):
urn:foo:bar
http://enum.example.com:4321
This is the definition of an ENUM like
SLS service
sls
commonname
E.164
service
sls
userpublicprofile
freeform
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To put things in prospective, a typical query-response interaction
between an application and the service would look like this (in this
example, the application is looking for the user's email address):
C:
C:
C:
C:
C: +330493656172
C: email
C:
C:
S:
S:
S:
S:
S:
S: http://enum.example.com
S:
S:
S: +330493656172
S: mailto://jd@compuserve.com
S: email
S: This is
S: the best email address for Jean Dupont, Pediatrician
S: in Nice, France
S:
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S:
S:
6. Standardization of Keyword Systems as a Class of Namespaces
This section describes a keyword system as a specific class of
namespaces. Although we use CNRP and the SLS proposal to formalize
the definition of a keyword system as a service type, the main goal
is to identify the elements of a namespace that require
standardization in order to define an interoperable class (aside from
the requirements identified previously).
Initiated by the CNRP effort, the standardization of keyword system
is a goal that has been revived by the Multilingual Internet Name
Consortium due to the rapid emergence of competing yet non-
interoperable services in Asia, notably in Korea and China. We hope
that this approach can establish a path toward the standardization of
keyword systems that would proceed in conjunction with the definition
of the broader directory layer above DNS.
We feel that the standardization of keyword system must imply the
following:
1. The definition of a list of service targets relevant to all
keyword systems (e.g. web, email, mobile-web, etc...)
2. For each of these target services, the definition of the unique
key common to all keyword systems.
For example, the standard could stipulate that the unique key for
keyword systems for the "web" target service be the combination of a
common name, a language, and a country. On the other hand, for the
target service "email", it is highly conceivable that the standard
would be defined on a very different set of facets (for example,
"organization name" could be one of the required facets).
7. Formalization of KLS Using The SLS Notation
Using CNRP, a client application could discover that a CNRP service
is a keyword system by issuing the standard CNRP "servicequery":
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The service would then return a service object expressing the
characteristics common to all keyword systems (also note the
suggested use of the cnrp-service-type property as defined in the SLS
proposal):
urn:foo:bar
http://keywords.ex.com:4321
This is the definition of a keyword system as
an SLS service
sls
keywords
commonname
freeform
language
RFC1766
geography
ISO3166-1
service
sls
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web
Note that the queryschema is only one path for an application to
discover that a CNRP service is a keyword system. Since the service
object is also embedded within the response to any query, the
application can simply recognize a keyword system by parsing the
information contained in the service object before processing the
query results.
8. Conclusion
As the network transforms, meta-data that provides context is
critical, and a flexible set of standards regarding collection and
use of meta-data must be defined. This will allow a wide
proliferation of namespaces to quickly develop that meet the needs of
the diverse worldwide population that uses the Internet.
9. References
[CNRP] N. Popp, M. Mealling, and M. Moseley, Common Name Resolution
Protocol (CNRP), draft-ietf-cnrp-10.txt, June 2001.
[DNSROLE] J. Klensin, Role of the Domain Name System, draft-klensin-
dns-role-01.txt, May 2001.
[DNSSEARCH] J. Klensin, A Search-based access model for the DNS,
draft-klensin-dns-search-01.txt, July 2001.
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[RFC2916] P. Faltstrom, E.164 number and DNS, RFC 2916, September
2000.
[SLS] M. Mealling and L. Daigle, Service Lookup System (SLS), draft-
mealling-sls-00.txt, July 2001.
Author's Address
Yves Arrouye
RealNames Corporation
150 Shoreline Drive
Redwood City, CA 94065
Phone: (650) 486-5503
E-mail: yves@realnames.com
Keyword: RealNames
Web: http://www.realnames.com/
Vishesh Parikh
RealNames Corporation
150 Shoreline Drive
Redwood City, CA 94065
Phone: (650) 486-5507
E-mail: vparikh@realnames.com
Keyword: RealNames
Web: http://www.realnames.com/
Nico Popp
RealNames Corporation
150 Shoreline Drive
Redwood City, CA 94065
Phone: (650) 486-5549
E-mail: nico@realnames.com
Keyword: RealNames
Web: http://www.realnames.com/
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Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
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