CoRE Working Group C. Amsüss Internet-Draft Intended status: Standards Track M. Tiloca Expires: 26 August 2021 RISE AB 22 February 2021 Cacheable OSCORE draft-amsuess-core-cachable-oscore-01 Abstract Group communication with the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) can be secured end-to-end using Group Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (Group OSCORE), also across untrusted intermediary proxies. However, this sidesteps the proxies' abilities to cache responses from the origin server(s). This specification restores cachability of protected responses at proxies, by introducing consensus requests which any client in a group can send to one server or multiple servers in the same group. Discussion Venues This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC. Discussion of this document takes place on the CORE Working Group mailing list (core@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/core/. Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://gitlab.com/chrysn/core-cachable-oscore/. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 26 August 2021. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Use cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Deterministic Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1. Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2. Request-Hash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3. Use of Deterministic Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3.1. Pre-Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3.2. Client Processing of Deterministic Request . . . . . 9 2.3.3. Server Processing of Deterministic Request . . . . . 10 2.3.4. Response to a Deterministic Request . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3.5. Deterministic Requests to Multiple Servers . . . . . 13 3. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.1. CoAP Option Numbers Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Appendix A. Change log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Appendix B. Padding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.1. Definition of the Padding Option . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.2. Using and processing the Padding option . . . . . . . . . 19 Appendix C. Simple Cachability using Ticket Requests . . . . . . 19 Appendix D. Application for more efficient end-to-end protected multicast notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Appendix E. Open questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Appendix F. Unsorted further ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 1. Introduction The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [RFC7252] supports also group communication, for instance over UDP and IP multicast [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm-bis]. In a group communication environment, exchanged messages can be secured end-to-end by using Group Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (Group OSCORE) [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm]. Requests and responses protected with the group mode of Group OSCORE can be read by all group members, i.e. not only by the intended recipient(s), thus achieving group-level confidentiality. This allows a trusted intermediary proxy which is also a member of the OSCORE group to populate its cache with responses from origin servers. Later on, the proxy can possibly reply to a request in the group with a response from its cache, if recognized as an eligible server by the client. However, an untrusted proxy which is not member of the OSCORE group only sees protected responses as opaque, uncacheable ciphertext. In particular, different clients in the group that originate a same plain CoAP request would send different protected requests, as a result of their Group OSCORE processing. Such protected requests cannot yield a cache hit at the proxy, which makes the whole caching of protected responses pointless. This document addresses this complication and enables cachability of protected responses, also for proxies that are not members of the OSCORE group and are unaware of OSCORE in general. To this end, it builds on the concept of "consensus request" initially considered in [I-D.tiloca-core-observe-multicast-notifications], and defines "deterministic request" as a convenient incarnation of such concept. Intuitively, given a GET or FETCH plain CoAP request, all clients wishing to send that request are able to deterministically compute the same protected request, using a variation on the pairwise mode of Group OSCORE. It follows that cache hits become possible at the proxy, which can thus serve clients in the group from its cache. Like in [I-D.tiloca-core-observe-multicast-notifications], this requires that clients and servers are already members of a suitable OSCORE group. Cachability of protected responses is useful also in applications where several clients wish to retrieve the same object. Some security properties of OSCORE are dispensed with to gain other desirable properties. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 1.1. Use cases When firmware updates are delivered using CoAP, many similar devices fetch large representations at the same time. Collecting them at a proxy not only keeps the traffic low, but also lets the clients ride single file to hide their numbers[SW:EPIV]. When fanning out multicast data delivery, deterministic requests allow for a more efficient setup (Appendix D). 1.2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. Readers are expected to be familiar with terms and concepts of CoAP [RFC7252] and its method FETCH [RFC8132], group communication for CoAP [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm-bis], COSE [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-struct][I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs], OSCORE [RFC8613], and Group OSCORE [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm]. This document introduces the following new terms. * Consensus Request: a Group OSCORE request that can be used repeatedly to access a particular resource, hosted at one or more servers in the OSCORE group. A Consensus Request has all the properties relevant to caching, but its transport dependent properties (e.g. Token or Message ID) are not defined. Thus, different requests on the wire can both be said to "be the same Consensus Request" even if they have different Tokens or client addresses. The Consensus Request is the reference for request-response binding. Hence, if it does not generate a Consensus Request by itself, the client has still to be able to read and verify any obtained Consensus Request, before using it to verify a bound response. * Deterministic Client: a fictitious member of an OSCORE group, having no Sender Sequence Number, no asymmetric key pair, and no Recipient Context. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 The Group Manager sets up the Deterministic Client, and assigns it a unique Sender ID as for other group members. Furthermore, the Deterministic Client has only the minimum common set of privileges shared by all group members. * Deterministic Request: a Consensus Request generated by the Deterministic Client. The use of Deterministic Requests is defined in Section 2. * Ticket Request: a Consensus Request generated by the server itself. This term is not used in the main document, but is useful in comparison with other applications of consensus requests that are generated in a different way than as a Deterministic Request. The prototypical Ticket Request is the Phantom Request defined in [I-D.tiloca-core-observe-multicast-notifications]. In Appendix C, the term is used bridge the gap to that draft. 2. Deterministic Requests This section defines a method for clients starting from a same plain CoAP request to independently arrive at a same Deterministic Request protected with Group OSCORE. While the first client sending the Deterministic Request actually reaches the origin server, the response can be cached by an intermediary proxy. Later on, a different client with the same plain CoAP request would send the same Deterministic Request, which will be served from the proxy's cache. Clients build the unprotected Deterministic Request in a way which is as much reproducible as possible. This document does not set out full guidelines for minimizing the variation, but considered starting points are: * Set the inner Observe option to 0 if the requested resource is described as observable, even if no observation is intended (and no outer Observe is set). Thus, both observing and non-observing requsts can be aggregated into a single request, that is upstreamed as an observation at latest when any observing request reaches the proxy. * Avoid setting the ETag option in requests on a whim. Only set it when there was a recent response with that ETag. When obtaining later blocks, do not send the known-stale ETag. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 * In block-wise transfer, maximally sized large inner blocks (szx=6) should be selected. This serves not only to align the clients on consistent cache entries, but also helps amortize the additional data transferred in the per-message signatures. Outer block-wise transfer can then be used if these messages excede a hop's efficiently usable MTU size. (If BERT [RFC8323] is usable with OSCORE, its use is fine as well; in that case, the server picks a consistent block size for all clients anyway). * If padding (see Appendix B) is used to limit an adversary's ability to deduce requests' content from their length, the length requests are padded to should be agreed on among all users of a security context. These only serve to ensure that cache entries are utilized; failure to follow them has no more severe consequences than decreasing the utility of a cache. 2.1. Design Considerations The hard part is arriving at a consensus pair (key, nonce) to be used with the AEAD cipher for encrypting the Deterministic Request, while also avoiding reuse of the same (key, nonce) pair across different requests. Diversity can conceptually be enforced by applying a cryptographic hash function to the complete input of the encryption operation over the plain CoAP request (i.e., the AAD and the plaintext of the COSE object), and then using the result as source of uniqueness. Any non- malleable cryptographically secure hash of sufficient length to make collisions sufficiently unlikely is suitable for this purpose. A tempting possibility is to use a fixed key, and use the hash as a deterministic AEAD nonce for each Deterministic Request throught the Partial IV component (see Section 5.2 of [RFC8613]). However, the 40 bit available for the Partial IV are by far insufficient to ensure that the deterministic nonce is not reused across different Deterministic Requests. Even if the full deterministic AEAD nonce could be set, the sizes used by common algorithms would still be too small. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 As a consequence, the proposed method takes the opposite approach, by considering a fixed deterministic AEAD nonce, while generating a different deterministic encryption key for each Deterministic Request. That is, the hash computed over the plain CoAP request is taken as input to the key generation. As an advantage, this approach does not require to transport the computed hash in the OSCORE option. [ Note: This has a further positive side effect arising with version -11 of Group OSCORE. That is, since the full encoded OSCORE option is part of the AAD, it avoids a circular dependency from feeding the AAD into the hash computation, which in turn needs crude workarounds like building the full AAD twice, or zeroing out the hash-to-be. ] 2.2. Request-Hash In order to transport the hash of the plain CoAP request, a new CoAP option is defined, which MUST be supported by clients and servers that support Deterministic Requests. The option is called Request-Hash. As summarized in Figure 1, the Request-Hash option is elective, safe to forward, part of the cache key and repeatable. +------+---+---+---+---+--------------+--------+--------+---------+ | No. | C | U | N | R | Name | Format | Length | Default | +------+---+---+---+---+--------------+--------+--------+---------+ | TBD1 | | | | x | Request-Hash | opaque | any | (none) | +------+---+---+---+---+--------------+--------+--------+---------+ Figure 1: Request-Hash Option The Request-Hash option is identical in all its properties to the Request-Tag option defined in [I-D.ietf-core-echo-request-tag], with the following exceptions: * It may be arbitrarily long. Implementations can limit its length to that of the longest output of the supported hash functions. * A proxy MAY use any fresh cached response from the selected server to respond to a request with the same Request-Hash (or possibly even if the new request's Request-Hash is a prefix of the cached one). Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 This is a potential future optimization which is not mentioned anywhere else yet, and allows clients to elide all other options and payload if it has reason to believe that it can produce a cache hit with the abbreviated request alone. * When used with a Deterministic Request, this option is created at message protection time by the client, and used before message unprotection by the server. Therefore, when used in a Deterministic Request, this option is treated as Class U for OSCORE [RFC8613]. Other uses of this option can put it into different classes for OSCORE the processing. 2.3. Use of Deterministic Requests This section defines how a Deterministic Request is built on the client side and then processed on the server side. 2.3.1. Pre-Conditions The use of Deterministic Requests in an OSCORE group requires that the interested group members are aware of the Deterministic Client in the group. In particular, they need to know: * The Sender ID of the Deterministic Client, to be used as 'kid' parameter for the Deterministic Requests. This allows all group members to compute the Sender Key of the Deterministic Client. * The hash algorithm to use for computing the hash of a plain CoAP request, when producing the associated Deterministic Request. * Optionally, a creation timestamp associated to the Deterministic Client. This is aligned with the Group Manager that might replace the current Deterministic Client with a new one with a different Sender ID, e.g. to enforce freshness indications without rekeying the whole group. Group members have to obtain this information from the Group Manager. A group member can do that, for instance, when obtaining the group key material upon joining the OSCORE group, or later on as an active member by sending a request to a dedicated resource at the Group Manager. In either case, information on the latest Deterministic Client is returned. The Group Manager defined in [I-D.ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore] can be easily extended to support the provisioning of information about the Deterministic Client; no such extension has been drafted as of the publication of this draft. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 2.3.2. Client Processing of Deterministic Request In order to build a Deterministic Request, the client protects the plain CoAP request using the pairwise mode of Group OSCORE (see Section 9 of [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm]), with the following alterations. 1. When preparing the OSCORE option, the AAD and the AEAD nonce: * The used Sender ID is the Deterministic Client's Sender ID. * The used Partial IV is 0, hence it does not need to be set in the OSCORE option. 2. The client uses the hash function indicated for the Deterministic Client, and computes a hash H over the following input: the Sender Key of the Deterministic Client, concatenated with the AAD from step 1, concatenated with the COSE plaintext. Note that the payload of the plain CoAP request (if any) is not self-delimiting, and thus hash functions are limited to non- malleable ones. 3. The client derives the Pairwise Sender Key K as defined in Section 2.3.1 of [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm], with the following differences: * The Sender Key of the Deterministic Client is used as first argument of the HKDF. * The hash H from step 2 is used as second argument of the HKDF, i.e. as "Shared Secret" computable by all the group members. An actual Diffie-Hellman secret cannot be obtained, as there is no public key associated with the deterministic client. * The Sender ID of the Deterministic Client is used as value for the 'id' element of the 'info' parameter used as third argument of the HKDF. 4. The client includes a Request-Hash option in the request to protect, with value set to the hash H from Step 2. 5. The client updates the value of the 'request_kid' field in the AAD, and sets it to the hash H from step 2. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 (This step is still under active debate: While setting it like that makes the request and response AADs consistent, it is also means that implementations which build the AAD in memory need to do so twice). 1. The client protects the request using the pairwise mode of Group OSCORE as defined in Section 9.3 of [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm], using the AEAD nonce from step 1, the AEAD encryption key from step 3, and the finalized AAD from step 5. 2. The client sets FETCH as the outer code of the protected request to make it usable for a proxy's cache, even if no observation is requested [RFC7641]. The result is the Deterministic Request to be sent. Since the encryption key K is derived using material from the whole plain CoAP request, this (key, nonce) pair is only used for this very message, which is deterministically encrypted unless there is a hash collision between two Deterministic Requests. The deterministic encryption requires the used AEAD algorithm to be deterministic in itself. This is the case for all the AEAD algorithms currently registered with COSE in [COSE.Algorithms]. For future algorithms, a flag in the COSE registry is to be added. Note that, while the process defined above is based on the pairwise mode of Group OSCORE, no information about the server takes part to the key derivation or is included in the AAD. This is intentional, since it allows for sending a deterministic request to multiple servers at once (see Section 2.3.5). On the other hand, it requires later checks at the client when verifying a response to a Deterministic Request (see Section 2.3.4). 2.3.3. Server Processing of Deterministic Request Upon receiving a Deterministic Request, a server performs the following actions. A server that does not support Deterministic Requests would not be able to create the necessary Recipient Context, and thus will fail decrypting the request. 1. If not already available, the server retrieves the information about the Deterministic Client from the Group Manager, and derives the Sender Key of the Deterministic Client. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 2. The server actually recognizes the request to be a Deterministic Request, due to the presence of the Request-Hash option and to the 'kid' parameter of the OSCORE option set to the Sender ID of the Deterministic Client. If the 'kid' parameter of the OSCORE option specifies a different Sender ID than the one of the Deterministic Client, the server MUST NOT take the following steps, and instead processes the request as per Section 9.4 of [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm]. 3. The server retrieves the hash H from the Request-Hash option. 4. The server derives a Recipient Context for processing the Deterministic Request. In particular: * The Recipient ID is the Sender ID of the Deterministic Client. * The Recipient Key is derived as the key K in step 3 of Section 2.3.2, with the hash H retrieved at the previous step. 5. The server verifies the request using the pairwise mode of Group OSCORE, as defined in Section 9.4 of [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm], using the Recipient Context from step 4, with the following differences. * The server sets the value of the 'request_kid' field in the AAD to be the hash H from step 3. * The server does not perform replay checks against a Replay Window (see below). In case of successful verification, the server MUST also perform the following actions, before possibly delivering the request to the application. * Starting from the recovered plain CoAP request, the server MUST recompute the same hash that the client computed at step 2 of Section 2.3.2. If the recomputed hash value differs from the value retrieved from the Request-Hash option at step 3, the server MUST treat the request as invalid and MAY reply with an unprotected 4.00 (Bad Request) error response. The server MAY set an Outer Max-Age option with value zero. The diagnostic payload MAY contain the string "Decryption failed". Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 This prevents an attacker that guessed a valid authentication tag for a given Request-Hash value to poison caches with incorrect responses. * The server MUST verify that the unprotected request is safe to be processed in the REST sense, i.e. that it has no side effects. If verification fails, the server MUST discard the message and SHOULD reply with a protected 4.01 (Unauthorized) error response. Note that some CoAP implementations may not be able to prevent that an application produces side effects from a safe request. This may incur checking whether the particular resource handler is explicitly marked as eligible for processing deterministic requests. An implementation may also have a configured list of requests that are known to be side effect free, or even a pre- built list of valid hashes for all sensible requests for them, and reject any other request. These checks replace the otherwise present requirement that the server needs to check the Replay Window of the Recipient Context (see step 5 above), which is inapplicable with the Recipient Context derived at step 4 from the value of the Request-Hash option. The reasoning is analogous to the one in [I-D.amsuess-lwig-oscore] to treat the potential replay as answerable, if the handled request is side effect free. 2.3.4. Response to a Deterministic Request Both when protecting and unprotecting the response, the 'request_kid' field of the external AAD is replaced with the Request-Hash value. This creates the request-response binding ensuring that no mismatched responses can be successfully unprotected. [ Note: Mismatching this with the actual request's 'request_kid' (that stays the Deterministic Client's Sender ID) is ugly, but also the only way to avoid any zeroing/rebuilding of the AAD. ] [ Suggestion for any OSCORE v2: avoid request details in the request's AAD as individual elements. Rather than having 'request_kid', 'request_piv' and (in Group OSCORE) 'request_kid_context' as separate fields, they can better be something more pluggable. ] When preparing the response, the server performs the following actions. * The server sets a non-zero Max-Age option, thus making the Deterministic Request usable for the proxy cache. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 * The server MUST protect the response using the group mode of Group OSCORE, as defined in Section 8.3 of [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm]. This is required to ensure that the client can verify source authentication of the response, since the "pairwise" key used for the Deterministic Request is actually shared among all the group members. In particular, the server sets the value of the 'request_kid' field in the AAD to be the hash H retrieved from the Request-Hash option of the Deterministic Request (see step 3 in Section 2.3.3). * The server MUST use its own Sender Sequence Number as Partial IV to protect the response, and include it as Partial IV in the OSCORE option of the response. This is required since the server does not perform replay protection on the Deterministic Request (see Section 2.3.4). * The server uses 2.05 (Content) as outer code even though it is not necessarily an Observe notification [RFC7641], in order to make the response cacheable. Upon receiving the response, the client performs the following actions. * In case the response includes a 'kid' in the OSCORE option and unless responses from multiple servers are expected (see Section 2.3.5), the client MUST verify it to be exactly the 'kid' of the server to which the Deterministic Request was sent. * The client verifies the response using the group mode of Group OSCORE, as defined in Section 8.4 of [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm]. In particular, the client verifies the counter signature in the response, based on the 'kid' of the server it sent the request to. 2.3.5. Deterministic Requests to Multiple Servers A Deterministic Request _can_ be sent to a CoAP group, e.g. over UDP and IP multicast [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm-bis], thus targeting multiple servers at once. To simplify key derivation, such a Deterministic Request is still created in the same way as a one-to-one request and still protected with the pairwise mode of Group OSCORE, as defined in Section 2.3.2. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 [ Note: If it was protected with the group mode, the request hash would need to be fed into the group key derivation just for this corner case. Furthermore, there would need to be a signature from the absent public key. ] When a server receives a request from the Deterministic Client as addressed to a CoAP group, the server MUST include its own Sender ID in the response, as 'kid' parameter of the OSCORE option. Although it is normally optional for the server to include its Sender ID when replying to a request protected in pairwise mode, it is required in this case for allowing the client to retrieve the Recipient Context associated to the server originating the response. 3. Security Considerations The same security considerations from [RFC7252][I-D.ietf-core-groupco mm-bis][RFC8613][I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm] hold for this document. Compared to Group OSCORE, deterministic requests dispense with some of OSCORE's security properties by just so much as to make caching possible: * Receiving a response to a deterministic request does not mean that the response was generated after the request was sent. It still contains two freshness statements, though: - It is more recent than any other response from the same group member that has a smaller sequence number. - It is more recent than the original creation of the deterministic security context. * Request confidentiality is limited. An intermediary can determine that two requests from different clients are identical, and associate the different responses generated for them. Padding is suggested for responses where necessary. * Source authentication for requests is lost. Instead, the server must verify that the request (precisely: its handler) is side effect free. The distinct semantics of the CoAP request codes can help the server make that assessment. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 [ More on the verification of the Deterministic Request ] 4. IANA Considerations This document has the following actions for IANA. 4.1. CoAP Option Numbers Registry IANA is asked to enter the following option numbers to the "CoAP Option Numbers" registry defined in [RFC7252] within the "CoRE Parameters" registry. +--------+--------------+-------------------+ | Number | Name | Reference | +--------+--------------+-------------------+ | TBD1 | Request-Hash | [[this document]] | +--------+--------------+-------------------+ | TBD2 | Padding | [[this document]] | +--------+--------------+-------------------+ Figure 2: CoAP Option Numbers [ For the Request-Hash option, the number suggested to IANA is 548. For the Padding option, the option number is picked to be the highest number in the Experts Review range; the high option number allows it to follow practically all other options, and thus to be set when the final unpadded message length including all options is known. Therefore, the number suggested to IANA is 64988. Applications that make use of the "Experimental use" range and want to preserve that property are invited to pick the largest suitable experimental number (65532) Note that unless other high options are used, this means that padding a message adds an overhead of at least 3 bytes, i.e. 1 byte for option delta/length and two more bytes of extended option delta. This is considered acceptable overhead, given that the application has already chosen to prefer the privacy gains of padding over wire transfer length. ] 5. References 5.1. Normative References Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 [I-D.ietf-core-groupcomm-bis] Dijk, E., Wang, C., and M. Tiloca, "Group Communication for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-core-groupcomm-bis- 02, 2 November 2020, . [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-groupcomm] Tiloca, M., Selander, G., Palombini, F., and J. Park, "Group OSCORE - Secure Group Communication for CoAP", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-core-oscore- groupcomm-10, 2 November 2020, . [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-struct] Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Structures and Process", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-struct-14, 24 September 2020, . [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs] Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Initial Algorithms", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs-12, 24 September 2020, . [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC7252] Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014, . [RFC8132] van der Stok, P., Bormann, C., and A. Sehgal, "PATCH and FETCH Methods for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 8132, DOI 10.17487/RFC8132, April 2017, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 [RFC8613] Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz, "Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (OSCORE)", RFC 8613, DOI 10.17487/RFC8613, July 2019, . [COSE.Algorithms] IANA, "COSE Algorithms", . 5.2. Informative References [RFC7641] Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7641, DOI 10.17487/RFC7641, September 2015, . [I-D.ietf-core-echo-request-tag] Amsuess, C., Mattsson, J., and G. Selander, "CoAP: Echo, Request-Tag, and Token Processing", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-core-echo-request-tag-11, 2 November 2020, . [I-D.ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore] Tiloca, M., Park, J., and F. Palombini, "Key Management for OSCORE Groups in ACE", Work in Progress, Internet- Draft, draft-ietf-ace-key-groupcomm-oscore-09, 2 November 2020, . [I-D.amsuess-lwig-oscore] Amsuess, C., "OSCORE Implementation Guidance", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-amsuess-lwig-oscore-00, 29 April 2020, . [I-D.tiloca-core-observe-multicast-notifications] Tiloca, M., Hoeglund, R., Amsuess, C., and F. Palombini, "Observe Notifications as CoAP Multicast Responses", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-tiloca-core-observe- multicast-notifications-04, 2 November 2020, . Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 [RFC8323] Bormann, C., Lemay, S., Tschofenig, H., Hartke, K., Silverajan, B., and B. Raymor, Ed., "CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) over TCP, TLS, and WebSockets", RFC 8323, DOI 10.17487/RFC8323, February 2018, . Appendix A. Change log Since -00: * More precise specification of the hashing (guided by first implementations) * Focus shifted to deterministic requests (where it should have been in the first place; all the build-up of Token Requests was moved to a motivating appendix) * Aligned with draft-tiloca-core-observe-responses-multicast-05 (not submitted at the time of submission) * List the security properties lost compared to OSCORE Appendix B. Padding As discussed in Section 3, information can be leaked by the length of a response or, in different contexts, of a request. In order to hide such information and mitigate the impact on privacy, the following Padding option is defined, to allow increasing a message's length without changing its meaning. The option can be used with any CoAP transport, but is especially useful with OSCORE as that does not provide any padding of its own. Before choosing to pad a message by using the Padding option, application designers should consider whether they can arrange for common message variants to have the same length by picking a suitable content representation; the canonical example here is expressing "yes" and "no" with "y" and "n", respectively. B.1. Definition of the Padding Option As summarized in Figure 3, the Padding option is elective, safe to forward and not part of the cache key; these follow from the usage instructions. The option may be repeated, as that may be the only way to achieve a certain total length for the padded message. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 +------+---+---+---+---+---------+--------+--------+---------+ | No. | C | U | N | R | Name | Format | Length | Default | +------+---+---+---+---+---------+--------+--------+---------+ | TBD2 | | | x | x | Padding | opaque | any | (none) | +------+---+---+---+---+---------+--------+--------+---------+ Figure 3: Padding Option B.2. Using and processing the Padding option A client may set the Padding option, specifying any content of any length as its value. A server MUST ignore the option. Proxies are free to keep the Padding option on a message, to remove it or to add further padding of their own. Appendix C. Simple Cachability using Ticket Requests Building on the concept of Phantom Requests and Informative Responses defined in [I-D.tiloca-core-observe-multicast-notifications], basic caching is already possible without building a Deterministic Request. This appendix is not provided for application (for it is only efficient when dealing with very large representations and no OSCORE inner Block-Wise mode, which is inefficient for other reasons, and for observations which are already well covered in [I-D.tiloca-core-observe-multicast-notifications]). It is more provided as a "mental exercise" for the authors and interested readers to bridge the gap between these documents. That is, instead of replying to a client with a regular response, a server can send an Informative Response, defined as a protected 5.03 (Service Unavailable) error message. The payload of the Informative Response contains the Phantom Request, which is a Ticket Request in this document's broader terminology. Unlike a Deterministic Request, a Phantom Request is protected in Group Mode. Instead of verifying a hash, the client can see from the signature that this was indeed the request the server is answering. The client also verifies that the request URI is identical between the original request and the Ticket Request. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 19] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 The remaining exchange largely plays out like in [I-D.tiloca-core-observe-multicast-notifications]'s "Example with a Proxy and Group OSCORE": The client sends the Phantom Request to the proxy (but, lacking a "tp_info", without a Listen-To-Multicast- Responses option), which forwards it to the server for lack of the option. The server then produces a regular response and includes a non-zero Max-Age option as an outer CoAP option. Note that there is no point in including in an inner Max-Age option, as the client could not pin it in time. When a second, different client later asks for the same resource at the same server, its new request uses a different 'kid' and 'Partial IV' than the first client's. Thus, the new request produces a cache miss at the proxy and is forwarded to the server, which responds with the same Ticket Request provided to the first client. After that, when the second client sends the Ticket Request, a cache hit at the proxy will be produced, and the Ticket Request can be served from the proxy's cache. When multiple proxies are in use, or the response has expired from the proxy's cache, the server receives the Ticket Request multiple times. It is a matter of perspective whether the server treats that as an acceptable replay (given that this whole mechansim only makes sense on requests free of side effects), or whether it is conceptualized as having an internal proxy where the request produces a cache hit. Appendix D. Application for more efficient end-to-end protected multicast notifications Comparing the "Example with a Proxy" and the "Example with a Proxy and Group OSCORE" in [I-D.tiloca-core-observe-multicast-notifications] shows that with OSCORE, more requests than without need to hit the server. This is because every client originally protects their request individually and thus needs a custom response served to send the Phantom Request as a Ticket Request. If the clients send their deterministic requests in a deterministic way, and the server uses these requests as Ticket Requests as well, then there is no need for a Phantom Request to be sent back to the client. Instead, the server can send an unprotected Informative Response very much like in the example without OSCORE, setting the proxy up and giving the latest response along the way. Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 20] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 The proxy can thus be configured by the server with the first request, and has an active observation and a fresh cache entry in time for the second client to arrive. Appendix E. Open questions * Is "deterministic encryption" something worthwhile to consider in COSE? COSE would probably specify something more elaborate for the KDF (the current KDF round is the pairwise mode's; COSE would probably run through KDF with a KDF context structure). COSE would give a header parameter name to the Request-Hash (which for the purpose of OSCORE deterministic requests would put back into Request-Hash by extending the option compression function across the two options). Conceptually, they should align well, and the implementation changes are likely limited to how the KDF is run. * An unprotection failure from a mismatched hash will not be part of the ideally constant-time code paths that otherwise lead to AEAD unprotect failures. Is that a problem? After all, it does tell the attacker that they did succeed in producing a valid MAC (it's just not doing it any good, because this key is only used for deterministic requests and thus also needs to pass the Request-Hash check). Appendix F. Unsorted further ideas * All or none of the deterministic requests should have an inner observe option. Preferably none - that makes messages shorter, and clients need to ignore that option either way when checking whether a Consensus Request matches their intended request. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank Jim Schaad for his comments and feedback. The work on this document has been partly supported by VINNOVA and the Celtic-Next project CRITISEC; and by the H2020 project SIFIS-Home (Grant agreement 952652). Authors' Addresses Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 21] Internet-Draft Cacheable OSCORE February 2021 Christian Amsüss Austria Email: christian@amsuess.com Marco Tiloca RISE AB Isafjordsgatan 22 SE-16440 Stockholm Kista Sweden Email: marco.tiloca@ri.se Amsüss & Tiloca Expires 26 August 2021 [Page 22]